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Aristophanes:     more books (100)

Aristophanes and the Definition of Comedy by M. S. Silk, 2002-10-24 Aristophanes by Gilbert Murray, 1966-03 Farce: A history from Aristophanes to Woody Allen by Albert Bermel, 1982 Los Pajaros: Las Ranas. Las Asambleistas (El Libro De Bolsillo) by Aristophanes, 2005-06-30 The Greek Classics: Aristophanes - Eleven Plays (The Greek Classics) by Aristophanes, 2006-03-06 Clouds by Aristophanes, 2004-04-30 Socrates and Aristophanes by Leo Strauss, 1996-11-15 Aristophanes' Old-And-New Comedy: Six Essays in Perspective by Kenneth J. Reckford, 1987-09 Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes (Great books of the Western World, 5) Aristophanes : Birds (Text and Commentary) - 2 Volume Set by Peter H. Burian, 1991-06 Rhetoric, Comedy, and the Violence of Language in Aristophanes' Clouds by Daphne O'Regan, 1992-10-22 Aristophanes (Bloom's Major Dramatists) Aristophanes: Frogs (Aristophanes) (Aristophanes) by W. Stanford, 2002-11-14 Four Comedies (Ann Arbor Paperbacks) by Aristophanes, 1969-08-15

lists with details

41. Aristophanes
    More information about staff. aristophanes AND ATHENS. Malcolm Latham and MichaelLloyd. Bowie, AM, aristophanes Myth, Ritual and Comedy (Cambridge, 1993). Rev.  
    http://www.ucd.ie/~classics/aristophanes.htm
    
    Extractions: course outline and reading lists Return to Postgraduate Page Return to Research facilities Return to Taught M.A. courses More information about the Classical Museum More information staff publications Return to Home Page More information about staff Malcolm Latham and Michael Lloyd SUMMARY Aristophanes (c. 447-c. 385 BC) is one of the greatest of all comic dramatists, and an unequalled source of information about politics, personalities, morality, literature, and everyday life in Classical Athens. This course will study Aristophanes in his social context, and will focus not only on the dramatic qualities of the plays themselves, but will also use them as evidence for contemporary Athenian life. Students will thus be able to study such topics as the Peloponnesian War, Athenian politics, the lawcourts, Greek attitudes to gender and sexuality, literary criticism, and the role of intellectuals and poets in Athens. The course will consist of an introductory lecture, followed by about 10 two-hour seminars, each dealing with one of Aristophanes' eleven surviving plays. The basis of each seminar will be a paper presented by a student, and there will also be one or two supporting papers on more detailed topics. The plays will be studied in translation. TRANSLATIONS Four of Aristophanes' plays ( Birds Lysistrata The Assembly-Women , and Wealth ) are available in a translation by Stephen Halliwell in the Oxford World's Classics series (1998). This is the prescribed text for these four plays. The prescribed text for the other seven plays is the three-volume translation by D. Barrett and A.H. Sommerstein in the Penguin Classics series. There is also a Loeb translation by. J. Henderson.

42. The Acharnians
    Summary and analysis of aristophanes' oldest extant play.  
    http://www.theatrehistory.com/ancient/bates024.html
    
    Extractions: THE ACHARNIANS A summary and analysis of the play by Aristophanes This document was originally published in The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization, vol. 2 . ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 18-20. The object of the Acharnians is to induce the Athenian people to put an end to the Peloponnesian war, which already threatened the destruction of the State, and a year or two later caused its downfall. For this purpose he represents in vivid colors the comforts they had vainly sacrificed, and ridicules the braddadocios of the day with ever-brightening wit, culminating in genuine Bacchanalian revelry. About midway in the comedy Euripides appears on the scene. DICAEOPOLIS: What, ho! SLAVE: Who's there? DICAEOPOLIS: Euripides within? SLAVE: Within and not within, if you can think. DICAEOPOLIS: How can he be within and not within? SLAVE: Rightly, old man. His mind, collecting scraps

43. The Internet Classics Archive | The Acharnians By Aristophanes
    Complete text of the play by aristophanes.  
    http://classics.mit.edu/Aristophanes/acharnians.html

44. Eserver.org The Acharnians
    An anonymous translation of the play by aristophanes.  
    http://www.eserver.org/drama/aristophanes/the-acharnians.txt
    
    Extractions: 420 BC THE ACHARNIANS by Aristophanes anonymous translator CHARACTERS IN THE PLAY DICAEOPOLIS HERALD AMPHITHEUS AMBASSADORS PSEUDARTABAS THEORUS DAUGHTER OF DICAEOPOLIS SLAVE OF EURIPIDES EURIPIDES LAMACHUS A MEGARIAN TWO YOUNG GIRLS, daughters of the Megarian AN INFORMER A BOEOTIAN NICARCHUS SLAVE OF LAMACHUS A HUSBANDMAN A WEDDING GUEST CHORUS OF ACHARNIAN CHARCOAL BURNERS ACHARIANS (SCENE:-The Orchestra represents the Pnyx at Athens; in the back- ground are the usual houses, this time three in number, belonging to Dicaeopolis, Euripides, and Lamachus respectively.) DICAEOPOLIS (alone) What cares have not gnawed at my heart and how few have been the pleasures in my life! Four, to be exact, while my troubles have been as countless as the grains of sand on the shore! Let me see! of what value to me have been these few pleasures? Ah! I remember that I was delighted in soul when Cleon had to cough up those five talents; I was in ecstasy and I love the Knights for this deed; "it is an honour to Greece." But the day when I was impatiently awaiting a piece by Aeschylus, what tragic despair it caused me when the herald called, "Theognis, introduce your Chorus!" Just imagine how this blow struck straight at my heart! On the other hand, what joy Dexitheus caused me at the musical competition, when right after Moschus he played a Boeotian melody on the lyre! But this year by contrast! Oh! what deadly torture to hear Chaeris perform the prelude in the Orthian mode!-Never, however, since I began to bathe, has the dust hurt my eyes as it does to-day. Still it is the day of assembly; all should be here at daybreak, and yet the Pnyx is still deserted. They are gossiping in the market-place, slipping hither and thither to avoid the vermilioned rope. The Prytanes even do not come; they will be late, but when they come they will push and fight each other for a seat in the front row. They will never trouble themselves with the question of peace. Oh! Athens! Athens! As for myself, I do not fail to come here before all the rest, and now, finding myself alone, I groan, yawn, stretch, fart, and know not what to do; I make sketches in the dust, pull out my loose hairs, muse, think of my fields, long for peace, curse town life and regret my dear country home, which never told me to "buy fuel, vinegar or oil"; there the word "buy," which cuts me in two, was unknown; I harvested everything at will. Therefore I have come to the assembly fully prepared to bawl, interrupt and abuse the speakers, if they talk of anything but peace. (The Orchestra begins to fill with people.) But here come the Prytanes, and high time too, for it is midday! There, just as I said, they are pushing and fighting for the front seats. HERALD (officiously) Step forward, step forward; get within the consecrated area. AMPHITHEUS (rising) Has anyone spoken yet? HERALD Who asks to speak? AMPHITHEUS I do. HERALD Your name? AMPHITHEUS Amphitheus. HERALD Are you not a man? AMPHITHEUS No! I am an immortal! Amphitheus was the son of Ceres and Triptolemus; of him was born Celeus, Celeus wedded Phaenerete, my grandmother, whose son was Lycinus, and, being born of him I am an immortal; it is to me alone that the gods have entrusted the duty of treating with the Lacedaemonians. But, citizens, though I am immortal, I am dying of hunger; the Prytanes give me nothing. HERALD (calling) Officers! AMPHITHEUS (as the Scythian policemen seize him) Oh, Triptolemus and Celeus, do ye thus forsake your own blood? DICAEOPOLIS (rising) Prytanes, in expelling this citizen, you are offering an outrage to the Assembly. He only desired to secure peace for us and to sheathe the sword. (The Scythians release Amphitheus.) HERALD Sit down! Silence! DICAEOPOLIS No, by Apollo, I will not, unless you are going to discuss the question of peace. HERALD (ignoring this; loudly) The ambassadors, who are returned from the Court of the King! DICAEOPOLIS Of what King? I am sick of all those fine birds, the peacock ambassadors and their swagger. HERALD Silence! DICAEOPOLIS (as he perceives the entering ambassadors dressed in the Persian mode) Oh! oh! By Ecbatana, what a costume! AMBASSADOR (pompously) During the archonship of Euthymenes, you sent us to the Great King on a salary of two drachmae per diem. DICAEOPOLIS (aside) Ah! those poor drachmae! AMBASSADOR We suffered horribly on the plains of the Cayster, sleeping under tent, stretched deliciously on fine chariots, half dead with weariness. DICAEOPOLIS (aside) And I was very much at ease, lying on the straw along the battlements! AMBASSADOR Everywhere we were well received and forced to drink delicious wine out of golden or crystal flagons..... DICAEOPOLIS (aside) Oh, city of Cranaus, thy ambassadors are laughing at thee! AMBASSADOR For great feeders and heavy drinkers are alone esteemed as men by the barbarians. DICAEOPOLIS (aside) Just as here in Athens, we only esteem the wenchers and pederasts. AMBASSADOR At the end of the fourth year we reached the King's Court, but he had left with his whole army to take a crap, and for the space of eight months he was thus sitting on the can in the midst of the golden mountains. DICAEOPOLIS (aside) And how long did it take him to close his arse? A month? AMBASSADOR After this he returned to his palace; then he entertained us and had us served with oxen roasted whole in an oven. DICAEOPOLIS (aside) Who ever saw an ox roasted in an oven? What a lie! AMBASSADOR And one day, by Zeus, he also had us served with a bird three times as large as Cleonymus, and called the Hoax. DICAEOPOLIS (aside) And do we give you two drachmae, that you should hoax us thus? AMBASSADOR We are bringing to you Pseudartabas, the King's Eye. DICAEOPOLIS I would a crow might pluck out yours with his beak, you cursed ambassador! HERALD (loudly) The King's Eye! (Enter PSEUDARTABAS, in Persian costume; his mask is one great eye; he is accompanied by two eunuchs.) DICAEOPOLIS (as he sees kim) Good God! Friend, with your great eye, round like the hole through which the oarsman passes his sweep, you have the air of a galley doubling a cape to gain port. AMBASSADOR Come, Pseudartabas, give forth the message for the Athenians with which you were charged by the Great King. PSEUDARTABAS I artamane Xarxas apiaona satra. AMBASSADOR (to DICAEOPOLIS) Do you understand what he says? DICAEOPOLIS God, no! AMBASSADOR (to the PRYTANES) He says that the Great King will send you gold. (to PSEUDARTABAS) Come, utter the word 'gold' louder and more distinctly. PSEUDARTABAS Thou shalt not have gold, thou gaping-arsed Ionian. DICAEOPOLIS Ah! God help us, but that's clear enough! AMBASSADOR What does he say? DICAEOPOLIS That the Ionians are gaping-arsed, if they expect to receive gold from the barbarians. AMBASSADOR Not so, he speaks of bushels of gold. DICAEOPOLIS What bushels? You're nothing but a wind-bag; get out of the way; I will find out the truth by myself. (to PSEUDARTABAS) Come now, answer me clearly, if you do not wish me to dye your skin red. Will the Great King send us gold? (PSEUDARTABAS makes a negative sign.) Then our ambassadors are seeking to deceive us? (PSEUDARTABAS signs affirmatively.) These fellows make signs like any Greek; I am sure that they are nothing but Athenians. Oh! ho! I recognize one of these eunuchs; it is Clisthenes, the son of Sibyrtius. Behold the effrontery of this shaven and provocative arse! How, you big baboon, with such a beard do you seek to play the eunuch to us? And this other one? Is it not Straton? HERALD Silence! Sit down! The Senate invites the King's Eye to the Prytaneum. (The AMBASSADORS and PSEUDARTABAS depart.) DICAEOPOLIS Is this not sufficient to drive a man to hang himself? Here I stand chilled to the bone, whilst the doors of the Prytaneum fly wide open to lodge such rascals. But I will do something great and bold. Where is Amphitheus? Come and speak with me. AMPHITHEUS Here I am. DICAEOPOLIS Take these eight drachmae and go and conclude a truce with the Lace daemonians for me, my wife and my children; I leave you free, my dear Prytanes, to send out embassies and to stand gaping in the air. (AMPHITHEUS rushes out.) HERALD Bring in Theorus, who has returned from the Court of Sitalces. THEORUS (rising; he wears a Thracian costume.) I am here. DICAEOPOLIS (aside) Another humbug! THEORUS We should not have remained long in Thrace..... DICAEOPOLIS ....if you had not been well paid. THEORUS ....if the country had not been covered with snow; the rivers were ice-bound.... DICAEOPOLIS (aside) That was when Theognis produced his tragedy. THEORUS ....during the whole of that time I was holding my own with Sitalces cup in hand; and, in truth, he adored you to such a degree that he wrote on the walls, "How beautiful are the Athenians!" His son, to whom we gave the freedom of the city, burned with desire to come here and eat sausages at the feast of the Apaturia; he prayed his father to come to the aid of his new country and Sitalces swore on his goblet that he would succour us with such a host that the Athenians would exclaim, "What a cloud of grasshoppers! DICAEOPOLIS (aside) Damned if I believe a word of what you tell us! Excepting the grasshoppers, there is not a grain of truth in it all! THEORUS And he has sent you the most warlike soldiers of all Thrace. DICAEOPOLIS (aside) Now we shall begin to see clearly. HERALD Come hither, Thracians, whom Theorus brought. (A few Thracians are ushered in; they have a most unwarlike appearance; the most striking feature of their costume is the circumcised phallus.) DICAEOPOLIS What plague have we here? THEORUS The host of the Odomanti. DICAEOPOLIS Of the Odomanti? Tell me what it means. Who sliced their tools like that? THEORUS If they are given a wage of two drachmae, they will put all Boeotia to fire and sword. DICAEOPOLIS Two drachmae to those circumcised hounds! Groan aloud, ye people of rowers, bulwark of Athens! (The Odomanti steal his sack) Ah! great gods! I am undone; these Odomanti are robbing me of my garlic! Give me back my garlic. THEORUS Oh! wretched man! do not go near them; they have eaten garlic. DICAEOPOLIS Prytanes, will you let me be treated in this manner, in my own country and by barbarians? But I oppose the discussion of paying a wage to the Thracians; I announce an omen; I have just felt a drop of rain. HERALD Let the Thracians withdraw and return the day after tomorrow; the Prytanes declare the sitting at an end. (All leave except DICAEOPOLIS.) DICAEOPOLIS Ye gods, what garlic I have lost! But here comes Amphitheus returned from Lacedaemon. Welcome, Amphitheus. (AMPHITHEUS enters, very much out of breath.) AMPHITHEUS No, there is no welcome for me and I fly as fast as I can, for I am pursued by the Acharnians. DICAEOPOLIS Why, what has happened? AMPHITHEUS I was hurrying to bring your treaty of truce, but some old dotards from Acharnae got scent of the thing; they are veterans of Marathon, tough as oak or maple, of which they are made for sure-rough and ruthless. They all started shouting: "Wretch! you are the bearer of a treaty, and the enemy has only just cut our vines!" Meanwhile they were gathering stones in their cloaks, so I fled and they ran after me shouting. DICAEOPOLIS Let 'em shout as much as they please! But have you brought me treaty? AMPHITHEUS Most certainly, here are three samples to select from, this one is five years old; taste it. (He hands DICAEOPOLIS a bottle.) DICAEOPOLIS Faugh! AMPHITHEUS What's the matter? DICAEOPOLIS I don't like it; it smells of pitch and of the ships they are fitting out. AMPHITHEUS (handing him another bottle) Here is another, ten years old; taste it. DICAEOPOLIS It smells strongly of the delegates, who go around the towns to chide the allies for their slowness. AMPHITHEUS (handing him a third bottle) This last is a truce of thirty years, both on sea and land. DICAEOPOLIS Oh! by Bacchus! what a bouquet! It has the aroma of nectar and ambrosia; this does not say to us, "Provision yourselves for three days." But it lisps the gentle numbers, "Go whither you will." I accept it, ratify it, drink it at one draught and consign the Acharnians to limbo. Freed from the war and its ills, I shall celebrate the rural Dionysia. AMPHITHEUS And I shall run away, for I'm mortally afraid of the Acharnians. (AMPHITHEUS runs off. DICAEOPOLIS goes into his house, carrying his truce. The CHORUS of ACHARNIAN CHARCOAL BURNERS enters, in great haste and excitement.) LEADER OF THE CHORUS This way all! Let us follow our man; we will demand him of everyone we meet; the public weal makes his seizure imperative. Ho, there! tell me which way the bearer of the truce has gone. CHORUS (singing) He has escaped us, he has disappeared. Damn old age! When I was young, in the days when I followed Phayllus, running with a sack of coals on my back, this wretch would not have eluded my pursuit, let him be as swift as he will. LEADER OF THE CHORUS But now my limbs are stiff; old Lacratides feels his legs are weighty and the traitor escapes me. No, no, let us follow him; old Acharnians like our selves shall not be set at naught by a scoundrel.... CHORUS (singing) ....who has dared, by Zeus, to conclude a truce when I wanted the war continued with double fury in order to avenge my ruined lands. No mercy for our foes until I have pierced their hearts like sharp reed, so that they dare never again ravage my vineyards. LEADER OF THE CHORUS Come, let us seek the rascal; let us look everywhere, carrying our stones in our hands; let us hunt him from place to place until we trap him; could never, never tire of the delight of stoning him. DICAEOPOLIS (from within) Peace! profane men! LEADER OF THE CHORUS Silence all! Friends, do you hear the sacred formula? Here is he, whom we seek! This way, all! Get out of his way, surely he comes to offer an oblation. (The CHORUS withdraws to one side.) DICAEOPOLIS (comes out with a pot in his hand; he is followed by his wife, his daughter, who carries a basket, and two slaves, who carry the phallus.) Peace, profane men! Let the basket-bearer come forward, and thou Xanthias, hold the phallus well upright. Daughter, set down the basket and let us begin the sacrifice. DAUGHTER OF DICAEOPOLIS (putting down the basket and taking out the sacred cake) Mother, hand me the ladle, that I may spread the sauce on the cake. DICAEOPOLIS It is well! Oh, mighty Bacchus, it is with joy that, freed from military duty, I and all mine perform this solemn rite and offer thee this sacrifice; grant that I may keep the rural Dionysia without hindrance and that this truce of thirty years may be propitious for me. Come, my child, carry the basket gracefully and with a grave, demure face. Happy he who shall be your possessor and embrace you so firmly at dawn, that you fart like a weasel. Go forward, and have a care they don't snatch your jewels in the crowd. Xanthias, walk behind the basket-bearer and hold the phallus well erect; I will follow, singing the Phallic hymn; thou, wife, look on from the top of the terrace. Forward! (He sings) Oh, Phales, companion of the orgies of Bacchus, night reveller, god of adultery and of pederasty, these past six years I have not been able to invoke thee. With what joy I return to my farmstead, thanks to the truce I have concluded, freed from cares, from fighting and from Lamachuses! How much sweeter, oh Phales, Phales, is it to surprise Thratta, the pretty woodmaid, Strymodorus' slave, stealing wood from Mount Phelleus, to catch her under the arms, to throw her, on the ground and lay her, Oh, Phales, Phales! If thou wilt drink and bemuse thyself with me, we shall to-morrow consume some good dish in honour of the peace, and I will hang up my buckler over the smoking hearth. (The procession reaches the place where the CHORUS is hiding.) LEADER OF THE CHORUS That's the man himself. Stone him, stone him, stone him, strike the wretch. All, all of you, pelt him, pelt him! DICAEOPOLIS (using his pot for a shield) What is this? By Heracles, you will smash my pot. (The daughter and the two slaves retreat.) CHORUS (singing excitedly) It is you that we are stoning, you miserable scoundrel. DICAEOPOLIS And for what sin, Acharnian elders, tell me that! CHORUS (singing, with greater excitement) You ask that, you impudent rascal, traitor to your country; you alone amongst us all have concluded a truce, and you dare to look us in the face! DICAEOPOLIS But you do not know why I have treated for peace. Listen! CHORUS (singing fiercely) Listen to you? No, no, you are about to die, we will annihilate you with our stones. DICAEOPOLIS But first of all, listen. Stop, my friends. CHORUS (singing; with intense hatred) I will hear nothing; do not address me; I hate you more than I do Cleon, whom one day I shall flay to make sandals for the Knights. Listen to your long speeches, after you have treated with the Laconians? No, I will punish you. DICAEOPOLIS Friends, leave the Laconians out of debate and consider only whether I have not done well to conclude my truce. LEADER OF THE CHORUS Done well! when you have treated with a people who know neither gods, nor truth, nor faith. DICAEOPOLIS We attribute too much to the Laconians; as for myself, I know that they are not the cause of all our troubles. LEADER OF THE CHORUS Oh, indeed, rascal! You dare to use such language to me and then expect me to spare you! DICAEOPOLIS No, no, they are not the cause of all our troubles, and I who address you claim to be able to prove that they have much to complain of in us. LEADER OF THE CHORUS This passes endurance; my heart bounds with fury. Thus you dare to defend our enemies. DICAEOPOLIS Were my head on the block I would uphold what I say and rely on the approval of the people. LEADER OF THE CHORUS Comrades, let us hurl our stones and dye this fellow purple. DICAEOPOLIS What black fire-brand has inflamed your heart! You will not hear me? You really will not, Acharnians? LEADER OF THE CHORUS No, a thousand times, no. DICAEOPOLIS This is a hateful injustice. LEADER OF THE CHORUS May I die if I listen. DICAEOPOLIS Nay, nay! have mercy, have mercy, Acharnians. LEADER OF THE CHORUS You shall die. DICAEOPOLIS Well, blood for blood! I will kill your dearest friend. I have here the hostages of Acharnae; I shall disembowel them. (He goes into the house.) LEADER OF THE CHORUS Acharnians, what means this threat? Has he got one of our children in his house? What gives him such audacity? DICAEOPOLIS (coming out again) Stone me, if it please you; I shall avenge myself on this. (He shows them a basket.) Let us see whether you have any love for your coals. LEADER OF THE CHORUS Great Gods! this basket is our fellow-citizen. Stop, stop, in heaven's name! DICAEOPOLIS I shall dismember it despite your cries; I will listen to nothing. CHORUS (singing; tragically) How, will you kill this coal-basket, my beloved comrade? DICAEOPOLIS Just now you would not listen to me. CHORUS (singing; plaintively) Well, speak now, if you will; tell us, tell us you have a weakness for the Lacedaemonians. I consent to anything; never will I forsake this dear little basket. DICAEOPOLIS First, throw down your stones. CHORUS (singing; meekly) There I it's done. And you put away your sword. DICAEOPOLIS Let me see that no stones remain concealed in your cloaks. CHORUS (singing; petulantly) They are all on the ground; see how we shake our garments. Come, no haggling, lay down your sword; we threw away everything while crossing from one side of the Orchestra to the other. DICAEOPOLIS What cries of anguish you would have uttered had these coals of Parnes been dismembered, and yet it came very near it; had they perished, their death would have been due to the folly of their fellow-citizens. The poor basket was so frightened, look, it has shed a thick black dust over me, the same as a cuttle-fish does. What an irritable temper! You shout and throw stones, you will not hear my arguments-not even when I propose to speak in favour of the Lacedaemonians with my head on the block; and yet I cling to life. (He goes into the house.) CHORUS (singing; belligerently again) Well then, bring out a block before your door, scoundrel, and let us hear the good grounds you can give us; I am curious to know them. Now mind, as you proposed yourself, place your head on the block and speak. DICAEOPOLIS (coming out of his house, carrying a block) Here is the block; and, though I am but a very sorry speaker, I wish nevertheless to talk freely of the Lacedaemonians and without the protection of my buckler. Yet I have many reasons for fear. I know our rustics; they are delighted if some braggart comes, and rightly or wrongly, loads both them and their city with praise and flattery; they do not see that such toad-eaters are traitors, who sell them for gain. As for the old men, I know their weakness; they only seek to overwhelm the accused with their votes. Nor have I forgotten how Cleon treated me because of my comedy last year; he dragged me before the Senate and there he uttered endless slanders against me; it was a tempest of abuse, a deluge of lies. Through what a slough of mud he dragged me! I almost perished. Permit me, therefore, before I speak, to dress in the manner most likely to draw pity. CHORUS (singing; querulously) What evasions, subterfuges and delays! Wait! here is the sombre helmet of Pluto with its thick bristling plume; Hieronymus lends it to you; then open Sisyphus' bag of wiles; but hurry, hurry, for discussion does not admit of delay. DICAEOPOLIS The time has come for me to manifest my courage, so I will go and seek Euripides. (Knocking on EURIPIDES' door) Ho! slave, slave! SLAVE (opening the door and poking his head out) Who's there? DICAEOPOLIS Is Euripides at home? SLAVE He is and he isn't; understand that, if you can. DICAEOPOLIS What's that? He is and he isn't! SLAVE Certainly, old man; busy gathering subtle fancies here and there, his mind is not in the house, but he himself is; perched aloft, he is composing a tragedy. DICAEOPOLIS Oh, Euripides, you are indeed happy to have a slave so quick at redartee! Now, fellow, call your master. SLAVE Impossible! (He slams the door.) DICAEOPOLIS Too bad. But I will not give up. Come, let us knock at the door again. Euripides, my little Euripides, my darling Euripides, listen; never had man greater right to your pity. It is Dicaeopolis of the Chollidan Deme who calls you. Do you hear? EURIPIDES (from within) I have no time to waste. DICAEOPOLIS Very well, have yourself wheeled out here. EURIPIDES Impossible. DICAEOPOLIS Nevertheless.... EURIPIDES Well, let them roll me out; as to coming down, I have not the time. (The eccyclema turns and presents the interior of the house. EURIPIDES is lying on a bed, his slave beside him. On the back wall are hung up tragic costumes of every sort and a multitude of accessories is piled up on the floor.) DICAEOPOLIS Euripides.... EURIPIDES What words strike my ear? DICAEOPOLIS You perch aloft to compose tragedies, when you might just as well do them on the ground. No wonder you introduce cripples on the stage. And why do you dress in these miserable tragic rags? No wonder your heroes are beggars. But, Euripides, on my knees I beseech you, give me the tatters of some old piece; for I have to treat the Chorus to a long speech, and if I do it badly it is all over with me. EURIPIDES What rags do you prefer? Those in which I rigged out Oeneus on the stage, that unhappy, miserable old man? DICAEOPOLIS No, I want those of some hero still more unfortunate. EURIPIDES Of Phoenix, the blind man? DICAEOPOLIS No, not of Phoenix, you have another hero more unfortunate than him. EURIPIDES (to himself) Now, what tatters does he want? (to DICAEOPOLIS) Do you mean those of the beggar Philoctetes? DICAEOPOLIS No, of another far more beggarly. EURIPIDES Is it the filthy dress of the lame fellow, Bellerophon? DICAEOPOLIS No, not Bellerophon; the one I mean was not only lame and a beggar, but boastful and a fine speaker. EURIPIDES Ah! I know, it is Telephus, the Mysian. DICAEOPOLIS Yes, Telephus. Give me his rags, I beg of you. EURIPIDES Slave! give him Telephus' tatters; they are on top of the rags of Thyestes and mixed with those of Ino. There they are; take them. DICAEOPOLIS (holding up the costume for the audience to see) Oh! Zeus, whose eye pierces everywhere and embraces all, permit me to assume the most wretcbed dress on earth. Euripides, cap your kindness by giving me the little Mysian hat, that goes so well with these tatters. I must to-day have the look of a beggar; "be what I am, but not appear to be"; the audience will know well who I am, but the Chorus will be fools enough not to, and I shall dupe them with my subtle phrases. EURIPIDES I will give you the hat; I love the clever tricks of an ingenious brain like yours. DICAEOPOLIS Rest happy, and may it befall Telephus as I wish. Ah, I already feel myself filled with quibbles. But I must have a beggar's staff. EURIPIDES (handing him a staff) Here you are, and now get away from this porch. DICAEOPOLIS Oh, my soul! You see how you are driven from this house, when I still need so many accessories. But let us be pressing, obstinate, importunate. Euripides, give me a little basket with a lamp lighted inside. EURIPIDES Whatever do you want such a thing as that for? DICAEOPOLIS I do not need it, but I want it all the same. EURIPIDES (handing him a basket) You importune me; get out of here! DICAEOPOLIS Alas! may the gods grant you a destiny as brilliant as your mother's." EURIPIDES Leave me in peace. DICAEOPOLIS Oh, just a little broken cup. EURIPIDES (handing him a cup) Take it and go and hang yourself. (to himself) What a tiresome fellow! DICAEOPOLIS Ah! you do not know all the pain you cause me. Dear, good Euripides, just a little pot with a sponge for a stopper. EURIPIDES Miserable man! You are stealing a whole tragedy. Here, take it and be off. (He hands DICAEOPOLIS a pot.) DICAEOPOLIS I am going, but, great gods! I need one thing more; unless I have it, am a dead man. Hearken, my little Euripides, only give me this and I go, never to return. For pity's sake, do give me a few small herbs for my basket. EURIPIDES You wish to ruin me then. Here, take what you want; but it is all over with my plays! (He hands him some herbs.) DICAEOPOLIS I won't ask another thing; I'm going. I am too importunate and forget that I rouse against me the hate of kings. (He starts to leave, then returns quickly) Ah! wretch that I am! I am lost! I have forgotten one thing, without which all the rest is as nothing. Euripides, my excellent Euripides, my dear little Euripides, may I die if I ask you again for the smallest present; only one, the last, absolutely the last; give me some of the chervil your mother left you in her will. EURIPIDES Insolent hound! Slave, lock the door! (The eccyclema turns back again.) DICAEOPOLIS Oh, my soul! we must go away without the chervil. Art thou sensible of the dangerous battle we are about to engage upon in defending the Lacedaemonians? Courage, my soul, we must plunge into the midst of it. Dost thou hesitate and art thou fully steeped in Euripides? That's right! do not falter, my poor heart, and let us risk our head to say what we hold for truth. Courage and boldly to the front. I am astonished at my bravery. (He approaches the block.) CHORUS (singing; excitedly) What do you purport doing? what are you going to say? What an impudent fellow! what a brazen heart! to dare to stake his head and uphold an opinion contrary to that of us all! And he does not tremble to face this peril Come, it is you who desired it, speak! DICAEOPOLIS Spectators, be not angered if, although I am a beggar, I dare in comedy to speak before the people of Athens of the public weal; even Comedy can sometimes discern what is right. I shall not please, but I shall say what is true. Besides, Cleon shall not be able to accuse me of attacking Athens before strangers; we are by ourselves at the festival of the Lenaea; the time when our allies send us their tribute and their soldiers is not yet here. There is only the pure wheat without the chaff; as to the resident aliens settled among us, they and the citizens are one, like the straw and the ear. I detest the Lacedaemonians with all my heart, and may Posidon, the god of Taenarus, cause an earthquake and overturn their dwellings! My vines too have been cut. But come (there are only friends who hear me), why accuse the Laconians of all our woes? Some men (I do not say the city, note particularly that I do not say the city), some wretches, lost in vices, bereft of honour, who were not even citizens of good stamp, but strangers, have accused the Megarians of introducing their produce fraudulently, and not a cucumber, a leveret, a suckling pig, a clove of garlic, a lump of salt was seen without its being said, "Halloa! these come from Megara," and their being instantly confiscated. Thus far the evil was not serious and we were the only sufferers. But now some young drunkards go to Megara and carry off the harlot Simaetha; the Megarians, hurt to the quick, run off in turn with two harlots of the house of Aspasia; and so for three whores Greece is set ablaze. Then Pericles, aflame with ire on his Olympian height, let loose the lightning, caused the thunder to roll, upset Greece and passed an edict, which ran like the song, "That the Megarians be banished both from our land and from our markets and from the sea and from the continent." Meanwhile the Megarians, who were beginning to die of hunger, begged the Lacedaemonians to bring about the abolition of the decree, of which those harlots were the cause; several times we refused their demand; and from that time there was horrible clatter of arms everywhere. You will say that Sparta was wrong, but what should she have done? Answer that. Suppose that a Lacedaemonian had seized a little Seriphian dog on any pretext and had sold it, would you have endured it quietly? Far from it, you would at once have sent three hundred vessels to sea, and what an uproar there would have been through all the city I there it's a band of noisy soldiery, here a brawl about the election of a Trierarch; elsewhere pay is being distributed, the Pallas figure-heads are being regilded, crowds are surging under the market porticos, encumbered with wheat that is being measured, wine-skins, oar-leathers, garlic, olives, onions in nets; everywhere are chaplets, sprats, flute-girls, black eyes; in the arsenal bolts are being noisily driven home, sweeps are being made and fitted with leathers; we hear nothing but the sound of whistles, of flutes and fifes to encourage the workers. That is what you assuredly would have done, and would not Telephus have done the same? So I come to my general conclusion; we have no common sense. LEADER OF FIRST SEMI-CHORUS Oh! wretch! oh! infamous man! You are naught but a beggar and yet you dare to talk to us like this! you insult their worships the informers! LEADER OF SECOND SEMI-CHORUS By Posidon! he speaks the truth; he has not lied in a single detail. LEADER OF FIRST SEMI-CHORUS But though it be true, need he say it? But you'll have no great cause to be proud of your insolence! LEADER OF SECOND SEMI-CHORUS Where are you running to? Don't you move; if you strike this man, I shall be at you. FIRST SEMI-CHORUS (bursting into song) Oh! Lamachus, whose glance flashes lightning, whose plume petrifies thy foes, help! Oh! Lamachus, my friend, the hero of my tribe and all of you, both officers and soldiers, defenders of our walls, come to my aid; else is it all over with me! (LAMACHUS comes out of his house armed from head to foot.) LAMACHUS Whence comes this cry of battle? where must I bring my aid? where must I sow dread? who wants me to uncase my dreadful Gorgon's head? DICAEOPOLIS Oh, Lamachus, great hero! Your plumes and your cohorts terrify me. CHORUS-LEADER This man, Lamachus, incessantly abuses Athens. LAMACHUS You are but a mendicant and you dare to use language of this sort? DICAEOPOLIS Oh, brave Lamachus, forgive a beggar who speaks at hazard. LAMACHUS But what have you said? Let us hear. DICAEOPOLIS I know nothing about it; the sight of weapons makes me dizzy. Oh! I adjure you, take that fearful Gorgon somewhat farther away. LAMACHUS There. DICAEOPOLIS Now place it face downwards on the ground. LAMACHUS It is done. DICAEOPOLIS Give me a plume out of your helmet. LAMACHUS Here is a feather. DICAEOPOLIS And hold my head while I vomit; the plumes have turned my stomach. LAMACHUS Hah! what are you proposing to do? do you want to make yourself vomit with this feather? DICAEOPOLIS Is it a feather? what bird's? a braggart's? LAMACHUS Hah! I will rip you open. DICAEOPOLIS No, no, Lamachus! Violence is out of place here! But as you are so strong, why did you not circumcise me? You have all the tools you need for the operation there. LAMACHUS A beggar dares thus address a general! DICAEOPOLIS How? Am I a beggar? LAMACHUS What are you then? DICAEOPOLIS Who am I? A good citizen, not ambitious; a soldier, who has fought well since the outbreak of the war, whereas you are but a vile mercenary. LAMACHUS They elected me.... DICAEOPOLIS Yes, three cuckoos did! If I have concluded peace, it was disgust that drove me; for I see men with hoary heads in the ranks and young fellows of your age shirking service. Some are in Thrace getting an allowance of three drachmae, such fellows as Tisamenophaenippus and Panurgipparchides. The others are with Chares or in Chaonia, men like Geretotheodorus and Diomialazon; there are some of the same kidney, too, at Camarina, at Gela, and at Catagela. LAMACHUS They were elected. DICAEOPOLIS And why do you always receive your pay, when none of these others ever gets any? Speak, Marilades, you have grey hair; well then, have you ever been entrusted with a mission? See! he shakes his head. Yet he is an as well as a prudent man. And you, Anthracyllus or Euphorides or Prinides, have you knowledge of Ecbatana or Chaonia? You say no, do you not? Such offices are good for the son of Coesyra and Lamachus, who, but yesterday ruined with debt, never pay their shot, and whom all their friends avoid as foot passengers dodge the folks who empty their slops out of window. LAMACHUS Oh! in freedom's name! are such exaggerations to be borne? DICAEOPOLIS Not unless Lamachus gets paid for it. LAMACHUS But I propose always to war with the Peloponnesians, both at sea, on land and everywhere to make them tremble, and trounce them soudly. (He goes back into his house.) DICAEOPOLIS For my own part, I make proclamation to all Peloponnesians, Megarians and Boeotians, that to them my markets are open; but I debar Lamachus from entering them. (He goes into his house.) LEADER OF THE CHORUS Convinced by this man's speech, the folk have changed their view and approve him for having concluded peace. But let us prepare for the recital of the parabasis. (The CHORUS moves forward and faces the audience.) Never since our poet presented comedies, has he praised himself upon the stage; but, having been slandered by his enemies amongst the volatile Athenians, accused of scoffing at his country and of insulting the people, to-day he wishes to reply and regain for himself the inconstant Athenians. He maintains that he has done much that is good for you; if you no longer allow yourselves to be too much hoodwinked by strangers or seduced by flattery, if in politics you are no longer the ninnies you once were, it is thanks to him. Formerly, when delegates from other cities wanted to deceive you, they had but to style you, "the people crowned with violets," and at the word "violets" you at once sat erect on the tips of your bums. Or if, to tickle your vanity, someone spoke of "rich and sleek Athens," in return for that "sleekness" he would get anything he wanted, because he spoke of you as he would have of anchovies in oil. In cautioning you against such wiles, the poet has done you great service as well as in forcing you to understand what is really the democratic principle. Thus the strangers, who came to pay their tributes, wanted to see this great poet, who had dared to speak the truth to Athens. And so far has the fame of his boldness reached that one day the Great King, when questioning the Lacedaemonian delegates, first asked them which of the two rival cities was the superior at sea, and then immediately demanded at which it was that the comic poet directed his biting satire. "Happy that city," he added, "if it listens to his counsel; it will grow in power, and its victory is assured." This is why the Lacedaemonians offer you peace, if you will cede them Aegina; not that they care for the isle, but they wish to rob you of your poet. As for you, never lose him, who will always fight for the cause of justice in his comedies; he promises you that his precepts will lead you to happiness, though he uses neither flattery, nor bribery, nor intrigue, nor deceit; instead of loading you with praise, he will point you to the better way. I scoff at Cleon's tricks and plotting; honesty and justice shall fight my cause; never will you find me a political poltroon, a prostitute to the highest bidder. FIRST SEMI-CHORUS (singing) I invoke thee, Acharnian Muse, fierce and fell as the devouring fire; sudden as the spark that bursts from the crackling oaken coal when roused by the quickening fan to fry little fishes, while others knead the dough or whip the sharp Thasian pickle with rapid hand, so break forth, my Muse, and inspire thy tribesmen with rough, vigorous, stirring strains. LEADER OF FIRST SEMI-CHORUS We others, now old men and heavy with years, we reproach the city; so many are the victories we have gained for the Athenian fleets that we well deserve to be cared for in our declining life; yet far from this, we are ill-used, harassed with law-suits, delivered over to the scorn of stripling orators. Our minds and bodies being ravaged with age, Posidon should protect us, yet we have no other support than a staff. When standing before the judge, we can scarcely stammer forth the fewest words, and of justice we see but its barest shadow, whereas the accuser, desirous of conciliating the younger men, overwhelms us with his ready rhetoric; he drags us before the judge, presses us with questions, lays traps for us; the onslaught troubles, upsets and ruins poor old Tithonus, who, crushed with age, stands tongue-tied; sentenced to a fine, he weeps, he sobs and says to his friend, "This fine robs me of the last trifle that was to have bought my coffin." SECOND SEMI-CHORUS (singing) Is this not a scandal? What! the clepsydra is to kill the white-haired veteran, who, in fierce fighting, has so oft covered himself with glorious sweat, whose valour at Marathon saved the country! We were the ones who pursued on the field of Marathon, whereas now it is wretches who pursue us to the death and crush us. What would Marpsias reply to this? LEADER OF SECOND SEMI-CHORUS What an injustice that a man, bent with age like Thucydides, should be brow-beaten by this braggart advocate, Cephisodemus, who is as savage as the Scythian desert he was born in! I wept tears of pity when I saw a Scythian maltreat this old man, who, by Ceres, when he was young and the true Thucydides, would not have permitted an insult from Ceres herself! At that date he would have floored ten orators like Euathlus, he would have terrified three thousand Scythians with his shouts; he would have pierced the whole line of the enemy with his shafts. Ah! but if you will not leave the aged in peace, decree that the advocates be matched; thus the old man will only be confronted with a toothless greybeard, the young will fight with the braggart, the ignoble with the son of Clinias; make law that in the future, the old man can only be summoned and convicted at the courts by the aged and the young man by the youth. DICAEOPOLIS (coming out of his house and marking out a square in front of it) These are the confines of my market-place. All Peloponnesians, Megarians, Boeotians, have the right to come and trade here, provided they sell their wares to me and not to Lamachus. As market-inspectors I appoint these three whips of Leprean leather, chosen by lot. Warned away are all informers and all men of Phasis. They are bringing me the pillar on which the treaty is inscribed and I shall erect it in the centre of the market, well in sight of all. (He goes back into the house just as a Megarian enters from the left, carrying a sack on his shoulder and followed by his two little daughters.) MEGARIAN Hail! market of Athens, beloved of Megarians. Let Zeus, the patron of friendship, witness, I regretted you as a mother mourns her son. Come, poor little daughters of an unfortunate father, try to find something to eat; listen to me with the full heed of an empty belly. Which would you prefer? To be sold or to cry with hunger? DAUGHTERS To be sold, to be sold! MEGARIAN That is my opinion too. But who would make so sorry a deal as to buy you? Ah! I recall me a Megarian trick; I am going to disguise you as little porkers, that I am offering for sale. Fit your hands with these hoofs and take care to appear the issue of a sow of good breed, for, if I am forced to take you back to the house, by Hermes! you will suffer cruelly of hunger! Then fix on these snouts and cram yourselves into this sack. Forget not to grunt and to say wee-wee like the little pigs that are sacrificed in the Mysteries. I must summon Dicaeopolis. Where is be? (Loudly) Dicaeopolis, do you want to buy some nice little porkers? DICAEOPOLIS (coming out of his house) Who are you? a Megarian? MEGARIAN I have come to your market. DICAEOPOLIS Well, how are things at Megara? MEGARIAN We are crying with hunger at our firesides. DICAEOPOLIS The fireside is jolly enough with a piper. But what else is doing at Megara? MEGARIAN What else? When I left for the market, the authorities were taking steps to let us die in the quickest manner. DICAEOPOLIS That is the best way to get you out of all your troubles. MEGARIAN True. DICAEOPOLIS What other news of Megara? What is wheat selling at? MEGARIAN With us it is valued as highly as the very gods in heaven! DICAEOPOLIS Is it salt that you are bringing? MEGARIAN Aren't you the ones that are holding back the salt? DICAEOPOLIS Is it garlic then? MEGARIAN What! garlic! do you not at every raid like mice grub up the ground with your pikes to pull out every single head? DICAEOPOLIS What are you bringing then? MEGARIAN Little sows, like those they immolate at the Mysteries. DICAEOPOLIS Ah! very well, show me them. MEGARIAN They are very fine; feel their weight. See! how fat and fine. DICAEOPOLIS (feeling around in the sack) Hey! what's this? MEGARIAN A sow. DICAEOPOLIS A sow, you say? Where from, then? MEGARIAN From Megara. What! isn't it a sow then? DICAEOPOLIS (feeling around in the sack again) No, I don't believe it is. MEGARIAN This is too much! what an incredulous man! He says it's not a sow; but we will stake, if you will, a measure of salt ground up with thyme, that in good Greek this is called a sow and nothing else. DICAEOPOLIS But a sow of the human kind. MEGARIAN Without question, by Diocles! of my own breed! Well! What think you? would you like to hear them squeal? DICAEOPOLIS Yes, I would. MEGARIAN Cry quickly, wee sowlet; squeak up, hussy, or by Hermes! I take you back to the house. DAUGHTERS Wee-wee, wee-wee! MEGARIAN Is that a little sow, or not? DICAEOPOLIS Yes, it seems so; but let it grow up, and it will be a fine fat thing. MEGARIAN In five years it will be just like its mother. DICAEOPOLIS But it cannot be sacrificed. MEGARIAN And why not? DICAEOPOLIS It has no tail. MEGARIAN Because it is quite young, but in good time it will have a big one, thick and red. But if you are willing to bring it up you will have a very fine sow. DICAEOPOLIS The two are as like as two peas. MEGARIAN They are born of the same father and mother; let them be fattened, let them grow their bristles, and they will be the finest sows you can offer to Aphrodite. DICAEOPOLIS But sows are not immolated to Aphrodite. MEGARIAN Not sows to Aphrodite! Why, she's the only goddess to whom they are offered! the flesh of my sows will be excellent on your spit. DICAEOPOLIS Can they eat alone? They no longer need their mother? MEGARIAN Certainly not, nor their father. DICAEOPOLIS What do they like most? MEGARIAN Whatever is given them; but ask for yourself. DICAEOPOLIS Speak! little sow. DAUGHTERS Wee-wee, wee-wee! DICAEOPOLIS Can you eat chick-pease? DAUGHTERS Wee-wee, wee-wee, wee-wee! DICAEOPOLIS And Attic figs? DAUGHTERS Wee-wee, wee-wee! DICAEOPOLIS What sharp squeaks at the name of figs. Come, let some figs be brought for these little pigs. Will they eat them? Goodness! how they munch them, what a grinding of teeth, mighty Heracles! I believe those pigs hail from the land of the Voracians. MEGARIAN (aside) But they have not eaten all the figs; I took this one myself. DICAEOPOLIS Ah! what curious creatures! For what sum will you sell them? MEGARIAN I will give you one for a bunch of garlic, and the other, if you like, for a quart measure of salt. DICAEOPOLIS I'll buy them. Wait for me here. (He goes into the house.) MEGARIAN The deal is done. Hermes, god of good traders, grant I may sell both my wife and my mother in the same way! (An INFORMER enters.) INFORMER Hi! fellow, what country are you from? MEGARIAN I am a pig-merchant from Megara. INFORMER I shall denounce both your pigs and yourself as public enemies. MEGARIAN Ah! here our troubles begin afresh! INFORMER Let go of that sack. I'll teach you to talk Megarian! MEGARIAN (loudly) Dicaeopolis, want to denounce me. DICAEOPOLIS (from within) Who dares do this thing? (He comes out of his house.) Inspectors, drive out the informers. Ah! you offer to enlighten us without a lamp! INFORMER What! I may not denounce our enemies? DICAEOPOLIS (With a threatening gesture) Watch out for yourself, and go off pretty quick and denounce elsewhere. (The INFORMER runs away.) MEGARIAN What a plague to Athens! DICAEOPOLIS Be reassured, Megarian. Here is the price for your two sowlets, the garlic and the salt. Farewell and much happiness! MEGARIAN Ah! we never have that amongst us. DICAEOPOLIS Oh, I'm sorry if I said the wrong thing MEGARIAN Farewell, dear little sows, and seek, far from your father, to munch your bread with salt, if they give you any. (He departs and DICAEOPOLIS takes the "sows" into his house.) CHORUS (singing) Here is a man truly happy. See how everything succeeds to his wish. Peacefully seated in his market, he will earn his living; woe to Ctesias, and all other informers who dare to enter there! You will not be cheated as to the value of wares, you will not again see Prepis wiping his big arse, nor will Cleonymus jostle you; you will take your walks, clothed in a fine tunic, without meeting Hyperbolus and his unceasing quibblings, without being accosted on the public place by any importunate fellow, neither by Cratinus, shaven in the fashion of the adulterers, nor by this musician, who plagues us with his silly improvisations, that hyper-rogue Artemo, with his arm-pits stinking as foul as a goat, like his father before him. You will not be the butt of the villainous Pauson's jeers, nor of Lysistratus, the disgrace of the Cholargian deme, who is the incarnation of all the vices, and endures cold and hunger more than thirty days in the month. (A BOEOTIAN enters, followed by his slave, who is carrying a large assortment of articles of food, and by a troop of flute players.) BOEOTIAN By Heracles! my shoulder is quite black and blue. Ismenias, put the penny-royal down there very gently, and all of you, musicians from Thebes, strike up on your bone flutes "The Dog's Arse." (The Musicians immediately begin an atrocious rendition of a vulgar tune.) DICAEOPOLIS Enough, damn you; get out of here Rascally hornets, away with you! Whence has sprung this accursed swarm of Chaeris fellows which comes assailing my door? (The Musicians depart.) BOEOTIAN Ah! by Iolas! Drive them off, my dear host, you will please me immensely; all the way from Thebes, they were there piping behind me and they have completely stripped my penny-royal of its blossom. But will you buy anything of me, some chickens or some locusts? DICAEOPOLIS Ah! good day, Boeotian. eater of good round loaves. What do you bring? BOEOTIAN All that is good in Boeotia, marjoram, penny-royal, rush-mats, lampwicks, ducks, jays, woodcocks, water-fowl, wrens, divers. DICAEOPOLIS A regular hail of birds is beating down on my market. BOEOTIAN I also bring geese, hares, foxes, moles, hedgehogs, cats, lyres, martins, otters and eels from the Copaic lake. DICAEOPOLIS Ah! my friend, you, who bring me the most delicious of fish, let me salute your eels. BOEOTIAN (in tragic style) Come, thou, the eldest of my fifty Copaic virgins, come and complete the joy of our host. DICAEOPOLIS (likewise) Oh! my well-beloved, thou object of my long regrets, thou art here at last then, thou, after whom the comic poets sigh, thou, who art dear to Morychus. Slaves, hither with the stove and the bellows. Look at this charming eel, that returns to us after six long years of absence. Salute it, my children; as for myself, I will supply coal to do honour to the stranger. Take it into my house; death itself could not separate me from her, if cooked with beet leaves. BOEOTIAN And what will you give me in return? DICAEOPOLIS It will pay for your market dues. And as to the rest, what do you wish to sell me? BOEOTIAN Why, everything. DICAEOPOLIS On what terms? For ready-money or in wares from these parts? BOEOTIAN I would take some Athenian produce, that we have not got in Boeotia, DICAEOPOLIS Phaleric anchovies, pottery? BOEOTIAN Anchovies, pottery? But these we have. I want produce that is wanting with us and that is plentiful here. DICAEOPOLIS Ah! I have the very thing; take away an informer, packed up carefully as crockery-ware. BOEOTIAN By the twin gods! I should earn big money, if I took one; I would exhibit him as an ape full of spite. DICAEOPOLIS (as an informer enters) Hah! here we have Nicarchus, who comes to denounce you. BOEOTIAN How small he is! DICAEOPOLIS But all pure evil. NICARCHUS Whose are these goods? DICAEOPOLIS Mine, they come from Boeotia, I call Zeus to witness. NICARCHUS I denounce them as coming from an enemy's country. BOEOTIAN What! you declare war against birds? NICARCHUS And I am going to denounce you too. BOEOTIAN What harm have I done you? NICARCHUS I will say it for the benefit of those that listen; you introduce lampwicks from an enemy's country. DICAEOPOLIS Then you even denounce a wick. NICARCHUS It needs but one to set an arsenal afire. DICAEOPOLIS A wick set an arsenal ablaze! But how, great gods? NICARCHUS Should a Boeotian attach it to an insect's wing, and, taking advantage of a violent north wind, throw it by means of a tube into the arsenal and the fire once get hold of the vessels, everything would soon be devoured by the flames. DICAEOPOLIS Ah! wretch! an insect and a wick devour everything! (He strikes him.) NICARCHUS (to the CHORUS) You will bear witness, that he mishandles me. DICAEOPOLIS (to the BOEOTIAN) Shut his mouth. Give me some hay; I am going to pack him up like a vase, that he may not get broken on the road. (The INFORMER is bound and gagged and packed in hay.) LEADER OF THE CHORUS Pack up your goods carefully, friend; that the stranger may not break it when taking it away. DICAEOPOLIS I shall take great care with it. (He hits the INFORMER on the head and a stifled cry is heard.) One would say he is cracked already; he rings with a false note, which the gods abhor. LEADER OF THE CHORUS But what will be done with him? DICAEOPOLIS This is a vase good for all purposes; it will be used as a vessel for holding all foul things, a mortar for pounding together law-suits, a lamp for spying upon accounts, and as a cup for the mixing up and poisoning of everything. LEADER OF THE CHORUS None could ever trust a vessel for domestic use that has such a ring about it. DICAEOPOLIS Oh! it is strong, my friend, and will never get broken, if care is taken to hang it head downwards. LEADER OF THE CHORUS (to the BOEOTIAN) There! it is well packed now! BOEOTIAN Well then, I will proceed to carry off my bundle. LEADER OF THE CHORUS Farewell, worthiest of strangers, take this informer, good for anything, and fling him where you like. DICAEOPOLIS Bah! this rogue has given me enough trouble to pack! Here! Boeotian, pick up your pottery. BOEOTIAN Stoop, Ismenias, that I may put it on your shoulder, and be very careful with it. DICAEOPOLIS You carry nothing worth having; however, take it, for you will profit by your bargain; the informers will bring you luck. (The BOEOTIAN and his slave depart; DICAEOPOLIS goes into his house; a slave comes out of LAMACHUS' house.) SLAVE Dicaeopolis! DICAEOPOLIS (from within) What's the matter? Why are you calling me? SLAVE Lamachus wants to keep the Feast of Cups, and I come by his order to bid you one drachma for some thrushes and three more for a Copaic eel. DICAEOPOLIS (coming out) And who is this Lamachus, who demands an eel? SLAVE (in tragic style) He is the terrible, indefatigable Lamachus, who is always brandishing his fearful Gorgon's head and the three plumes which o'ershadow his helmet. DICAEOPOLIS No, no, he will get nothing, even though he gave me his buckler. Let him eat salt fish while he shakes his plumes, and, if he comes here making any din, I shall call the inspectors. As for myself, I shall take away all these goods; (in tragic style) I go home on thrushes' wings and black-birds' pinions. (He goes into his house.) FIRST SEMI-CHORUS (singing) You see, citizens, you see the good fortune which this man owes to his prudence, to his profound wisdom. You see how, since he has concluded peace, he buys what is useful in the household and good to eat hot. All good things flow towards him unsought. Never will welcome the god of war in my house; never shall he sing the "Harmodius" at my table; he is a sot, who comes feasting with those who are overflowing with good things and brings all manner of mischief in his train. He overthrows, ruins, rips open; it is vain to make him a thousand offers, to say "be seated, pray, and drink this cup, profered in all friendship"; he burns our vine-stocks and brutally spills on the ground the wine from our vineyards. SECOND SEMI-CHORUS (singing) This man, on the other hand, covers his table with a thousand dishes; proud of his good fortunes, he has had these feathers cast before his door to show us how he lives. (A woman appears, bearing the attributes of Peace.) Oh, Peace! companion of fair Aphrodite and of the sweet Graces, how charming are thy features and yet I never knew it! Would that Eros might join me to thee, Eros crowned with roses as Zeuxis shows him to us! Do I seem somewhat old to thee? I am yet able to make thee a threefold offering; despite my age I could plant a long row of vines for you; then beside these some tender cuttings from the fig; finally a youn, vinestock, loaded with fruit, and all around the field olive trees, to furnish us with oil wherewith to anoint us both at the New Moons. (A HERALD enters.) HERALD Oyez, oyez! As was the custom of your forebears, empty a full pitcher of wine at the call of the trumpet; he who first sees the bottom shall get a wine-skin as round and plump as Ctesiphon's belly. DICAEOPOLIS (coming out of the house; to his family within) Women, children, have you not heard? Faith! do you not heed the herald? Quick! let the hares boil and roast merrily; keep them turning; withdraw them from the flame; prepare the chaplets; reach me the skewers that I may spit the thrushes. LEADER OF FIRST SEMI-CHORUS I envy you your wisdom and even more your good cheer. DICAEOPOLIS What then will you say when you see the thrushes roasting? LEADER OF FIRST SEMI-CHORUS Ah! true indeed! DICAEOPOLIS Slave! stir up the fire. LEADER OF FIRST SEMI-CHORUS See, how he knows his business, what a perfect cook! How well he understands the way to prepare a good dinner! (A HUSBANDMAN enters in haste.) HUSBANDMAN Ah! woe is me! DICAEOPOLIS Heracles! What have we here? HUSBANDMAN A most miserable man. DICAEOPOLIS Keep your misery for yourself. HUSBANDMAN Ah! friend! since you alone are enjoying peace, grant me a part of your truce, were it but five years. DICAEOPOLIS What has happened to you? HUSBANDMAN I am ruined; I have lost a pair of steers. DICAEOPOLIS How? HUSBANDMAN The Boeotians seized them at Phyle. DICAEOPOLIS Ah! poor wretch! and do you still wear white? HUSBANDMAN Their dung made my wealth. DICAEOPOLIS What can I do in the matter? HUSBANDMAN Crying for my beasts has lost me my eyesight. Ah! if you care for poor Dercetes of Phyle, anoint mine eyes quickly with your balm of peace. DICAEOPOLIS But, my poor fellow, I do not practise medicine. HUSBANDMAN Come, I adjure you; perhaps I shall recover my steers. DICAEOPOLIS Impossible; away, go and whine to the disciples of Pittalus. HUSBANDMAN Grant me but one drop of peace; pour it into this little reed. DICAEOPOLIS No, not a particle; go and weep somewhere else. HUSBANDMAN (as he departs) Oh! oh! oh! my poor beasts! LEADER OF SECOND SEMI-CHORUS This man has discovered the sweetest enjoyment in peace; he will share it with none. DICAEOPOLIS (to a slave) Pour honey over this tripe; set it before the fire to dry. LEADER OF SECOND SEMI-CHORUS What lofty tones he uses! Did you hear him? DICAEOPOLIS (to the slaves inside the house) Get the eels on the gridiron! LEADER OF SECOND SEMI-CHORUS You are killing me with hunger; your smoke is choking your neighbours, and you split our ears with your bawling. DICAEOPOLIS Have this fried and let it be nicely browned. (He goes back into the house. A WEDDING GUEST enters, carrying a package.) WEDDING GUEST Dicaeopolis! Dicaeopolis! DICAEOPOLIS Who are you? WEDDING GUEST A young bridegroom sends you these viands from the marriage feast. DICAEOPOLIS Whoever he be, I thank him. WEDDING GUEST And in return, he prays you to pour a glass of peace into this vase, that he may not have to go to the front and may stay at home to make love to his young wife. DICAEOPOLIS Take back, take back your viands; for a thousand drachmae I would not give a drop of peace. (A young woman enters) But who is she? WEDDING GUEST She is the matron of honour; she wants to say something to you from the bride privately. DICAEOPOLIS Come, what do you wish to say? (The MATRON OF HONOUR whispers in his ear.) Ah! what a ridiculous demand! The bride burns with longing to keep her husband's tool at home. Come! bring hither my truce; to her alone will I give some of it, for she is a woman, and, as such, should not suffer under the war. Here, friend, hand me your vial. And as to the manner of applying this balm, tell the bride, when a levy of soldiers is made, to rub some in bed on her husband, where most needed. (The MATRON OF HONOUR and the WEDDING GUEST depart.) There, slave, take away my truce! Now, quick, bring me the wine-flagon, that I may fill up the drinking bowls! (The slave leaves. A HERALD enters.) LEADER OF THE CHORUS (in tragic style) I see a man, "striding along apace, with knitted brows; he seems to us the bearer of terrible tidings." HERALD (in tragic style) Oh! toils and battles and Lamachuses! (He knocks on LAMACHUS' door.) LAMACHUS (from within; in tragic style) What noise resounds around my dwelling, where shines the glint of arms. (He comes out of his house.) HERALD The Generals order you forthwith to take your battalions and your plumes, and, despite the snow, to go and guard our borders. They have learnt that a band of Boeotians intend taking advantage of the Feast of Cups to invade our country. LAMACHUS Ah! the Generals! they are numerous, but not good for much! It's cruel, not to be able to enjoy the feast! DICAEOPOLIS Oh! warlike host of Lamachus! LAMACHUS Wretch! do you dare to jeer me? DICAEOPOLIS Do you want to fight this four-winged Geryon? LAMACHUS Oh! oh! what fearful tidings! DICAEOPOLIS Ah! ah! I see another herald running up; what news does he bring me? (Another HERALD enters.) HERALD Dicaeopolis! DICAEOPOLIS What is the matter? HERALD Come quickly to the feast and bring your basket and your cup; it is the priest of Bacchus who invites you. But hasten, the guests have been waiting for you a long while. All is ready-couches, tables, cushions, chaplets, perfumes, dainties and whores to boot; biscuits, cakes, sesamebread, tarts, lovely dancing women, and the "Harmodius." But come with all speed. LAMACHUS Oh! hostile gods! DICAEOPOLIS This is not astounding; you have chosen this great ugly Gorgon's head for your patron. (To a slave) You, shut the door, and let someone get ready the meal. LAMACHUS Slave! slave! my knapsack! DICAEOPOLIS Slave! slave! a basket! LAMACHUS Take salt and thyme, slave, and don't forget the onions. DICAEOPOLIS Get some fish for me; I cannot bear onions. LAMACHUS Slave, wrap me up a little stale salt meat in a fig-leaf. DICAEOPOLIS And for me some nice fat tripe in a fig-leaf; I will have it cooked here. LAMACHUS Bring me the plumes for my helmet. DICAEOPOLIS Bring me wild pigeons and thrushes. LAMACHUS How white and beautiful are these ostrich feathers! DICAEOPOLIS How fat and well browned is the flesh of this wood-pigeon! LAMACHUS (to DICAEOPOLIS) My friend, stop scoffing at my armour. DICAEOPOLIS (to LAMACHUS) My friend, stop staring at my thrushes. LAMACHUS (to his slave) Bring me the case for my triple plume. DICAEOPOLIS (to his slave) Pass me over that dish of hare. LAMACHUS Alas! the moths have eaten the hair of my crest. DICAEOPOLIS Shall I eat my hare before dinner? LAMACHUS My friend, will you kindly not speak to me? DICAEOPOLIS I'm not speaking to you; I'm scolding my slave. (To the slave) Shall we wager and submit the matter to Lamachus, which of the two is the best to eat, a locust or a thrush? LAMACHUS Insolent hound! DICAEOPOLIS He much prefers the locusts. LAMACHUS Slave, unhook my spear and bring it to me. DICAEOPOLIS Slave, slave, take the sausage from the fire and bring it to me. LAMACHUS Come, let me draw my spear from its sheath. Hold it, slave, hold it tight. DICAEOPOLIS And you, slave, grip well hold of the skewer. LAMACHUS Slave, the bracings for my shield. DICAEOPOLIS Pull the loaves out of the oven and bring me these bracings of my stomach. LAMACHUS My round buckler with the Gorgon's head. DICAEOPOLIS My round cheese-cake. LAMACHUS What clumsy wit! DICAEOPOLIS What delicious cheese-cake! LAMACHUS Pour oil on the buckler. Hah! hah I can see reflected there an old man who will be accused of cowardice. DICAEOPOLIS Pour honey on the cake. Hah! hah! hah! I can see an old man who makes Lamachus of the Gorgon's head weep with rage. LAMACHUS Slave, full war armour. DICAEOPOLIS Slave, my beaker; that is my armour. LAMACHUS With this I hold my ground with any foe. DICAEOPOLIS And I with this in any drinking bout. LAMACHUS Fasten the strappings to the buckler. DICAEOPOLIS Pack the dinner well into the basket. LAMACHUS Personally I shall carry the knapsack. DICAEOPOLIS Personally I shall carry the cloak. LAMACHUS Slave, take up the buckler and let's be off. It is snowing! God help us! A wintry business! DICAEOPOLIS Take up the basket, mine's a festive business. (They depart in opposite directions.) LEADER OF THE CHORUS We wish you both joy on your journeys, which differ so much. One goes to mount guard and freeze, while the other will drink, crowned with flowers, and then lie with a young beauty till he gets his tool all sore. CHORUS (singing) I say it freely; may Zeus confound Antimachus, the poet-historian, the son of Psacas! When Choregus at the Lenaea, alas! alas! he dismissed me dinnerless. May I see him devouring with his eyes a cuttle-fish, just served, well cooked, hot and properly salted; and the moment that he stretches his hand to help himself, may a dog seize it and run off with it. Such is my first wish. I also hope for him a misfortune at night. That returning all-fevered from horse practice, he may meet an Orestes, mad with drink, who will crack him over the head; that wishing to seize a stone, he, in the dark, may pick up a fresh turd, hurl, miss him and hit Cratinus. (The slave of LAMACHUS enters.) SLAVE OF LAMACHUS (knocking on the door of LAMACHUS' house, in tragic style) Captives present within the house of Lamachus, water, water in a little pot! Make it warm, get ready cloths, cerate, greasy wool and bandages for his ankle. In leaping a ditch, the master has hurt himself against a stake; he has dislocated and twisted his ankle, broken his head by falling on a stone, while his Gorgon shot far away from his buckler. His mighty braggadocio plume rolled on the ground; at this sight he uttered these doleful words, "Radiant star, I gaze on thee for the last time; my eyes close to all light, I die." Having said this, he falls into the water, gets out again, meets some runaways and pursues the robbers with his spear at their backsides. But here he comes, himself. Get the door open. (In this final scene all the lines are sung.) LAMACHUS (limping in with the help of two soldiers and singing a song of woe) Oh! heavens! oh! heavens! What cruel pain! I faint, I tremble! Alas! I die! the foe's lance has struck me! But what would hurt me most would be for Dicaeopolis to see me wounded thus and laugh at my ill-fortune. DICAEOPOLIS (enters with two courtesans, singing gaily) Oh! my gods! what breasts! Swelling like quinces! Come, my treasures, give me voluptuous kisses Glue your lips to mine. Haha! I was the first to empty my cup. LAMACHUS Oh! cruel fate! how I suffer! accursed wounds! DICAEOPOLIS Hah! hah! Hail! Lamachippus! LAMACHUS Woe is me! DICAEOPOLIS (to the one girl) Why do you kiss me? LAMACHUS Ah, wretched me! DICAEOPOLIS (to the other girl) And why do you bite me? LAMACHUS 'Twas a cruel score I was paying back! DICAEOPOLIS Scores are not evened at the Feast of Cups! LAMACHUS Oh Oh! Paean, Paean! DICAEOPOLIS But to-day is not the feast of Paean. LAMACHUS (to the soldiers) Oh take hold of my leg, do; ah I hold it tenderly, my friends! DICAEOPOLIS (to the girls) And you, my darlings, take hold of my tool, both of you! LAMACHUS This blow with the stone makes me dizzy; my sight grows dim. DICAEOPOLIS For myself, I want to get to bed; I've got an erection and I want to make love in the dark. LAMACHUS Carry me to the surgeon Pittalus. Put me in his healing hands! DICAEOPOLIS Take me to the judges. Where is the king of the feast? The wine-skin is mine! LAMACHUS (as he is being carried away) That spear has pierced my bones; what torture I endure! DICAEOPOLIS (to the audience) You see this empty cup! I triumph! I triumph! CHORUS Old man, I come at your bidding! You triumph! you triumph! DICAEOPOLIS Again I have brimmed my cup with umnixed wine and drained it at a draught! CHORUS You triumph then, brave champion; thine is the wine-skin! DICAEOPOLIS Follow me, singing "Triumph! Triumph!" CHORUS Aye! we will sing of thee, thee and thy sacred wine-skin, and we all, as we follow thee, will repeat in thine honour, "Triumph, Triumph! -THE END- .

45. Aristophanes - Wikipedia
    Other languages Polski. aristophanes. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.aristophanes (ca. 446 BC 385 BC) was a Greek comic  
    http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristophanes
    
    Extractions: Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Older versions Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Other languages: Polski From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Aristophanes (ca. 446 BC 385 BC ) was a Greek comic poet, famous for writing plays, especially comedies such as The Birds for the two Athenian festivals: the Dionisia and the Lenea. Many of his plays were political, and he is known to have been prosecuted for Athenian law's equivalent of libel more than once. A famous comedy, The Frogs , was given the unprecedented honor of a second perfomance. He appears in Plato's Symposium , giving a humorous mythical account of the origin of Love. The Clouds pokes fun at famous figures, notably Socrates , and may have contributed to the common conception of the philosopher as a Sophist Lysistrata was written during the Peloponnesian war between Athens and Sparta and presents a pacifist theme in a comical manner: the women of the two states deprive their husbands of sex until they stop fighting. This play was later illustrated at length by

46. Aristophanes At LiteratureClassics.com -- Essays, Resources
    aristophanes free essays, eTexts, resources and links from LiteratureClassics.com. Additionalsearches. aristophanes at Encarta Encyclopedia.  
    http://www.literatureclassics.com/authors/Aristophanes/
    
    Extractions: These essays offer analysis of the author's life and work. Many of them have been submitted by users, and are assigned an editorial rating on a scale from one to five stars to assist you in evaluating their worth. See also: Note on Essays Editorial Policy get a free printed certificate and stand the chance of winning $2000 No essays about this author have been added yet. Our database is growing rapidly check back soon!

47. The Wasps
    Brief analysis of the play by aristophanes.  
    http://www.theatrehistory.com/ancient/bates030.html
    
    Extractions: THE WASPS An analysis of the play by Aristophanes This document was originally published in The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization, vol. 2 . ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 29-30. The Wasps was brought out in the name of Philonides, and was performed at the Lenaea, in 422 B.C. As the objects of the Clouds was to attack the prevailing vices of the young men of the day and to stigmatize the love of disputation, which was so prevalent in Athens, the purpose of the Wasps was to satirize the love of litigation common to the Athenians, whose delight it was to spend their time in the law-courts and to live on the judicial fees which Pericles had established, and which Cleon was pledged to maintain. There are many points in which the Clouds and the Wasps supplement one another, and there is a unity of design between them which cannot be mistaken. A father and his son are the principle characters in both. In the Wasps , the father, Philocleon, who, as his name denotes, is warmly attached to Cleon, has surrendered the management of his affairs to his son Bdelucleonthe word meaning the detester of Cleon. The son regrets his father's fondness for judicial business, and weans him from it partly by establishing a law-court at home, in which the house-dog is tried for stealing a Sicilian cheese, with all the formalities of a regular process in the dicasterion. In the second half of the play Philocleon is induced to turn his attention to music and literature, whereupon he is congratulated by the chorus. An eminent modern scholar has pronounced the

48. Aristophanes
    including comedy. A Theory of Comedy (RF Taflinger). aristophanes' Lysistrata(J. Protevi) Critical commentary by college prof. This page  
    http://cityhonors.buffalo.k12.ny.us/city/rsrcs/eng/auth/ari.html

49. The Internet Classics Archive | The Wasps By Aristophanes
    Complete text of the play by aristophanes.  
    http://classics.mit.edu/Aristophanes/wasps.html

50. Aristophanes
    Links to information about aristophanes, and books about the Greek playwrightaristophanes. Books about aristophanes. Information about aristophanes.  
    http://www.aristophanes.com/

51. Notes On Aristophanes' Wasps
    History and analysis of aristophanes' play 'The Wasps.'  
    http://chss.montclair.edu/classics/WASPSNTS.HTML
    
    Extractions: Notes on the Wasps of Aristophanes, probably put on in 422 B.C. In 422 B.C. Aristophanes was a well known comic poet and had won first prize a number of times in the annual poetic contest. In several of the plays he had made savage attacks on Cleonm for example, his Knights Since the rate of jury pay was so low, old people and others who could find no other employment became professional jurors, and thus a large number of court cases to try was in their interest. Note how Philocleon describes how he and his fellows act during a trial; they like the power they have, and how the powerful grovel; worse, note how Philocleon admits that if In other words, the jury is able to ignore the law at will. We should also remember that this play was produced during the Peloponnesian war with Sparta. This was a time of deprivation, and greater than normal poverty. Goverment officals were tempted to get money by convicting some wealthy citizen and take all his property as part of the punishment. Indeed, prosecutors would sometimes tell the jury that, unless the accused was convicted, they would not get their jury pay! Further, since this was wartime, and there were deep political conflicts among the Athenians, rumors of conspiracies abounded, as the play itself hints. Some people made a living by blackmailing the wealthy by saying that, unless they were paid off, they would claim that they had evidence of their traitorous activities. Others people would accept payment to falsely accuse political enemies. All this poverty, suspicion and passion did not help the court process to become more just.

52. The Clouds
    An analysis of the play by aristophanes.  
    http://www.theatrehistory.com/ancient/bates025.html
    
    Extractions: THE CLOUDS An analysis of the play by Aristophanes This document was originally published in The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization, vol. 2 . ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 26-27. The play of the Clouds Euripides introduced into tragedy; he was the friend of several of the sophists; it was in his character of dialectician that he was courted by ambitious young men; he was the tutor of Alcibiades; his singular manners and his slovenliness had every appearance of affectation, and if we add that he was the only one of the eminent sophists who was an Athenian-born, we shall not wonder that Aristophanes selected him as the representative of the class. The other prominent characters are a father and son, the latter obviously intended for Alcibiades, and also as a general personification of the young profligates of the day, only wanting a little sophistical education to make him throw aside every moral restraint. His silly father supplies the remedy for this defect, and is the first to suffer from the weapon which he has placed in his son's hand. The Clouds was chiefly a general exhibition of the corrupt state of education at Athens, and of its causes; it was a loudly uttered protest on the part of Aristophanes against the useless and pernicious speculations of the sophists, and was not intended, as some would have us believe, to pave the way for the accusation which was many years afterward brought against Socrates as a corrupter of youth, whatever may have been its effect upon the verdict of the dicasts at the trial. It gained only third prize and was unfavorably received at the great

53. Lysistrata Guide
    Study Guide For aristophanes' Lysistrata. p.444 note how aristophanesundercuts the lofty sentiments of Lysistrata's speech to the men.  
    http://www.temple.edu/classics/lysistrata.html
    
    Extractions: To help with the usual barrage of people, places and things, use the Glossary which begins on page 599. The plot is about as simple as it gets: Athenian women, fed up with the Peloponnesian War, barricade themselves in the Acropolis and go on a sex strike to force their husbands to vote for peace with Sparta. This plot demonstrates that the overriding mode of Aristophanic comedy is fantasy. In the Congresswomen women take over the assembly to save Athens from corrupt politicians. So consider that, while in tragedy assertive women cause catastrophe, in comedy they bring joy and harmony. But Aristophanes is not content to turn the tables and present purely virtuous women and venal men; consider why, exactly, they are so upset about the duration of the war. To paraphrase Freud, what do these women really want? Note in the first scene how difficult Lysistrata finds it to interest other women in her plan. Part of the original humorous effect derives from Greek staging practice. Remember that all the actors are male. Also, a prominent part of the comic costume was a large leather phallus. The male characters in this play would walk around the stage with huge erections. This is not a comedy that for prudes. Most of the sexual innuendo that you see in virtually every line is actually there. The name of the play's heroine, Lysistrata, means "releaser of war," which typifies the Aristophanic tendency for an "outsider" hero whose indicates his or her function. Interestingly, there was an important priestess in Athens at that time whose name, Lysimache, meant "releaser of the battle." However, it is impossible to say this significance of this possible coincidence. Think about the character of Lysistrata and how the audience might have viewed her. What figure in mythology or tragedy does she most resemble?

54. Historyforkids!
    Similar pages Exploring Plato's Dialogues Symposium 189a193e (Jowett) 5. The Speech of aristophanes. 189a Yes, said aristophanes, who speakin peace. You are quite right, said aristophanes, laughing. I will  
    http://www-adm.pdx.edu/user/sinq/greekciv/arts/greeklit/aristoph.htm

55. The Internet Classics Archive | The Thesmophoriazusae By Aristophanes
    Complete text of the play by aristophanes.  
    http://classics.mit.edu/Aristophanes/thesmoph.html
    
    Extractions: Behind the orchestra are two buildings, one the house of the poet AGATHON, the other the Thesmophorion. EURIPIDES enters from the right, at a rapid pace, with an air of searching for something; his father-in-law MNESILOCHUS, who is extremely aged, follows him as best he can, with an obviously painful expenditure of effort.

56. Drama: Aristophanes
    Back to list aristophanes (c. 448385 BC) LINKS aristophanes' Lysistratahttp//ablemedia.com/ctcweb/netshots/lysistra.htm This  
    http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/litlinks/drama/aristophanes.htm
    
    Extractions: MM_preloadImages('../images/m_research_o.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../images/m_related_o.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../images/m_literary_o.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../images/m_essays_o.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../images/m_critical_o.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../images/m_poetry_o.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../images/m_fiction_o.gif'); http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/netshots/lysistra.htm This study guide offers a note on the setting of Antigone , exercises for reading comprehension and interpretation, along with links to the major characters and a link to a document called "Greek Theatre Knowledge Builder," but you will need to download a free version of Adobe Acrobat before you can open it. Lysistrata Guide

57. Thesmophoriazusae, Or A Women's Festival
    Summary and analysis of the play by aristophanes.  
    http://www.theatrehistory.com/ancient/bates028.html
    
    Extractions: THESMOPHORIAZUSAE, OR A WOMEN'S FESTIVAL A summary and analysis of the play by Aristophanes This document was originally published in The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization, vol. 2 . ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 24-26. The Thesmophoriazusae , which followed the Lysistrata during the reign of terror established by oligarchist conspirators, has a proper intrigue, a knot which is not untied till quite the end, and in this it possesses a great advantage. Euripides , on account of the well-known misogyny of his tragedies, is accused and sentenced to condign punishment at the festival of the Thesmophoria, at which women alone might be present. After a vain attempt to excite the effeminate poet, Agathon Aristophanes possessed a specific talent for translating the poetry of this tragedian into comedy. On the other hand, the fact that the Athenian audience should at once appreciate the parody, proves that they were perfectly familiar with the scenes and lines of Euripides. As a literary public they were unsurpassed in any age. Purchase Thesmophoriazusae FURTHER STUDIES: The Thesmophoriazusae - An introduction to the play.

58. Aristophanes
    aristophanes. 448?385? BC. Eleven of the plays of the great ancient Greekwriter of comedy aristophanes survive almost in their entirety.  
    http://www.crystalinks.com/aristophanes.html
    
    Extractions: 448?-385? BC Eleven of the plays of the great ancient Greek writer of comedy Aristophanes survive almost in their entirety. His plays have stood the test of time, having been frequently produced on the 20th-century stage and for radio. BC and was an Athenian citizen, his place of birth is uncertain. His first play was produced in Athens in about 427 BC BC ) between the city-states of Athens and Sparta. Aristophanes is thought to have written 40 plays in all, an average of one per year during his dramatic career. His success is attributed to his witty dialogue, comical though sometimes spiteful satire, brilliant imitations, clever and absurd scenes and situations, and charming songs. Criticism has centered on the loose construction of plots and the feeble development of characters. BC , Aristophanes died. His son, Araros, staged two more of his plays in about 387 BC ANCIENT GREECE ANCIENT AND LOST CIVILIZATIONS INDEX ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF ALL FILES CRYSTALINKS MAIN PAGE

59. The Knights
    An analysis of aristophanes' comedy 'The Knights.'  
    http://www.theatrehistory.com/ancient/bates027.html
    
    Extractions: THE KNIGHTS An analysis of the play by Aristophanes This document was originally published in The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization, vol. 2 . ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 20-22. Aristophanes first appeared on the stage in his Knights Purchase The Knights FURTHER STUDIES: The Knights - The Sausage-Seller's monologue from Aristophanes' play. The Knights - An introduction to the play. Aristophanes and His Comedies - Biography of the Greek dramatist and analysis of his poetic qualities. The Acharnians - Summary and analysis of the play by Aristophanes. The Birds - Summary and analysis of the play by Aristophanes. The Clouds - Analysis of the play by Aristophanes. The Frogs - Summary of the play by Aristophanes. Thesmophoriazusae - Summary and analysis of the play by Aristophanes. The Wasps - Analysis of the play by Aristophanes.

60. Aristophanes
    encyclopediaEncyclopedia aristophanes, ar istof'unEz Pronunciation Key.aristophanes , c. 448 BC–c. 388 BC, Greek playwright, Athenian  
    http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/people/A0804707.html
    
    Extractions: Pronunciation Key Aristophanes c. 448 B.C. c. 388 B.C. , Greek playwright, Athenian comic poet, greatest of the ancient writers of comedy The Acharnians B.C. ), an attack on the Peloponnesian War; The Knights (424), a political satire on the demagoguery of the period; The Clouds (423), a satire on the sophists and on Socrates; The Wasps (422), a satire on the Athenian passion for litigation; The Peace (421), a defense of the Peace of Nicias; The Birds (414), an escape into an amazing imaginary kingdom; Lysistrata (411), in which the Athenian women boycott their husbands to end a war; The Thesmophoriazusae or The Women at Demeter's Festival (411), in which the women conspire to ruin Euripides because of his misogyny; The Frogs (405), a literary satire involving Aeschylus and Euripides; The Ecclesiazusae or The Women in Politics (c. 392), in which the women take over the government; and Plutus (388), in which the blind god of wealth recovers his eyesight and distributes the gifts of fortune more equitably. See his plays (ed. by M. Hadas, 1962, 1984); studies by G. Murray (1933, repr. 1964), C. Whitman (1964), K. J. Dover (1972), and V. Ehrenberg (new ed. 1974).

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