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When it emerged in the United States in 1852, the Young Men’s Christian Association excluded blacks from membership in white branches but encouraged blacks to form their own associations and to join the Christian brotherhood on "separate but equal" terms. Light in the Darkness, the first comprehensive study of African Americans in the YMCA, is a compelling account of hope and success. ... Read more

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This timely volume brings together an experienced roster of educators and researchers to address the African American achievement gap in higher education. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (2)

This book is a must read!
Hi! This book is a must read for anyone interested in what can be done to close the African American achievement gap in higher education.The author's succinctly outline the theoretical basis for the phenomenon and the institutional factors, which help perpetuate it. There is a growing multicultural base in our classrooms and it is the responsibility of the powers that be to insure that all students have the opportunity for academic success. The author's take a fresh look at the research and offer strategies and best practices to administrators and professors interested in effectively delivering curriculum to diverse learners. Additionally the author's point out the high cost to society at the federal, state, and local levels for failing to close this gap which has persisted for decades.

Closing the gaps
Closing the African American Achievement Gap in Higher Education

I recently received a copy of this book I pre-ordered directly from the publisher (Teachers College Press). So far I'm very favorably impressed.

It starts (in Chapter 1) by defining the different facets of the achievement gap in higher education and provides a theoretical framework that is applied consistently throughout the book. Chapters 2 and 3 address the influences of African American, hip-hop, and school cultures on the gap. Subsequent chapters address challenges in both the traditional classroom and the distance education virtual classroom followed by suggested research-based strategies that can help close the gap, together with examples of faculty resources. Institutional, program, and classroom strategies are described in detail and examples of exemplary university programs are provided. I particularly enjoyed the chapter on assessment for learning that makes a strong case for how equity can be achieved in traditional and online classroom assessments where minority students often have challenges and are required to demonstrate mastery of content in ways that do not match their culturally-related cognitive preferences or experiences.

The book is able to take the middle ground between a strong research orientation with little if any practical advice and a strong practical orientation with few links to the theoretical and research-based underpinnings of the teaching and learning strategies presented. I highly recommend it for higher education administrators and faculty members.

Mervyn Wighting
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Let It Shine! probes the distinctive contribution of black Catholics to the life of the American church, and to the unfolding of lived Christianity in the United States. This important book explores the powerful spiritual renaissance that has marked African American life and selfunderstanding over the last several decades by examining one critical dimension: the forging of new expressions of Catholic worship rooted in the larger Catholic tradition, yet shaped in unique ways by African American religious culture.Starting with the 1960s, the book traces the dynamic interplay of social change, cultural awakening, and charismatic leadership that have sparked the emergence of distinctive styles of black Catholic worship. In their historical overview, McGann and Eva Marie Lumas chronicle the liturgical and pastoral issues of a black Catholic liturgical movement that has transformed the larger American church. McGann then examines the foundational vision of Rev. Clarence R. J. Rivers, who promoted forms of black worship, music, preaching, and prayer that have enabled African American Catholics to reclaim the fullness of their religious identity.Finally, Harbor constructs a black Catholic aesthetic based on the theological, ethical, and liturgical insights of four African American scholars, expressed through twenty-three performative values. This liturgical aesthetic illuminates the distinctive gift of black Catholics to the multicultural tapestry of lived faith in the American church and can also serve as a pastoral model for other cultural communities.Blending history, theology, and liturgy, Let It Shine! is a valuable resource for scholars, teachers, and students and a practical pastoral guide to bringing African American spirituality more firmly into the sacramental life of American parishes. ... Read more

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This text is designed to assist educators in urban school districts in closing the achievement gap among African-American males. It provides a framework for innovative educators to extrapolate creative methods and strategies for closing the achievement gap. This text demonstrates that African-American males' achievement and standards can be improved if appropriate reforms and prerequisite skills associated with standards are employed. ... Read more

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A volume in Research on African American EducationSeries Editors: Carol Camp Yeakey, Washington University in St. Louisand Ronald D. Henderson, National Education AssociationThe failure of American education to achieve racial diversity has resulted from the inability ofeducational researchers, policy makers, and judicial officials to disentangle the complex definitionsthat have emerged in a post-segregated society. Broken Cisterns provides snapshots of educationaloccurrences that have shaped current phenomena in schools and the larger society.Theoretical and empirical discussions related to segregation, desegregation, and integration providesa contextual framework for understanding their resulting effects. In response, the bookexamines the historic and community contexts of academic performance in both public and highereducational settings. The book also examines content aspects involving student achievement and the diverse elements that impact thestrategies that should be used to enhance outcomes. Broken Cisterns examines the African American education experience post-Brownv. Board of Education, as well as the long-term effects that result from failure to achieve racial equity. The American education systemdemands new political and social agendas despite the seeming infinite cycle of persisting racial inequalities in educational settings. Thisbook does just that. ... Read more

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This book gives readers a broad understanding of the Black Church in America and a sense of its uniqueness in the wider world.

• Explores the history of the Black Church in America, its African roots, beliefs, practices, politics, and contemporary moral dilemmas
  
• Argues that in the Black Church, individual and communal destiny are bound together
  
• The author is a Priest in the Episcopal Church and teaches spirituality and Black Church studies at Duke University.

Customer Reviews (2)

The Black Church in America: African American Christian Spirituality
This book provided good insight into the Black Church in America. There was a considerable amount of historical data on the doctrine and practices of the churches and how the black denominations were formed in America. It also gave historical information on the formation of the White Christian churches in America. The writing certainly proved this book to be a doctoral thesis in the style and language of the book.

An Important Contribution
"The Black Church in American" makes an important academic contribution to the study of African American Christian spirituality. Dr. Battle is well equipped to produce this concise spiritual history.

Reviewer: Bob Kellemen, Ph.D., is the author of Beyond the Suffering: Embracing the Legacy of African American Soul Care and Spiritual Direction , Soul Physicians: A Theology of Soul Care And Spiritual Direction, and Spiritual Friends: A Methodology of Soul Care And Spiritual Direction. ... Read more

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The Rise and Fall of the Garvey Movement in the Urban South provides the first detailed examination of the Universal Negro Improvement Association's rise, maturation, and eventual decline in the urban South between 1918 and 1942. It examines the ways in which Southern black workers fused locally-based traditions, ideologies, and strategies of resistance with the Pan-African agenda of the UNIA to create a dynamic and multifaceted movement. A testament to the multidimensionality of black political subjectivity, Southern Garveyites fashioned a politics reflective of their international, regional, and local attachments. Moving beyond the usual focus on New York and the charismatic personality of Marcus Garvey, this book situates black workers at the center of its analysis and aims to provide a much-needed grassroots perspective on the Garvey movement. More than simply providing a regional history of one of the most important Pan-African movements of the twentieth century, The Rise and Fall of the Garvey Movement in the Urban South demonstrates the ways in which racial, class, and spatial dynamics resulted in complex, and at times competing articulations of black nationalism.

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The African American quest for the American dream has always been a quest for knowledge. African American Education provides important information and resources on the main issues concerning the education of blacks: schooling, education equity, legislation, and higher education, with emphasis on the past two decades. The coverage includes materials based on the author's interviews with working teachers, contemporary statistical data and analyses, as well as testing, curricula, and instructional approaches. The book looks at desegregation and affirmative action, precedent-setting legislation and court cases, historically black colleges and universities, and provides a roster of key organizations, government agencies, and print and nonprint resources. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

An Eye Opener
What an excellent reference book.The detailed information on every aspect of African American Education answers many questions regarding issues concerning African Americans and the education process.The in depth interviews bring to light the challenges and experiences African Americans face in education.The resources and references are fantastic.The HBCU focus opened my eyes to the many accomplishments and challenges they face.

This book is a wonderful addition to my library, expanding my knowledge of the African American Perspective and the history of African American Education. ... Read more

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Chapters: American Friends Service Committee, Sigma Alpha Rho, Asian Arts Initiative, Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame, Kelly Writers House, Cradle of Liberty Council, Library Company of Philadelphia, American Anti-Vivisection Society, Philadelphia Anti-Graffiti Network, Public/private Ventures, Ed Snider Youth Hockey Foundation, the Fabric Workshop and Museum, Prometheus Radio Project, American Philosophical Society, American College of Physicians, Philadelphia Society for the Preservation of Landmarks, Philadelphia Stock Exchange, Philadelphia Folksong Society, the Philadelphia Club, Neighborhood Bike Works, Space 1026, Friends General Conference, the Musical Fund Society, Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania, Foreign Policy Research Institute, Delaware Valley Legacy Fund, Greater Kensington, Poor Richard Club, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Repent America, Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge, Response-Ability, Philadelphia Center for Architecture, Racquet Club of Philadelphia, Philadelphia Science Fiction Society, Smith Memorial Playground ... Read more

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The history of the education of African American children in one Alabama town is reconstructed over a period of 100 years, from the First Reconstruction period to the Second Reconstruction period (Governor George Wallace's stand in the schoolhouse door). Lessons learned from this case study, in addition to 15 years of desegregated education in the community, provides a perspective for educational policymakers to consider, as they attempt to plan effective schools in the 21st century for all children in America. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (2)

A Lesson from the Past.
This book is a the result of a remarkable research effort. The authors defy many absent and possibly destroyed official school records and memorabilia to piece together primary sources such as interviews, newspapers, and old school performance programs. The outcome provides insight into the positive aspects of a valued segregated school in Northwestern Alabama.

The book provides tangible evidence of an educational system which employed ingredients for success that may benefit today's underachieving schools.

MUST READ FOR THOSE INTERESTED IN THE WELFARE OF CHILDREN
This book gives a passionate description of the impact of segregation/desegregation in the lives of African American children.It tugs at your heart strings as it provides critical information about thepast (that many people can identify with as a part of their own educationalexperience) and compelling recommendations for the present and future toensure that caring and nurturing educational environments are provided notonly for African American children but for ALL children as well.Greatresource for educators, administrators, and parents. ... Read more

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Read a sample

In this update to her 1993 classic, African American Christian Worship, Melva Wilson Costen, again delights her reader with a lively history and theology of the African American worship experience. Drawing upon careful scholarship and engaging stories, Dr. Costen details the global impact on African American worship by media, technology, and new musical styles. She expands her discussion of ritual practices in African communities and clarifies some of the ritual use of music in worship. In keeping with recent congregational practices, Dr. Costen will also provide general orders of worship suitable for a variety of denominational settings. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (5)

Great Starter Book
I thought this book was a great starter book for those who have little knowledge of AA worship.My main problem with the text it is a little to academic for the masses - a little too much jargon.But I could relate to much of what stated from my personal and family experiences.

A book that gives you more details of how Africans evolved into Afro Baptist, I would highly recommend Mechal Sobel's Been in the Storm Too Long."This book is excellent and can compliment this book.She deserves reading.She speaks truth.

History and Current Ministry United
Melva Wilson Costen's "African American Christian Worship, though now nearly a decade old, remains an undated core text for understanding the African American Christian religious experience. From a Caucasian perspective, some may mistake "worship" in the title as referring to one part of a Sunday morning service. As Costen, and African American Church history demonstrate, nothing could be further from the truth. "Worship" is a 24/7 experience of God and the gathered community of God's people meet to celebrate what God has done and to empower one another with what He will continue to do.

Costen's strength is her ability to tap into the history of African American Christianity. In fact, in many ways this book is just that--a history of African American corporate worship. Moving from the bitter waters of enslavement, to the Invisible Institution, to the Praise House, Costen shows both the actions and the theology behind those actions. She then beautifully ties together these historical foundations with the modern Christian worship experience of contemporary African American churches. For anyone wanting a well-researched history of the gathered African American Church, this is a great source.

Reviewer: Bob Kellemen, Ph.D., is the author of Beyond the Suffering: Embracing the Legacy of African American Soul Care and Spiritual Direction .

A heritage worth exploring
Ok, so what can I, a white guy (perhaps, I might emphasise, a VERY white guy), get out of a book on African American Christian worship? More than one might think - read on.

Costen, in her book 'African American Christian Worship,' begins with a discussion of core theological beliefs that shape all of such worship. This core seeks to locate and connect the liturgy with the rest of life, such that the practice of worship has meaning that influences the rest of life, and vice versa. These core beliefs are rather interesting, and not at all out of line with what my own basic theology would contain. However, the liturgical practice in my own background does not always realise the larger connection between the shape of the worship liturgy and the larger universe.

There is a strong focus on personal experience as a primary spiritual element. Being interested in such spirituality, I was intrigued by her quote:

'Unlike the Western-oriented Christian, whose theology is rooted in Greco-Roman concepts and culture, African peoples tend to seek to know God personally rather than to know about God from doctrines and creeds.' (p. 20)

While I am a very creed-based Christian, I still seek those experiences and practices which help me to know God, as well as having respect for those practices and studies which talk about God. There has been a tension between these orientations in the more Euro-centric history as well as the African American history, with each side having a similar suspicion of the other. One of Costen's shortcomings in this book is that she ignores the whole of the Western contemplative tradition.

Costen elaborates on the historical aspects of African American worship, particularly as it continues to be informed by its origins as an expression of oppressed peoples. There is, however, no single pattern or form for African American worship; rather, the variety of African American worship that exists today across many denominational lines are all influenced to varying degrees by this background. For instance, 'all African American denominations (Protestant especially) can claim heritage in the Invisible Institution, regardless of when and where they enter denominational history.' (p. 87) However, this is shaped and influenced by a number of factors, including location, leadership, daily life of worshipers, and what Costen describes as the 'denominational ethos' of the worshipers. To think that there is one pattern of African American Christian worship is a mistake.

As someone coming out of the Anglican tradition, I was interested in the discussion of the role of the Church of England and British-based movements on the early African American experience. This is not a history of which I am very familiar, and it is not one emphasised in other historical texts I have studied.

Certainly, practices such as the Ring Shout are very removed from my experience and tradition. I wonder if the description and discussion in Costen's book does this practice justice, as I did not get a good sense of what exactly takes places and what feelings and connections to God are manifest in the practice. This is most likely another case of the necessary difference between reading about a practice and actually enacting and participating in the practice.

I was very interested in the idea of the Invisible Institution and the improvised architecture and accoutrements dedicated to worship. As one who often has to improvise meeting spaces, etc., I have had to deal with some of the difficulties discussed here, albeit none as difficult to deal with as official societal and legal suppression as was enacted against early African American self-directed worship experiences.

Perhaps the most important chapter for me was the concluding one, which discusses worship as empowerment. Costen states, 'In order for corporate worship to be authentic and empowering, it must be psychologically relevant to worshipers and commensurate with their lived experience.' (p. 123) Likewise, she writes, 'The most effective demonstration of true liturgy is what we do in obedience to God in Christ with our lives when we gather and when we scatter as a community in the world.' (p. 127) These quotes sum up for me the importance of worship in life, learning, and the hoped-for relevance of what takes place during our liturgical-worshipful times to our overall lives. This transcends the unique experience of any particular group such as African Americans, and becomes important for all people.

An Excellent Resource for African American Christian Worship
It would take me several pages to adequately write a review that expresses the scholarship contained in this book. I am honored to be able to review this text because it is such an outstanding piece of work. I know that thisbook has been discussed by the academy, clergy, students, and laypersonsalike. It is a very scholarly, well researched, and organized writing onAfrican American Christian worship. I really don't know where to beginbecause there are just so many great things I could say about this book. Itis a must for every library of scholars interested in the area of worship.I used this book as a primary resource for a seminary graduateproject in music. But the book has much more to offer and is notlimitedto any one topic of worship. Costen starts with a discussion of thetheology of African American worship and how this relates to our "corebelief" system and our "doctrine of God." She notes thatAfrican American worship can be characterized in general as"experiential." African people "tend to seek to know Godpersonally rather than to know about God from doctrines and creeds."She presents music, preaching, prayer, ritual, and shouting as a means ofcommunication and empowerment in worship. These acts are also described as"celebrative acts of worship" that engage the community of faithinto divine communion with God and with one another. From a historicalperspective, Costen begins with worship in the Invisible Institution anddiscusses how it uniquely shaped the culture of worship for AfricanAmerican people. Later on, she provides a historical summary of the AfricanAmerican denominations and congregations and the history behind theirformation. The book has much more than I could ever discuss - from adetailed history of African American music to a contemporary model forworship. This book is very well written, scholarly, and simple to read. Itis a must for every library.

Rich Expression of True African American Worship
It would take me several pages to adequately write a review that expresses the scholarship contained in this book.I am honored to be able to review this text because it is such an outstanding piece of work. I know thatthis book has been discussed by the academy, clergy, students, andlaypersons alike. It is a very scholarly, well researched, and organizedwriting on African American Christian worship.I really don't know whereto begin because there are just so many great things I could say about thisbook.It is a must for every library of scholars interested in the area ofworship. I used this book as a primary resource for a seminary graduateproject in music. But the book has much more to offer and is not limited toany one topic of worship.Costen starts with a discussion of the theologyof African American worship and how this relates to our "corebelief" system and our "doctrine of God."She notes thatAfrican American worship can be characterized in general as"experiential."African people "tend to seek to know Godpersonally rather than to know about God from doctrines and creeds." She presents music, preaching, prayer, ritual, and shouting as a means ofcommunication and empowerment in worship. These acts are also describedas "celebrative acts of worship" that engage the community offaith into divine communion with God and with one another. From ahistorical perspective, Costen begins with worship in the InvisibleInstitution and discusses how it uniquely shaped the culture of worship forAfrican American people. Later on, she provides a historical summary of theAfrican American denominations and congregations and the history behindtheir formation.The book has much more than I could ever discuss- froma detailed history of African American music to a contemporary model forworship.This book is very well written, scholarly, and simple to read. Itis a must for every library. ... Read more

Product Description
African American schools in the segregated South faced enormous obstacles in educating their students. But some of these schools succeeded in providing nurturing educational environments in spite of the injustices of segregation. Vanessa Siddle Walker tells the story of one such school in rural North Carolina, the Caswell County Training School, which operated from 1934 to 1969. She focuses especially on the importance of dedicated teachers and the principal, who believed their jobs extended well beyond the classroom, and on the community's parents, who worked hard to support the school.

According to Walker, the relationship between school and community was mutually dependent. Parents sacrificed financially to meet the school's needs, and teachers and administrators put in extra time for professional development, specialized student assistance, and home visits. The result was a school that placed the needs of African American students at the center of its mission, which was in turn shared by the community. Walker concludes that the experience of CCTS captures a segment of the history of African Americans in segregated schools that has been overlooked and that provides important context for the ongoing debate about how best to educate African American children. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (2)

Two thumbs up
This is a marvelously well-written book, easy to read, compelling personal accounts, providing an in-depth look at the socio-cultural dynamics of a segregated community from an empowering African American POV.As a yankee and a layperson, this was an introduction to the subject matter for me, and it provided a great perspective on the interplay between local politics and wider legislative actions at the national level.It tended to be a little redundant at times, but the story is so compelling, and the voices so authentic, I really did not mind.

The book focuses during the period of legalized segregation
Their Highest Potential, written by Vanessa Siddle Walker,is an extensively researched book specifically covering a southern African American school community in Caswell County, North Carolina until its lastyear of segregated operation ending in 1969.The book focuses during theperiod of legalized segregation of public schools and how African Americanstudents were not equally as funded compared to that of white schools. Regardless ofthe unequal funding and the poorer facilities, Walker goesfurther in detail about how the untold story of this school system inCaswell County was able to provide the means necessary for their studentsto succeed to their highest potential.Walker states, to remembersegregated schools largely by recalling only their poor resources presentsa historically incomplete picture (p. 3). Through a series of interviews,Walker incorporates vivid memories of the past to help bring to life theexistence and development of Caswell County High School. The bookbegins explaining how the environment and atmosphere of segregated schoolswas actually a good thing for black children.In segregated schools therewas no conflict of racism nor did black children recognize themselves as aminority.Within the segregated school theywere not treated like secondrate citizens, but they received the attention and education they deserved,despite the lack of resources.Through out the years the school boardreluctantly provided any materials necessary for satisfactory operation. Yet, the black community continuously in the dilemma of not havingresources and room for the growing number of people, still managed toenlighten students. Determined parents time after time lobbied for a newschool with the help from N. Longworth Dillard, the principal.Eventually,the overcrowded Rosenwald School moved to the newly built Caswell CountyTraining School in March of 1951. After years of prying,the peoplefinally had the newest and largest school in the county (p 61). Duringits time,the school became the only accredited school in the county bythe Southern Association of Schools and Colleges in 1955 and remained thatway until after desegregation (p. 8).The forming of Caswell CountyTraining School was dedicated to Dillard's perseverance but could not have been accomplished if it was not for the parental advocates.Advocates inwhich Walker calls them, were adults who took an active role in seeking thematerials needed for the children.These advocates positioned themselvesbetween the needs of the school and the lack of response from the schoolboard (p 65).Whether it was from parents donating lumber to teachersstaying after to help a student, the community made an environment thatproduced achievement.With this unified effort, black children receivedthe education they deserved despite the hardships of having less thanadequate supplies.In particular,this school system was the ideallearning institution where the principal, teachers, parents, and studentsall worked together to achieve common goals ... Read more

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This volume takes a comprehensive look at the education of African-Americans, specifically early childhood through postsecondary education, and relevant public policy issues since 1940. The list of contributors to the study includes white and black scholars who, by focusing on the known status of the education of African-Americans to date and the additional factors that need to be considered in order to develop appropriate educational strategies, evaluate current programs and suggest ways to improve public policy. Topics ranging from the counseling of minority children to the continuing struggle with racial violence on campus demonstrate the broad scope of this volume. ... Read more

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In this compelling book, the authors put a human face on desegregation practices in the South. Focusing on an African American community in Alabama, they document not only the gains but also the significant losses experienced by students when their community school was closed and they were forced to attend a White desegregated school across town. This volume is an in-depth look at the unmet promises of school desegregation that can help us provide a quality education for all children in the 21st century. ... Read more

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In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the number of African American undergraduates at the University of Pennsylvania grew dramatically. This book describes the circumstances surrounding the university's decision to increase its black enrollment and the consequences that followed. Focusing on the role of black student activism, Wayne C. Glasker traces the trajectory of controversy and debate over such issues as assimilation, integration, Black Nationalism, and cultural pluralism on a single university campus.Glasker begins his study in the late 1960s, when the university's expansion into a predominantly black Philadelphia neighborhood precipitated a massive sit-in and protest. In response, Penn accelerated the process of admitting more black students, doubling the number of black matriculants by September 1969. Many came from inner city public high schools with backgrounds, ideas, and interests far different from those of the affluent middle- and upper-class white students who constituted the majority of the undergraduate population. As a result, the next decade was marked by recurrent tension and conflict, as black students at Penn rejected assimilation and agitated successfully for the creation of a variety of institutions that recognized their needs. These included an Afro-American studies program, a residence for students interested in black culture, and a Black Student League. Following a sit-in in 1978,they won a demand for an Inter-cultural Center and formed the United Minorities Council, and in 1986 they joined with white activists to press the university to divest its holdings from companies doing business in South Africa.Throughout the book Glasker interweaves two parallel stories: that of an Ivy League university wrestling with questions of diversity, compensatory education, and the meaning of merit and qualification; and that of black students grappling with issues of assimilation, separatism, and cultural pluralism. In the end, he argues, the students sought to preserve their own distinctive ethnic culture, identity, and heritage while pursuing economic upward mobility. Rather than separatism, they aspired to a form of biculturalism that involved economic empowerment without cultural assimilation. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

Important Contribution
Glasker's analysis of the black student movement at the University of Pennsylvania in the 1960s and 1970s is an important contribution to the field of black studies. However, it has importance far beyond this field, as it sheds light on the basic issues of diversity in the multi-cultural setting that has characterized American society in recent decades. He introduces and explains categories of analysis that may be unfamiliar to most readers, such as the concept of bi-culturalism. Like other ethnic groups and interest groups, black students wanted to have a setting where they could represent their own interests and cultural inclinations, but this did not mean that their all-black organizations were separatist or nationalist. Not only did presumeably liberal white organizations find all-black organizations uncomfortable, so did integrationist organizations such as the NAACP. Glasker traces all these cross currents in a sensitive and well-documented fashion. The episodes at the University of Pennsylvania, as he suggests, were replicated at many other campuses across the United States as universities began to admit black students with lower SAT scores from urban settings to help achieve more racial balance. At institutions such as Cornell, Rutgers, and many state universities, the same patterns emerged: black students seeking institutions that would preserve their different values and attiutudes, at the same time that they pursued the achievement of education and professional development that would earn them a place in the mainstream society. The essence of bi-culturalism comes through in the study: the simultaneous preservation of cultural differences and the pursuit of the middle class aspirations for economic advancement. The book should be purchased by all major libraries and by any individual who is interested in this fascinating aspect of modern American life. ... Read more