Geometry.Net - Basic_C: Currency History

Chapter 3. Monetary Reality Through History. Telematic Currency And Market Strat
Telematic currency and market strategy. Chapter 4. The money system today. Telematiccurrency and market strategy. Chapter 3. Monetary reality through history.
http://chalaux.org/mtemuk03.htm

Extractions: Chapter 3. Monetary reality through history This chapter's goals Non-monetary barter Monetary reality among primitive peoples Money systems of incoming civilizations ... Bibliographic references for this chapter 1. This chapter's goals In the previous chapter , when speaking of the elements of the money systems, we have exposed our arguments in such a way as to suggest somehow a succession of steps in the evolution of the market and of the money systems therein contained. This succession of steps could be summed up as follows: At the beginning the market works without any money system, by means simply of a non-monetary barter. In the second step, money units appear with their mercantile value, and monetary barter starts. Finally, in some dynamic and evolving markets the use of monetary instruments is introduced, which allow the elemental monetary exchange to take place. As we have already said, this interpretation is not necessarily historic; we have therefore avoided all sorts of actually historical references all along the previous chapter , and we have stressed the more theoretical aspects of the money systems.
Chapter 2. Monetary Reality Through History. Essay On Currency, Market And Socie
Chapter 3. Features of a scientific monetary system. Essay on currency,market and society. Chapter 2. Monetary reality through history.
http://chalaux.org/ammsuk02.htm

Extractions: Home Chapter 2. Monetary reality through history The pre-monetary barter Monetary reality among the primitive peoples The monetary systems of the rising civilizations Emergence of the specific metal currency ... Bibliography for this chapter In the previous chapter we have used an exposition system which suggested, to a certain extent, some sort of historical reconstruction of the development of monetary systems: first there is the non-monetary barter; then the monetary units appear and the market values are established (prices and salaries); finally, in some evolved societies, the monetary instruments appear. We are aware that this reconstruction is very theoretical and simplifies the complexity of the facts which actually took place. For this reason, in this chapter we want to offer some brushstrokes to give some support to the broad outline made in the previous chapter. However, it is necessary to point out that the reconstruction of the development of the monetary reality, both among prehistoric peoples and among present primitive peoples, shows serious difficulties: the existing documents are few and partial, and their interpretation is a very delicate task. With all these limitations then we face our subject.
Ithaca HOURs Online: Home Page
Pioneering local money program tbat inspired dozens around the US and the world. Website describes how it works, development and history of local currencies, media coverage over the years, how to start and maintain your own local currency, list of businesses accepting HOURS, and a local currency starter kit.
http://www.ithacahours.com/

Extractions: home intro businesses successes ... archives Welcome to the on-line home of the founder of Ithaca HOURS. This web site contains a wealth of information about Ithaca HOURS' development and history, media coverage over the years, archives, (etc etc.) The Ithaca HOURS System is now managed by an elected Board of Directors. For information about current System activities and operations, how to obtain loans or grants, etc., visit the Ithaca HOURS web page at www.ithacahours.org We have gathered together many resources here to make getting information on Ithaca HOURS as convenient as possible. Click the Businesses button to see list of participating local businesses. Go to Visiting Ithaca HOURs for vital information on how to start using Ithaca HOURs quickly. It's easy. It's a good way to get to know Ithaca. Since 1991, many other local currency programs have begun to flourish. Click on Other HOURs Cities to find one near you. Or click the Starter Kit button for information on how to begin a local currency program in your own community.
Museum Of American Financial History
historians writing about mediums of exchange typically define currency as durable defineacceptance today, but over the course of history, acceptance was more
http://www.financialhistory.org/EXHIBITS/africa/af_artic.htm

Extractions: By Lydia Puccinelli Throughout history, many different objects have been used to facilitate trade for goods and to measure wealth. Today, we usually think of dollars and coins when we define what we regard as money, although much commerce is carried out without any physical currency at all. Value is counted by entries in bank and credit card accounts, and the transfer of money often takes place through electronic impulses between computers. Objects have served the same purposes as well, in other times and places. Throughout Africa's past, many objects have served as money salt, shells, beads, metal, indigenous coins, European coins, jewelry, woven cloth, weapons and tools. The keys to understanding why a particular object came to be used as currency are acceptability and value. Acceptability encompasses such aspects as familiarity, usefulness, and artistic expression, which add to the intrinsic value of the medium itself. Thus, while the scarcity of copper might have caused it to be exchanged on that basis alone, its use was further validated through the forms into which it was cast. Iron was more ubiquitous in African societies, but refining, forging, forming and decorating similarly increased its value. Economics and financial historians writing about mediums of exchange typically define currency as durable, divisible and accepted means of measuring and storing value. Governments and laws largely define acceptance today, but over the course of history, acceptance was more often conferred by broader cultural currents, including region, myth and beliefs about the nature of the universe. In Africa, where few extensive nation-states existed, the needs of trade and commerce depended on commonly held beliefs or values that spanned great geographical distances and an almost unimaginable diversity of activities. Consequently, the currency needed for even the simplest daily transactions was backed by shared beliefs as much as by the intrinsic value of the currency itself. Transactions that involved significant life events marriage, procreation, health and death were validated by objects with high intrinsic, symbolic and artistic values.
History Of Drachma
DRACHMA. Money in modern Greece. During the Greek revolution and until1828, the financial dealings were made with different foreign
http://www.geocities.com/Colosseum/4340/greek-currency/history.htm

Extractions: DRACHMA Money in modern Greece During the Greek revolution and until 1828, the financial dealings were made with different foreign coins: English, French and mostly Turkish. The first Greek coins were mint at 1828 although the monetize has been decided very earlier, at 1822. The monetary unit was phoenix, silver coin consisting of silver (90%) and brass (10%). Coppery coins circulated also during the period 1828-1832. At 1932, after the great financial crisis which has begun at 1929, golden and silver coins were abandoned and obligatory bank note circulation was introduced. The issue of bank notes has begun earlier, at 1885, when the Greek government authorized National bank, Ionian bank and Thessaly bank to issue bank notes of 2 and 1 drachma in a total amount of 18 million drachmas. At 1927 Bank of Greece was instituted, and obtains the exclusive authority of bank note edition. At this time the relation between drachma and english pound was 375 Drs = 1 pound. During the World War II the destruction of capital and the reduction of the production leads to an enormous inflation and to the nullification of drachma. This has also effects on the relation between drachma and pound. January 1941: 1 pound = 1.200 drachmas
History Of US Paper Money
The history of US Paper Money. 1775 Continental currency American colonists issuedpaper currency for the Continental Congress to finance the Revolutionary War.
http://www.ronscurrency.com/rhist.htm

Extractions: American colonists issued paper currency for the Continental Congress to finance the Revolutionary War. The notes were backed by the "anticipation" of tax revenues. Without solid backing and easily counterfeited, the notes quickly became devalued, giving rise to the phrase "not worth a Continental." 1781 Nation's First Bank
Information On Trade, Taxation, Currency, Inflation And Attitudes Towards Money.
Articles on accounting, money, taxation, and other aspects of economics in antiquity.Category Science Social Sciences Economics Economic history Economics, Coins, and Taxes. Information on trade, taxation, currency, inflationand attitudes towards money. SPECIAL OFFER FROM MILITARY history!
http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/economics/
Bureau Of Engraving And Printing
Bureau history The establishment of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing can be Theofficial opening of the Western currency Facility took place on April 26
http://www.bep.treas.gov/document.cfm/18/101

Extractions: Select Page U.S. Banknotes Anti-Counterfeiting Money Facts For Collectors Select Keyword CFO Report Collecting Counterfeiting eagle Features Federal Positions Job Kids Large Denomination Latin New Designs portraits Premium Products Public Tour Information star Star Note Strategic Plan Value Washington worth The establishment of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing can be traced as far back as August 29, 1862, to a single room in the basement of the main Treasury building where two men and four women separated and sealed by hand $1 and $2 United States Notes which had been printed by private bank note companies. Today there are approximately 2,500 employees who work out of two buildings in Washington, D.C. and a new facility located in Fort Worth, Texas. The official opening of the Western Currency Facility took place on April 26, 1991. The youngest employee ever hired by the Bureau was Emma S. Brown, who came to work in 1865 when she was not quite 11 years old. Her family included an older brother and a physically-handicapped mother. The brother, who was the main support of the family, was a soldier with the 188th Pennsylvania Volunteers. He was killed in action during the siege of Petersburg in July 1864. Ms. Brown's Congressman, hearing of her situation, gave her a political appointment in the Bureau. After 59 years of service,, she retired on April 24, 1924 from the position of forewoman of the trimming section in the Bureau's examining division.
From The History Of The Czech Currency
From the history of the Czech currency. I. Prehistoric currencies.the Celts were probably the only ethnic group that used coins in
http://comenius.jaroska.cz/cz/currency.html

Extractions: The Slaves did not use coins as the equivalent, but the pieces of linen ; in Slavonic languages it means "plátno" and this produced the other words, like "platit"= pay, or "platidlo"= currency Is it possible to compare this with the etymology of Germanic languages? The currencies in the era of the Great Moravian Empire great variety of the coins, many difficulties connected with that; e.g. the mightiest families were rich enough so t that they could afford to use the coinages of their own, or some princes used to mint the coins of their own, some of them used the foreign currencies some names of the coins: denáry (silver)
Preston LETS
Local currency system, allowing trade of skills, services and goods. Contains explanation of concept and process, history of scheme, application form and newsletter.
http://www.vivienne001.u-net.com/lets/
Forbes.com: Currency Crises And The Rewriting Of History
currency crises and the rewriting of history Steve H. Hanke, 03.22.99 Someday TreasurySecretary Robert Rubin just may come through on his threats to resign.
http://www.forbes.com/global/1999/0322/0206036a.html

Extractions: Jump Advanced Search Select Section Home Investment Newsletters Premium Tools Special Reports Watchlist Business -Manufacturing -Technology -Commerce -Services -Energy -Healthcare -Small Business Technology -Enterprise Tech -Future Tech -Personal Tech -Networks -E-Business Markets -Equities -Economy -Commodities -Bonds -Emerging Markets -Currencies Work -Careers -Compensation -Entrepreneurs -Management Lists -Companies Forbes 500s Forbes Global 500 200 Best Small Cos. 400 Best Big Cos. Largest Private Cos. -People World's Richest People 100 Top Celebrities 400 Richest Americans Best Paid CEOs -Places Best Places Personal Finance -Estate Planning -Funds -Philanthropy -Retirement -Strategies -Taxes Lifestyle -Collecting -Health -Real Estate -Sport -Travel -Vehicles Columnists Magazines -Forbes Magazine -Forbes Global -Forbes FYI -Forbes ASAP -Best of the Web -Archives -Subscriptions Tools About Us Contact Us Help Reprints/Permissions Sitemap Advertising Conferences Forbes Collection Forbes Mobile Special Advertising U.S. EUROPE ASIA HOME PAGE FOR THE WORLD'S BUSINESS LEADERS
The History Of American Currency - P0005.jpg
p0005.jpg Click on the image to turn the page. p0003.jpg,p0004.jpg, p0005.jpg, p0006.jpg, p0007.jpg.
http://pehr.net/books/history-of-american-currency/p0005.jpg-1024x768.html
A Brief History Of Currency
MONDAY, MARCH 13, 2000 Headlines email this story to a friend. A THOUSANDYEARS OF WORK AND MONEY. A brief history of currency.
http://csmweb2.emcweb.com/durable/2000/03/13/p12s2.htm
Guardian International Currency Gold History
GOLD history Data Plot Provided With Permission By PACIFIC EXCHANGE RATE SERVICEcopyright 1999 This website Copyright © GUARDIAN INTERNATIONAL currency CORP.
http://www.guardianfx.com/information/gold_history.html
Guardian International Currency Silver History
SILVER history Data Plot Provided With Permission By PACIFIC EXCHANGE RATE SERVICEcopyright 1999 This website Copyright © GUARDIAN INTERNATIONAL currency CORP
http://www.guardianfx.com/information/silver_history.html
Magyar Nemzeti Bank
Financial information including the history of the composition of the currency basket and its relationship to the forint, economic statistics, and legislative information.
http://www.mnb.hu/

Extractions: Menü Újdonságok A jegybankról Monetáris politika Pénzügyi stabilitás ... English version Hírek A nemzetgazdaság pénzügyi számlái a 2002. IV. negyedévi elõzetes adatok alapján MNB tanulmánypályázat közgazdász hallgatóknak Tájékoztató a jegybanki kéthetes betételhelyezésrõl (03.04.01.) A monetáris intézmények konszolidált mérlege és a monetáris aggregátumok alakulása a 2003. februári adatok alapján ... Tájékoztató a kéthetes betételhelyezésekrõ Ügyfeleinknek A Jegybank forint- és devizapiaci mûveleteinek üzleti feltételei ÜZLETI FELTÉTELEK az MNB által vezetett pénzforgalmi bankszámlára vonatkozóan (2003. február 1-tõl) VIBER rendszer leírás 3.2 VIBER üzemidõk (2003. február 1-tõl) ... A hatályos jegybanktörvény Alapadatok A Magyar Nemzeti Bank által jelenleg meghirdetett forint refinanszírozási, betéti és hitel kamatlábak idõsora 2000. január 1-jétõl Aktuális forint refinanszírozási, betéti és hitel kamatlábak Fedezetértékelés Hivatalos BUBOR fixingek ... A jegybanki alapkamat alakulása Legfrissebb kiadványaink 2003/3 Várpalotai Viktor: Dezinflációs számítások dezaggregált kibocsátási résekre alapozó makromodellel 2003/1 Péter Benczúr: A nominálárfolyam viselkedése monetáris rezsimváltás után 2003/2 Várpalotai Viktor: Numerikus módszer gazdasági adatok visszabecslésére Jelentés az infláció alakulásáról (2003. február)
FXHistory - Historical Currency Exchange Rates
FXHistory provides historical currency exchange rates since 1990 for over 164 currencies Quick Links. currency Tools. FXConverter. FXBrowser exchange rate for any currency pair, select the language, the to obtain the historical currency exchange rates from our exchange
http://www.oanda.com/convert/fxhistory

Extractions: US . USD Australia . AUD Austria . ATS Belgium . BEF UK . GBP Canada . CAD Euro . EUR France . FRF Germany . DEM Hong Kong . HKD Indonesia . IDR Italy . ITL Japan . JPY Singapore . SGD Spain . ESP Sweden . SEK Switzerland . CHF Thailand . THB Full Currency Converter Get Currency Information For your Site. Quick Links Currency Tools FXConverter FXWAP FXHistory is the easiest tool to access the largest foreign exchange database on the Internet. To obtain the historical exchange rate for any currency pair, select the language, the range of dates and the currencies you would like to obtain exchange rates for. You can obtain the historical exchange rates with the desired rate (cash, interbank, credit card), in ASCII, CSV or HTML format. Click on "Get Table" to obtain the historical currency exchange rates from our exchange servers.
AOL Search: Home > Regional
News, maps, currency information, sports, and weather.
http://www.aol.com/webcenters/international/home.adp
United States Department Of The Treasury - Home
The Department of the Treasury performs four basic functions formulating and recommending economic, financial, tax, and fiscal policies; serving as financial agent for the U.S. Government; enforcing the law; and manufacturing coins and currency.
http://www.treas.gov/

Extractions: HOME CONTACT TREASURY SITE INDEX FOIA ... Education Employment Opportunities Frequently Asked Questions OFAC/SDN List Seized Property Auctions ... Secret Service Every day U.S. Customs screens 1.3 million passengers. Learn more about Treasury Law Enforcement activities. Treasury Secretary John Snow Travels to Florida to Promote President Bushs Economic Agenda
RR Rare Coins & Currency
Offers US and World coins and currency, books, supplies and tokens.
http://www.rrcoins.net/

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