Geometry.Net - Basic_E: Earthquake Measurement

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Measurement Of Earthquakes
Earthquake Magnitude Richter Scale. earthquake measurement. earthquake measurement is not a simple problem.
http://www.stemnet.nf.ca/CITE/earthquakes_measurement.htm

Extractions: Would you believe that giant snakes, turtles, catfish, or spiders live underneath the ground, and it is their movements that create earthquakes? Maybe you wouldn't, but your ancestors did. Ancient peoples had many fanciful explanations for earthquakes, usually involving something large and restless living beneath the earth's surface. The science of seismology was founded upon the observation of ground motion. Well before instrumental recording of earthquakes began, people learned to classify earthquakes by the strength of the shaking involved. This was, after all, the element of any earthquake that mattered most to anyone living in the vicinity. Scientists have begun installing a network of 250 Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers that will continuously measure the constant, yet physically imperceptible, movements of earthquake faults throughout southern California. This information should help researchers forecast future earthquake hazards in the greater Los Angeles area.
EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDES
students learn about the history of earthquakes, the formation of continents, and earthquake measurement and prediction.
http://lasker.princeton.edu/ScienceProjects/curr/eqmag/eqmag.htm
Caltech Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory Technical Reports
D.; Moser, Michael A. and Peng, ChiaYen (1984) Strong-motion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph.
http://caltecheerl.caltech.edu/documents/disk0/00/00/01/57
Antony C. Fraser Smith, Research Interests
area, they enable ULF magnetic field fluctuations along a substantial section ofthe San Andreas fault to be monitored (see map of earthquake measurement sites
http://www-star.stanford.edu/~acfs/fraser-smith-research.html
StudyWeb: Mathematics:Weights & Measurement:Earthquake Measurement
StudyWeb ® Mathematics earthquake measurement Measurement of the Kobe earthquakeAn actual measurement of the Kobe earthquake (May 27, 1995).
http://seismo.um.ac.ir/education/StudyWeb MathematicsWeights & MeasurementEarthq

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Earthquake Measurement With Moving Recording Poper
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http://www.univie.ac.at/Wissenschaftstheorie/heat/gallery/fig3-118f.htm
Earthquake Measurement With Moving Recording Poper
earthquake measurement with moving recording poper by Karl KREIL(1855). document last modified (mm/dd/yyyy) © HEAT Editors.
http://www.univie.ac.at/Wissenschaftstheorie/heat/gallery/figures3/fig3-118g.htm
Parkfield CA Earthquake Measurement
Parkfield CA earthquake measurement. Here are some links to the earthquakemeasurement/prediction experiment mentioned in the Earth Revealed video
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/7639/internal/prkfld.htm

Extractions: Double-click on any word Parkfield CA Earthquake Measurement Here are some links to the earthquake measurement/prediction experiment mentioned in the Earth Revealed video: http:// www.geophys.washington.edu/ SEIS/ PNSN/ INFO_GENERAL/ eq_prediction.html http:// www.seismo.berkeley.edu/ seismo/ annual_report/ ar97_98/ node15.html#SECTION04340000000000000000 http:// www.usgs.gov/ public/ press/ public_affairs/ press_releases/ pr447m.html http:// kilauea.stanford.edu/ jrmurray/ Parkfield.html ... http:// quake.wr.usgs.gov/ research/ parkfield/ index.html (Return to top of page)
EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDES
there is information about a different kind of earthquake measurement call the Mercalli Index, which is an eye witness
http://www.gns.cri.nz/quaketrackers/curr/eqmag.htm

Extractions: Contents for Earthquake Magnitudes N.Z. Version, 1998 Goals and Objectives Back to Table of Contents Activity 1. Introduction to Earthquake Magnitudes Objective: Use the PEPP Learning Library to become familiar with the different ways scientists calculate earthquake magnitudes. We all want to know the size of an earthquake, but what does the size of an earthquake mean and how do we measure it? We have a sense that earthquakes can be bigger or smaller, but what do we mean by big or small If a large earthquake occurs in a populated region, the people in the area will feel it. A seismic station located at the epicentre might be used to determine what the size of the earthquake is. But the intensity of ground shaking and damage diminishes the farther you move away from the epicentre. We cannot simply measure the displacement or amplitude of the P wave, as a measure of earthquake size, because this amplitude decreases as we move further from the epicentre. Thus we must also know the distance between the earthquake and the seismometer.
068-Seafloor Seismic Data Study
The program focused on the use of the seafloor earthquake measurementSystem (SEMS) to collect and store seafloor seismic events.
http://www.mms.gov/tarprojects/068.htm

Extractions: Project Number Date of Summary July 31, 1997 Subject Seafloor Seismic Data Study Performing Activity Sandia National Laboratories Principal Investigator Mr. Ron Franco Contracting Agency Minerals Management Service Estimated Completion Complete Description The objective was to analyze seafloor earthquake motion data for seismic active areas of southern California and the Arctic. The program focused on the use of the seafloor Earthquake Measurement System (SEMS) to collect and store seafloor seismic events. Offshore ground motions may differ from onshore motion in several aspects: (1) Attenuation factors may be different in saturated soft and/or gassy seafloor soils; (2) wave reflection within the water column may alter site-specific wave column; (3) the wave reflection pattern may differ due to soil profiles; and (4) the sediment profile may cause a focusing or defocusing of the seismic waves. The results of this project will be used to evaluate the earthquake hazards of energy development and to provide data on design parameters. Progress Complete. The instruments were turned over to the State of California to continue gathering data. This data will be made available to the MMS.
Geotechnical
Seafloor earthquake measurement System (SEMS), Phase IV was performed by the SandiaNational Laboratories to analyze seafloor earthquake motion data for
http://www.mms.gov/tarprojectcategories/geotechn.htm

Extractions: Monitoring earthquakes offshore Scientists prepare a seismic probe for installation off the California coast Seafloor Earthquake Measurement System (SEMS), Phase IV was performed by the Sandia National Laboratories to analyze seafloor earthquake motion data for seismic active areas of Southern California and the Arctic. The SEMS uses a tethered underwater cable to connect the seafloor probe to a seismograph on an offshore platform. The data collected will help the MMS verify and modify models of soil response to seismic activity. The data will also aid in the design and regulation of offshore structures in seismically active areas. A network of three probes was installed along the southern California coast. The MMS is in the process of transferring the instrumentation and data collection operations of the sensor array to the State of California. An additional product of this project is a probabilistic seismic hazard map of the entire offshore area of the State of California. is funded jointly by the MMS and the California State Lands Commission. The work is being performed by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The project results are used by the MMS to develop regulations covering the evaluation of applications to re-license existing oil platforms subject to potential seismic impacts in the Federal waters of the Santa Barbara Channel. The final project report characterizes local earthquake sources within the channel as well as the onshore areas of the Western Transverse Ranges. There is also a description of a ground motion model for the region and the preliminary hazard analysis at three selected sites. Further research by the LLNL will be sponsored by the California State Lands Commission. The LLNL will develop hazard maps of ground motion expected to exceed the structural design capacity for platforms in the entire Santa Barbara Channel.
Strong-motion Earthquake Measurement Using A Digital
Title, Strongmotion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph.Date, 198401. Subject, Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory.
http://arc.cs.odu.edu:8080/dp9/getrecord/oai_dc/oai:caltechEERL:00000157
Year Of 1/1/2002 To 12/31/2002: Top 10 Search Keywords By Server Used
1 where+there+any+earthquakes+in+october%3f 1 what+is+a+baseisolated+buildingClix (ES) 3 mononobe-okabe Direct Hit 1 earthquake measurement 1 what is
http://gwaihir.caltech.edu/statistics/caltecheerl/annual/2002/01/01/searchkeywor
7/26/2001 To 4/5/2003: Top 10 Search Keywords By Server Used
2 study+of+soil 2 marie%20bernard%20p.%20levine 2 %22san+fernando+earthquake%22Clix (ES) 3 mononobe-okabe Direct Hit 1 earthquake measurement 1 what is
http://gwaihir.caltech.edu/statistics/caltecheerl/summary/searchkeywordsbyserver
Caltech Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory Technical
Caltech Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory Technical Reports.Strongmotion earthquake measurement using a digital accelerograph.
http://caltecheerl.library.caltech.edu/documents/disk0/00/00/01/57/
Research Products
Boore, DM and CE Smith, 1999, Analysis of earthquake recordings obtained from theSeafloor earthquake measurement System (SEMS) instruments deployed off the
http://nsmp.wr.usgs.gov/publications/research_products.html

Extractions: HOME ABOUT NSMP DATA PROCESSING RECENT EVENTS ... LINKS RESEARCH PRODUCTS Recent (1997-2002) strong-motion products are grouped below by topic (principal researchers listed after topic): Earthquake Engineering M. Çelebi Çelebi, M.,1997, Response of Olive View Hospital to Northridge and Whittier earthquakes: Journal of Structural Engineering, April 1997, p. 389-396. Çelebi, M., 1997, National strong-motion program of the U.S. Geological Survey, Joint Meeting of the UJNR Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects, 29th, Tsukuba, Japan, May 12-25, 1997. Çelebi, M., and Liu, H-P., 1997, Before and after retrofit - Response of a building during ambient and strong-motions: National Conference on Wind Engineering, 8th, Proc., Baltimore, MD. Çelebi, M., 1998, GPS and/or strong and weak motion structural response measurements case studies, American Society for Civil Engineering (ASCE) Conference, San Francisco, July 1998.
Troubled Times: Earth Waves
The first thing I have to explain to you is the earthquake measurement problems.The most common measurement scale is the Richter Magnitude scale.
http://www.zetatalk.com/shelter/tshlt08e.htm

Extractions: I recently e-mailed a number of geologists and asked their opinion of how an underground structure would fare in a severe earthquake and here's the response I got. Here's what I wrote: To whom it may concern: I am doing a research project and was wondering if you could help me. How do you feel an underground structure would fare against a major earthquake? By major I mean at least 9 on the Richter scale. This underground structure would be made of reinforced materials, and be constructed in a dome or geodesic dome shape, because of it's amazing strength. Do you feel such a structure would fare better or worse than an above-ground structure? Also, if you do feel it could survive a 9 point earthquake, do you think it could also survive a 15 point quake? Thank you for your help. Here's the response I got: Hi there. Interesting question. The first thing I have to explain to you is the earthquake measurement problems. The most common measurement scale is the Richter Magnitude scale. On the Richter scale, quakes of 2.0 or less are usually not felt by people. The largest quakes in the world have had magnitudes of 8.8 to 8.9. Although there is no limit to the upper end of the Richter scale, the theoretical limit is about 9.5 simply based on the fact that rocks experiencing enough pressure to break that violently will actually bend or melt before they break. The Seismic Moment measurement is becoming the more often used (and more accurate) form of measurement. The largest known quake on this scale measured at 9.6. There is no scale or measuring method which could result in a "15 point quake" as you suggest.
STORYBOARD
Kate will also distinguish between various types of earthquake measurement and carefullydistinguish magnitude from intensity. 830 850 Narrator transition.
http://www.gg.caltech.edu/~jibarry/Crotty_Storyboard.html
Kate's Dialgue
Kate also distinguishes between various types of earthquake measurement andcarefully distinguishes magnitude from intensity. Receipt of data ..
http://www.gg.caltech.edu/~jibarry/ScientistWebPages/KateHutton/ExtendedDialogue

Extractions: Intensity Kate Hutton of Caltech discusses the receipt of data in the lab, how these data are interpreted as location of the earthquake, its magnitude, causative fault and other information. There is particular emphasis on the process to determine magnitude and location. Kate also distinguishes between various types of earthquake measurement and carefully distinguishes magnitude from intensity. > >Receipt of data .. Every bit of the data the comes from the remote stations via telemetry is saved for seven days. Immediately after it arrives, a computer program called a P-Picker looks through it for sudden increases in signal strength that might indicate the P-wave, or beginning of an earthquake. Another computer program, the Associator tries to fit all the P-Picker's results together and associate them into earthquakes. A third program, the Locator , figures out the best time, latitude, longitude, and depth to explain the data.

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