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This digital document is a journal article from Political Geography, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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The paper proposes a preliminary political-geographical theory of 'ethnocratic' regimes. It identifies such regimes as a distinct type, neither democratic, nor authoritarian. The paper defines and illustrates the evolution and characteristics of ethnocratic states, and examines their impact on ethnic relations and political stability. While these regimes represent themselves as democratic, their main project promotes the ethnicization of contested territory and power apparatus. Their logic, structure, features and trajectories are articulated and generalized, especially as regards key dimensions such as: democracy, minorities, 'ethno-classes', ethno-nationalism and religion. Three examples of ethnocratic regimes-in Sri Lanka, Israel and Estonia-are briefly described, analyzed and compared. On this basis, the paper constructs a tentative model, identifying six 'regime bases' as constituting a hegemonic regime core, including: immigration and citizenship, land and settlement, the role of the armed forces, the legal system, the flow of capital and public culture. These 'bases' largely determine the character of 'regime features', such as party politics, elections, gender relations and the media. But the hegemonic status of these bases is frequently challenged by groups marginalized by the expansion and control of the dominant ethnos. These groups attempt to exploit the 'cracks' emanating from the state's self-representation as democratic. The ceaseless ethnocratic-democratic tension typically results in chronic instability and prolonged ethnic conflict. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from The Geographical Review, published by American Geographical Society on April 1, 1997. The length of the article is 7476 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the author: Keywords: e-mail, environmental policy, Estonia, former Soviet Union, Internet.

From the supplier: The author examines the impact of electronic communications on international politics. Topics include international environmental policy setting, activism, and the use of e-mail.

Citation Details
Title: ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN RUSSIA AND ESTONIA.
Author: Shannon O'Lear
Publication: The Geographical Review (Refereed)
Date: April 1, 1997
Publisher: American Geographical Society
Volume: 87Issue: 2Page: 275

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Raasiku Parish is a rural municipality in northern Estonia. It is a part of Harju County. The municipality has a population of 4,346 (as of 1 January 2009) and covers an area of 158.86 km². The population density is 27.357/km2 (70.855/sq mi). Administrative centre of the municipality is Aruküla small borough (Estonian: alevik), with population of 1,827. Another main populated place is Raasiku small borough, with population of 1,343. There are also 13 villages (Estonian: külad) in Raasiku Parish: Härma, Igavere, Järsi, Kalesi, Kiviloo, Kulli, Kurgla, Mallavere, Peningi, Perila, Pikavere, Rätla, Tõhelgi. ... Read more

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Since the end of the Cold War there has been an increased interest in The Baltics. This volume brings together three countries, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, to provide a comprehensive and analytical guide integrating history, political science, economic development and contemporary events into one account. Since gaining their independence each country has developed at its own pace with its own agenda and facing its own obstacles. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

The Baltics in the 20th century
This book will help you to better understand Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, which have remarkably different personalities, although often collectively referred to as the Baltics. The countries are treated separately, as they deserve to be, illustrating their individual ambitions, which are often at odds to each other.

I was very impressed with Thomas Lane's scholarly but easily accessible account of Lithuania. In it he gives one of the most balanced appraisals of the country which I've read, taking it up to 1997 with the election of Valdas Adamkus. He charts Lithuania from its post WWI independence to its post Soviet independence, noting its tremendous resiliency in the face of two totalitarian regimes -- the Soviet Union and Germany.The country had a difficult time carving out its niche in the 1920's, battling Poland as well in staking out its independence, only to lose Vilnius to Poland's overextending claims. Lane gives special attention to this inter-war period, as it served as the inspiration for Lithuania's post-Soviet independence in 1991.

He recounts Lithuania's uneasy relationship with Germany and its role in the Holocaust, but is very careful in assessing blame. Lithuania quite literally found itself between a rock and a hard place, falling victim to the Soviet Union in the end.Lane provides a detailed study of the Soviet era and the impact it had on Lithuania's agrarian economy. Through this period, Lithuania still managed to retain its identity despite the prevailing Soviet influence.

Lane covers the key events of the 80's which led to independence, and the difficulties Lithuania faced in the 90's as it tried to distance itself from Moscow. He provides an excellent appraisal of the various political parties and the affect the rural vote still has on the outcome of the elections.Although Lithuania was still struggling to form a market economy by the time Lane concludes his account in the late 90's, the country has since enjoyed an economic boom, with the highest growth rate in Eastern Europe.

There is also a fine appraisal of Lithuania's current foreign policy and its ability to form key European alliances in the 90's, which it had been unable to do in the 20's. It no longer has a heavy reliance on Russia, having become an integral part of the European economy. ... Read more

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Covering Russia and the independent nations of the former Soviet Union, this title presents geofacts and maps about this region. ... Read more

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Cities of the World represents a compilation of government reports and original research on the social, cultural, political, and industrial aspects of the nations and cities of the world. VOLUME 3: EUROPE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN MIDDLE EAST. Most of the country profiles included here are based on official personnel briefings issued as Post Reports by the U.S. Department of State. The Post Reports are designed to acquaint embassy personnel with life in the host country. Consequently, the reports concentrate on cities in which the U.S. Government has embassies or consulates. To increase coverage of other important cities, the editors have added information on a large number of cities-31 of which are new to this edition-not reported on by the Department of State. ... Read more