Geometry.Net - Basic_I: Ice Storms

Nature And War ~ Part 2: Snow Drifts And Ice Storms
Nature and War ~ Part 2 Snow Drifts And ice storms. Snow driftsand ice storms, and earth, frozen hard no leaves on the branches
http://the-revetment.com/armymom/war/nature_2.htm
Webshots Community - Guestbook For FRIENDS---ICE-- STORMS
photos! Community Home My Photos My Favorite Members New Photos MostPopular. Guestbook for FRIENDSice storms. Name Message
http://community.webshots.com/scripts/guestbook.fcgi?albumID=22472847
The Perfect Ice Storms
March 2001 issue. The Perfect ice storms. Those days and weeks of hardship willgo down as the worst episode of ice storms most people can remember.
http://www.texas-ec.org/tcp/301storms.html

Extractions: March 2001 issue The Perfect Ice Storms Story and Photos by Randy Mallory Wet, freezing winter weather produced the worst ice-related outages in Texas within recent memory. It was not the warm, cozy 12 days of Christmas everyone expected. Freshly-strung Christmas lights didn't glow; they lay dark for lack of power. Families didn't celebrate hearth-side as usual; they huddled near fireplaces or left their homes in search of warmth. Back-to-back December weather fronts-on the 13th and 25th, just 12 days apart-slammed North Texas with frozen fury that produced the perfect ice storms. Those days and weeks of hardship will go down as the worst episode of ice storms most people can remember. Its wintry one-two punch brought many electric cooperatives to their kneesbut only for a while. Like champions, we fought back. Twice in December, sub-freezing temperatures turned heavy rains into heavy ice. Ice quickly coated power lines, breaking many and taking poles with them. Heavy ice even collapsed concrete transmission towers. Ice also coated tree limbs and leaves. Under added weight, branches and whole trees snapped like twigs, smashing to the ground ... falling on power lines, bringing them down, too.
Www.erh.noaa.gov/er/bgm/news/jan02.txt
ice storms Winter's Menace By Dave Nicosia, Warning Coordination Meteorologist,National Weather Service Binghamton When one thinks of winter, snow is often
http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/bgm/news/jan02.txt

Extractions: Ice Storms: Winter's Menace By: Dave Nicosia, Warning Coordination Meteorologist, National Weather Service Binghamton When one thinks of winter, snow is often the first thing that comes to mind. But, precipitation in winter can often take on different forms to include sleet, freezing rain and even just plain rain. When the temperature is below freezing and rain falls, the raindrops freeze on contact with every object forming a glaze of ice. This is known as freezing rain. After the ice builds up enough, it can weight down objects like trees and power lines. In extreme instances, the ice can build up enough to cause trees and power lines to fall. In addition, freezing rain and the associated glaze of ice can turn roads into an ice skating rink. It does not take that much ice to cause extremely slippery road conditions. Travel can be brought to a standstill even with a small amount of freezing rain. Sleet occurs when raindrops freeze before hitting the ground. Sleet literally is a frozen raindrop which bounces on the ground after impact. Sleet accumulates much more slowly than snow and does not form a glaze of ice on objects. Sleet still is hazardous and makes roads slippery, but does not have the impact that freezing rain does. Often sleet and freezing rain occur together in a winter storm. The ice accumulation from one or both of these types of precipitation is often referred to as an ice storm. Freezing rain certainly is the most dangerous form of winter precipitation because of the potential for tree and power line damage and extremely treacherous travel conditions. This type of ice storm is the most serious. One of the worst ice storms on record occurred in southeast Canada, northern New York and northern New England in January 1998. Ice accumulated between 2 and 5 inches on trees and power lines causing massive damage. Damage estimates were about 5.4 billion dollars from this ice storm! In northern New York State alone, as many as 80,000 people were without electricity, and an estimated 16,000 trees were downed by the heavy ice. Some people were without power for weeks. More than 5,000 people also lost telephone service. Many shelters were open with over 1000 people taken shelter because they had no alternate heat source. Sadly, this ice storm claimed 28 lives. How does freezing rain and sleet form during an ice storm? Freezing rain occurs when a layer of warmer, above freezing air, occurs above a colder sub-freezing layer of air which extends down to the ground. The above freezing air is usually several thousand feet above the ground. Rain occurs in this above freezing layer of air which falls into the colder air at the surface of the earth. The rain eventually makes contact with sub-freezing objects on the ground to form a coating or glazing of ice. When the sub-freezing layer of air at the surface of the earth is thick enough, the rain will have time to freeze and form a frozen raindrop. This is how sleet forms. When this sub- freezing layer of air near the ground is thinner, the rain won't have time to re-freeze and therefore the rain comes in contact with the sub-freezing ground and objects such as trees and power lines. This is freezing rain. Why should we be concerned about ice storms? Central New York and northeast Pennsylvania have one of the highest incidences of freezing rain in the United States. On average, our region has around 12 days per year that freezing rain occurs. It is a rare event to get enough freezing rain to cause severe damage like the January 1998 ice storm, but it has happened in our area. A severe ice storm occurred in New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey January 8-11, 1953. Ice accumulated up to 4 inches on trees and power lines. 50,000 people were without power some for several days. The ice storm causes millions of dollars worth of damage to our region. How can you prepare for the next ice storm? Having an alternate source of heat is very important, because one of the first "casualties" of a severe ice storm is the power. The weight of the ice typically will bring down trees and power lines over many areas. In addition, you should avoid travel if an ice storm is predicted. Roads typically become extremely slippery during ice storms and travel usually becomes very dangerous. Remember, it does not take very much ice on roadways to create treacherous road conditions. This often the case even when damaging ice accumulations are not expected. How do you know if an ice storm is predicted? The National Weather Service issues Winter Storm Watches anytime a major ice storm is a possibility in the next 24 to 48 hours. Winter Storm Warnings are issued when damaging ice accumulations are imminent or occurring. Winter Storm Warnings usually are issued when up to « inch or more of ice accumulation is expected. Winter Weather Advisories are issued for ANY accumulation of ice on roads. An advisory implies that conditions won't be dangerous if proper precautions are taken. Often the best precaution to take when freezing rain is occurring is not to travel! If you have any further questions on winter weather safety, visit the Binghamton National Weather Service web site at www.erh.noaa.gov/er/bgm More information on winter weather safety and the winter outlook can be found at: http://www.nww.noaa.gov/om/winter/index.shtml. You can also send me an e-mail with your questions. My e-mail address is david.nicosia@noaa.gov.
Emergy Claims - Ice Storms
Emergency Claims. ice storms. The following table presents insurance coveragefor the main types of damage that could be sustained during an ice storm.
http://www.bac-quebec.qc.ca/En/emergency/table_ice.html

Extractions: Ice Storms The following table presents insurance coverage for the main types of damage that could be sustained during an ice storm. The information in this table does not replace the information contained in your insurance policy. If you have any questions, please contact your insurance agent or broker, or call the Insurance Centre at (514) 288-6015 (Montreal area) or toll free at 1 800 361-5131 (province of Quebec). Cause or Type of Damage Basic Policy Broad Form Policy Comprehensive Policy Personal property damaged by branch or tree laden with ice Covered Covered Covered Damage caused by collapse due to weight of ice to: Buildings Personal property Outdoor antennas Trees, shrubs, plants, lawn Excluded Additional living expenses Covered (if peril is covered) Covered (if peril is covered) Covered (if peril is covered or if an evacuation order has been given by public authorities)* Damage as a direct result of hail or wind Covered Covered Covered Damage to electrical appliances caused by an overload during reconnection Excluded (unless resulting from fire or explosion) Excluded (unless resulting from fire or explosion Excluded (unless resulting from fire or explosion) Freezer contents Covered (if power outage due to external causes, max. $1000)
Storms- Chapter 4 Appendix: ICE STORM DAMAGE TO URBAN TREES
ice storms, also referred to as glaze storms, are regional climaticevents that vary considerably in frequency and severity (1, 14).
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/uf/sotuf/chapter_4/appendix_b/appendixb.htm

Extractions: Abstract. A damage survey of parkway trees in Urbana, Illinois was made to determine critical removal and repair needs of trees immediately following a severe ice storm. Siberian elm, honeylocust, Bradford pear, common hackberry, pin oak. sycamore, green ash, and tuliptree were among the 25 major parkway tree species that sustained considerable ice damage. Larger diameter trees with broader crowns incurred most of the ice damage. Fine branching pattern, structural weakness, and higher degrees of lateral branching were associated with greater incidence of ice damage. No discernible overall relationship existed between wood specific gravity, modulus of rupture, or modulus of elasticity and susceptibility to ice damage. Ice storms, also referred to as glaze storms, are regional climatic events that vary considerably in frequency and severity (1, 14). During ice storms, supercooled rain fails and freezes on contact with surfaces at or below the freezing point (3). Accumulations have been observed to increase branch weight of trees up to 30 times (1,14,22,26). Ice accretion generally ranges between a trace to 1 inch in additional diameter (3). Accumulations between 1/4 and 1/2 inch can cause small branch and faulty limb breakage, while 1/2 inch to 1 inch thick accumulations can cause conspicuous breakage (18). Branch failure occurs when loading exceeds wood resistance or when constant loading further exacerbates a weakened area in a branch (24). Strong winds increase the potential for damage from ice accumulation (7,14,18,23).
Severe Winter Storms
in the piedmont. Such ice events (up to and including ice storms)are often the result of cold air damming. Cold air damming is
http://www.dem.dcc.state.nc.us/mitigation/snow.htm

Extractions: Severe Winter Storms Description Severe winter storms can produce an array of hazardous weather conditions, including heavy snow, blizzards, freezing rain and ice pellets and extreme cold. Severe winter storms are extratropical cyclones (storms that form outside of the warm tropics) fueled by strong temperature gradients and an active upper-level jet stream. The winter storms that impact North Carolina generally form in the Gulf of Mexico or off the southeast Atlantic Coast. Few of these storms result in blizzard conditions, defined by the presence of winds in excess of 35 mph, falling and blowing snow, and a maximum temperature of 20 Fahrenheit. While the frequency and magnitude of snow events are highest in the mountains due to elevation, the geographical orientation of the mountains and piedmont contribute to a regular occurrence of freezing precipitation events (e.g., ice pellets and freezing rain) in the piedmont. Such ice events (up to and including ice storms) are often the result of cold air damming. Cold air damming is a shallow, surface-based layer of relatively cold, stably-stratified air entrenched against the eastern slopes of the Appalachian Mountains. With warmer air above, falling precipitation in the form of snow melts, then becomes either supercooled (liquid below the melting point of water) or re-freezes. In the former case, supercooled droplets can freeze on impact (freezing rain), while in the latter case, the re-frozen water particles are ice pellets (or sleet).
FEMA: Major Disaster Declared For Louisiana Ice Storms
Major Disaster Declared For Louisiana ice storms; Six Parishes Designated For AidTo Local Governments, Jan 12. Last Updated Friday, 27Sep-2002 160235 EDT.
http://www.fema.com/diz01/d1357n.shtm
Www.crh.noaa.gov/dmx/data/text/fri_pns.txt
HEAVY SNOW AND WINTER CAR SAFETY FRIDAY ice storms AND WINTER HOME SAFETYTODAY/S TOPICS ARE ice storms AND WINTER HOME SAFETY. WHAT IS AN ICE STORM?
http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dmx/data/text/fri_pns.txt

Extractions: ZCZC DSMPNSDSM CEN TTAA00 KDSM DDHHMM PUBLIC INFORMATION STATEMENT NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DES MOINES IA 600 AM CST FRI NOV 8 2002 ...THIS IS WINTER WEATHER AWARENESS WEEK IN IOWA ... GOVERNOR TOM VILSACK ... THE IOWA EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT DIVISION AND THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HAVE DESIGNATED THE WEEK OF NOVEMBER 4 TO NOVEMBER 8 AS WINTER WEATHER AWARENESS WEEK IN IOWA. EACH DAY THIS WEEK A WINTER WEATHER HAZARD OR TOPIC WILL BE DISCUSSED. THESE STATEMENTS ... ALONG WITH MUCH MORE DETAILED SAFETY INFORMATION ... CAN BE VIEWED ON-LINE AT: HTTP://WWW.CRH.NOAA.GOV/DMX (ALL LOWER CASE). 2002 WINTER WEATHER AWARENESS WEEK TOPICS INCLUDE ... MONDAY ... NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE WINTER PRODUCTS AND TERMS TUESDAY ... BLIZZARDS AND WINTER STORMS WEDNESDAY ... EXTREME COLD AND WIND CHILL THURSDAY ... HEAVY SNOW AND WINTER CAR SAFETY FRIDAY ... ICE STORMS AND WINTER HOME SAFETY TODAY/S TOPICS ARE ICE STORMS AND WINTER HOME SAFETY. WHAT IS AN ICE STORM? AN ICE STORM OCCURS WHEN SNOW FALLS THROUGH A WARM LAYER ABOVE THE GROUND ... CAUSING THE SNOW TO MELT INTO RAIN AND A SHALLOW LAYER OF COLD AIR ... BELOW FREEZING ... IS FOUND NEAR THE GROUND. AS THE RAIN FALLS TO THE GROUND ... IT FREEZES ON ALL EXPOSED SURFACES THAT ARE BELOW 32 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT. A HEAVY ACCUMULATION OF ICE (GREATER THAN A QUARTER INCH) CAN BRING DOWN TREES ... ELECTRICAL WIRES ... TELEPHONE POLES AND LINES ... AS WELL AS COMMUNICATION TOWERS. COMMUNICATION AND POWER CAN BE DISRUPTED FOR DAYS WHILE UTILITY COMPANIES WORK TO REPAIR THE EXTENSIVE DAMAGE. IN SOME EVENTS ... ICE ACCUMULATION IS ACCOMPANIED ... OR IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWED BY ... STRONG WINDS ... WHICH CAN BREAK POWER LINES AND TREES THAT ARE WEIGHTED BY HEAVY ICE. SEVERE ICE STORMS CAUSE SIGNIFICANT PROBLEMS FROM WIDESPREAD POWER OUTAGES TO IMPOSSIBLE TRAVEL CONDITIONS ... BOTH ON THE GROUND AND IN THE AIR. MINOR ICE ACCUMULATIONS (LESS THAN A QUARTER INCH) DO NOT GENERALLY CAUSE MAJOR POWER OUTAGES ... BUT DO CAUSE SIGNIFICANT TRAVEL PROBLEMS. EVEN A VERY SMALL AMOUNT OF ICE CAN CAUSE TRAVEL DIFFICULTIES TO THE MOTORIST AND THE PEDESTRIAN. LISTED BELOW ARE WINTER SAFETY TIPS FOR YOUR HOME. IN THE HOME ... PRIMARY CONCERNS ARE THE POTENTIAL LOSS OF HEAT ... POWER ... AND TELEPHONE SERVICE AND THE SHORTAGE OF SUPPLIES IF STORM CONDITIONS CONTINUE FOR MORE THAN A DAY. HAVE THE FOLLOWING ITEMS AVAILABLE ... 1. A FLASHLIGHT WITH EXTRA BATTERIES. 2. A BATTERY-POWERED NOAA WEATHER RADIO AND A PORTABLE RADIO TO RECEIVE EMERGENCY INFORMATION. THESE MAY BE YOUR ONLY LINKS TO THE OUTSIDE. 3. EXTRA FOOD AND WATER. HIGH-CALORIE AND NONPERISHABLE FOOD ... SUCH AS DRIED FRUIT AND CANDY ARE BEST. 4. EXTRA MEDICINE. 5. EXTRA BABY ITEMS. 6. FIRST-AID SUPPLIES. 7. HEATING FUEL. FUEL CARRIERS MAY NOT REACH YOU FOR DAYS AFTER A SEVERE WINTER STORM. 8. AN EMERGENCY HEATING SOURCE SUCH AS A FIREPLACE ... WOOD STOVE OR SPACE HEATER. LEARN TO USE THE HEATING SOURCE PROPERLY TO PREVENT A FIRE. HAVE PROPER VENTILATION. 9. A FIRE EXTINGUISHER AND SMOKE DETECTOR. TEST UNITS REGULARLY TO ENSURE THEY ARE WORKING PROPERLY. IF YOU ARE CAUGHT AT HOME DURING A WINTER STORM ... TRY TO DO THE FOLLOWING ... 1. STAY INSIDE. 2. IF NO HEAT IS AVAILABLE ... CLOSE OFF UNNEEDED ROOMS. STUFF TOWELS OR RAGS IN CRACKS UNDER DOORS. COVER WINDOWS AT NIGHT. 3. CONTINUE TO EAT AND DRINK. FOOD PROVIDES THE BODY WITH ENERGY FOR PRODUCING ITS OWN HEAT. KEEP THE BODY REPLENISHED WITH FLUIDS TO PREVENT DEHYDRATION. 4. WEAR LAYERS OF LOOSE-FITTING ... LIGHTWEIGHT AND WARM CLOTHING. REMOVE LAYERS TO AVOID OVERHEATING ... PERSPIRING AND SUBSEQUENT CHILLING. JEFF JOHNSON WARNING COORDINATION METEOROLOGIST HTTP://WWW.CRH.NOAA.GOV/DMX (ALL LOWER CASE) NNNN
Mother Of All Ice Storms, Friday, December 6, 2002
Mother of all ice storms. Cracking trees shut down area; power expected bySaturday. By Kathi Keys Judi Brinegar Staff Writer, The CourierTribune.
http://www.courier-tribune.com/nws/storms1206.html

Extractions: Staff Writer, The Courier-Tribune ASHEBORO - Wednesday's ice storm has immobilized the area, leaving more than 35,000 residences and businesses without power Thursday. "This is the worst ice storm in our history," Andy Honeycutt, community relations manager for Progress Energy (formerly CP&L), said about the devastation. Utility officials say full restoration of power to customers is expected by Saturday. On Thursday, downed trees and power lines continued to block roadways. While all major streets and highways were clear Thursday of ice, officials said there was a potential - for more outages and icy roads - through this morning due to water refreezing overnight on surfaces and the continual breaking of ice-coated tree limbs. Asheboro City, Randolph County and Montgomery County schools are closed for the second straight day today. Randolph Community College day and evening classes are also canceled today. Most Moore County schools will have a one-hour delay in the opening of school today; however, five schools will be closed due to power outages, including Aberdeen Elementary, Aberdeen Primary, Cameron Elementary, Sandhills Farm Life Elementary and Southern Pines Elementary.
Ice Storms
Next Last Index Text. Slide 1 of 31.
http://www.meteo.mcgill.ca/195-250/ice/sld001.htm
How Winter Storms Bring Rain, Ice And Snow
Source The USA TODAY Weather Book How winter storms bring rain, ice and snow Winter storms normally bring ordinary rain, freezing rain andsleet as well as snow. All extratropical storms
http://www.usatoday.com/weather/wrisnow.htm
December 20 0 1
Winter storms can generate coastal flooding, ice jams and snow melt, resulting in significant damage
http://tgsv5.nws.noaa.gov/om/winterstorm/winterstorms.pdf
THE DE VEL OPMENT OF ICE ST ORM RESIST ANT URBAN TREE POPUL A TIONS
TREES. AND. ice. storms. THE. DEVELOPMENT. OF. ice STORM
http://www.ag.uiuc.edu/~vista/pdf_pubs/ICESTORM.PDF

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