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This book contains over sixty papers presented at the congress, which was the first international congress on the history of the arctic and sub-arctic region. The papers are by scholars from eleven countries and deal with a wide variety of subjects relating to the history of the entire arctic and sub-arctic region. ... Read more

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(many b/w Illustrations, reprint edition 1732,dimensions: 31 x 23 x 7 cm) ... Read more

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This volume is produced from digital images created through the University of Michigan University Library's large-scale digitization efforts. The Library seeks to preserve the intellectual content of items in a manner that facilitates and promotes a variety of uses. The digital reformatting process results in an electronic version of the original text that can be both accessed online and used to create new print copies. The Library also understands and values the usefulness of print and makes reprints available to the public whenever possible. This book and hundreds of thousands of others can be found in the HathiTrust, an archive of the digitized collections of many great research libraries. For access to the University of Michigan Library's digital collections, please see http://www.lib.umich.edu and for information about the HathiTrust, please visit http://www.hathitrust.org ... Read more

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This is an OCR edition without illustrations or index. It may have numerous typos or missing text. However, purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original rare book from GeneralBooksClub.com. You can also preview excerpts from the book there. Purchasers are also entitled to a free trial membership in the General Books Club where they can select from more than a million books without charge. Subjects: Science / Earth Sciences / Geography; Social Science / Human Geography; Travel / General; Travel / United States / General; ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Selfoss is a town in southern Iceland on the banks of Ölfusá river. It is a part of the municipality Árborg. The Ring Road runs through the town on its way between Hveragerði and Hella. It is a centre of commerce and small industries of about 6300 inhabitants. Selfoss was settled by Þórir Ásason sometime after 1000; however, the Icelandic sagas mention that Ingólfur Arnarson was here during the winter of 873-74 under the mountain Ingólfsfjall, which is west of the Ölfusá. In the summer of 1891, due to the lobbying of Tryggvi Gunnarsson, a member of the Alþing, the first suspension bridge was built over the Ölfusá. This was a major undertaking for Icelandic infrastructure. The bridge made the town a logical centre for services for the surrounding agricultural region. The current bridge was built in 1945 after the original structure collapsed. ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The Last Glacial Maximum LGM refers to the time of maximum extent of the ice sheets during the last glacial period, approximately 20,000 years ago. This extreme persisted for several thousand years. It is followed by the Late Glacial Maximum. At this time, ice sheets covered the whole of Iceland and all but the southern extremity of the British Isles. Northern Europe was largely covered, the southern boundary passing through Germany and Poland, but not quite joined to the British ice sheet. This ice extended northward to cover Svalbard and Franz Josef Land and eastward to occupy the northern half of the West Siberian Plain, ending at the Taymyr Peninsula, and damming the Ob and Yenisei rivers forming a West Siberian Glacial Lake. In North America, the ice covered essentially all of Canada and extended roughly to the Missouri and Ohio Rivers, and eastward to New York City. A person could theoretically walk from North America to Europe across the frozen north Atlantic ice sheet. ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Vatnajökull is the largest glacier in Iceland. It is located in the south-east of the island, covering more than 8% of the country. With a size of 8,100 km², it is the largest glacier in Europe in volume (3,100 km³) and the second largest (after Austfonna on Nordaustlandet, Svalbard) in area (not counting the still larger ice cap of Severny Island of Novaya Zemlya, Russia, which is located in the extreme northeast of Europe).The average thickness of the ice is 400 m, with a maximum thickness of 1,000 m. Iceland's highest peak, Hvannadalshnúkur (2,110 m), is located in the southern periphery of Vatnajökull, near Skaftafell National Park. It is classified as an ice cap glacier. ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The Icelandhotspot is a hotspot which is partly responsible for the high volcanic activity which has formed the island of Iceland. Iceland is one of themost active volcanic regions in the world, with eruptions occurring on average roughly every three years (in the 20th century there were 39 volcanic eruptions on and around Iceland). About a third of the basaltic lavas erupted in recorded history have been produced by Icelandic eruptions. Notable eruptions have included that of Eldgjá in 984 (the world's largest basaltic eruption ever witnessed), Laki in 1783 (the world's second largest), and several eruptions beneath ice caps, which have generated devastating glacial bursts, most recently in 1996. ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Siglufjörður is a small fishing town in a narrow fjord with the same name on the Northern coast of Iceland. Population in 2004 was 1,386 but the town has been shrinking in size since the 1950s when the town reached its peak with 3000 inhabitants. The municipality of Ólafsfjörður and Siglufjörður has merged to form a municipality called Fjallabyggð, which literally means Mountain Settlement. The town grew up around the herring industry that was in much bloom in the 1940s and 1950s, but the herring are gone now. Siglufjörður was connected with a road for the first time in 1940, when the horse riding trail through Siglufjarðarskarð was improved enabling cars to get through. Before, ships, seaplanes, horses and strong legs provided the transport. ... Read more

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A geyser is a spring characterized by intermittent discharge of water ejected turbulently and accompanied by a vapour phase. The name geyser comes from Geysir, the name of an erupting spring at Haukadalur, Iceland; that name, in turn, comes from the Icelandic verb gjósa, to gush. The formation of geysers is due to particular hydrogeological conditions, which exist in only a few places on Earth, and so they are a fairly rare phenomenon. Generally all geyser field sites are located near active volcanic areas, and the geyser effect is due to the proximity of magma. Generally, surface water works its way down to an average depth of around 2,000 metres where it meets up with hot rocks. The resultant boiling of the pressurized water results in the geyser effect of hot water and steam spraying out of the geyser's surface vent. About a thousand known geysers exist worldwide, roughly half of which are in Yellowstone National Park, United States. A geyser's eruptive activity may change or cease due to ongoing mineral deposition within the geyser plumbing, exchange of functions with nearby hot springs, earthquake influences, and human intervention. ... Read more

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This thesis aims to study the nature of, and findappropriate production parameters for four Icelandiclow-temperature geothermal fields, Laugarnes inReykjavík, Áshildarholtsvatn in Skagafjörður,Skútudalur near Siglufjörður and Laugaland inEyjafjörður. With this objective, first the long- term production history of each field was simulatedby lumped parameter models to estimate essentialproperties of the systems and to calculate futurepressure change predictions. After that, possiblefuture cooling was also estimated by usinganalytical thermal models. Finally, sustainableproduction scenarios were developed for each field,based on these models. ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The settlement of Iceland is generally believed to have begun in the second half of the 9th century AD, when Norse settlers migrated across the North Atlantic. (However, the results of recent carbon dating work, published in the journal Skírnir, suggests that the country may have been settled as early as the second half of the 7th century). The reasons for the migration may be traced to a shortage of arable land in Scandinavia, and civil strife brought about by the ambitions of the Norse king Harald the Fair-haired. Unlike Britain and Ireland, Iceland was unsettled land, and could be claimed without warring on the inhabitants. ... Read more

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A boxed set of 6 wonderful books, great for learning goegraphy and history. The stamps included will help that tactile learner. Fantastic photography! ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Iceland is a European island country located in the North Atlantic Ocean on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (39,769 sq mi). The capital and largest city is Reykjavík, with the surrounding area being home to some two-thirds of the national population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active on a large scale. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite its high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle. ... Read more

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Chapters: Blue Lagoon, Denmark Strait, Deildartunguhver, Borgarvirki, Silfra, Þistilfjörður, Héradsflói, Bakkaflói, Stokksnes. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 26. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The Blue Lagoon (Icelandic: "Bláa lónið") geothermal spa is one of the most visited attractions in Iceland. The steamy waters are part of a lava formation. The warm waters are rich in minerals like silica and sulphur and bathing in the Blue Lagoon is reputed to help some people suffering from skin diseases such as psoriasis. The water temperature in the bathing and swimming area of the lagoon averages 40 °C (104 °F). The lagoon is fed by the water output of the nearby geothermal power plant Svartsengi. Superheated water is vented from the ground near a lava flow and used to run turbines that generate electricity. After going through the turbines, the steam and hot water passes through a heat exchanger to provide heat for a municipal hot water heating system. Then the water is fed into the lagoon for recreational and medicinal users to bathe in. The spa is located in a lava field in Grindavík on the Reykjanes Peninsula, southwestern Iceland. Bláa lónið is situated approximately 13 km from the Keflavík International Airport and 39 km from the capital city of Reykjavík. The Blue Lagoon spa and geothermal complex is clearly visible from any of the usual satellite imagery sources at coordinates (63.879, -22.434). Iceland has a strict code of hygiene and guests are required to shower without clothing in the communal shower area before and after bathing. It is claimed that in June 2007 the Blue Lagoon appeared green, bewildering both residents and tourists of Iceland. The Blue Lagoon was used as the pit stop for the first leg of The Amazing Race 6.The Blue Lagoon was used for the thermal spa sc...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=2519487 ... Read more