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The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is rapidly acquiring great influence in international law, as academics and practitioners recognize the profound scope and reach of the Covenant's provisions for the promotion and protection of individual freedom, and human rights. In this highly original collection of essays by a group of leading British scholars, the impact of the Covenant on United Kingdom law is assessed, and the relative effectiveness of the Covenant as opposed to other regionally-based human rights agreements is discussed and analysed. ... Read more

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Ultimate handbook on the US government civil rights policy and programs. ... Read more

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Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Convention on Psychotropic Substances, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, Minimum Age Convention, 1973, Lomé Convention, 1975 Algiers Agreement, First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Registration Convention, Occupational Cancer Convention, 1974, Paid Educational Leave Convention, 1974. Excerpt:From Left to Right: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , Houari Boumediène and Saddam Hussein . The 1975 Algiers Agreement (commonly known as the Algiers Accord , sometimes as the Algiers Declaration ) was an agreement between Iran and Iraq to settle their border disputes (such as the Shatt al-Arab known as Arvand Rud in Iran and Khuzestan ), and served as basis for the bilateral treaties signed on 13 June and 26 December 1975. Less than six years after signing the treaty, Iraq attacked Iran to invade the border lands. The Iran Iraq War lasted eight years, with the Iraqis having the upper hand in the beginning of the war but beginning to lose ground as the war continued. Friction remains along the border, despite the currently binding treaty and its detailed boundary delimitation remaining in force since signed by both nations in 1975 and ratified by both nations in 1976. Under international law, one nation cannot unilaterally reject a previously ratified treaty, and the treaty had no clause providing for abrogation by one nation only. The Algiers Agreement March 6, 1975 "During the convocation of the OPEC Summit Conference in the Algerian capital and upon the initiative of President Houari Boumedienne , the Shah of Iran and Saddam Hussein (Vice-Chairman of the Revolution Command Council) met twice and conducted lengthy ta... ... Read more

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Liberalism is the belief in the importance of individual freedom. This belief is widely accepted today throughout the world, and was recognized as an important value by many philosophers throughout history. The Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius wrote praising "the idea of a polity administered with regard to equal rights and equal freedom of speech, and the idea of a kingly government which respects most of all the freedom of the governed". Modern liberalism has its roots in the Age of Enlightenment and rejects many foundational assumptions that dominated most earlier theories of government, such as the Divine Right of Kings, hereditary status, and established religion. John Locke is often credited with the philosophical foundations of modern liberalism. He wrote "no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions." ... Read more

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Purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Treaties Concluded in 1976, Treaties Entered Into Force in 1976, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Convention on Psychotropic Substances, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, Minimum Age Convention, 1973, Lomé Convention, 1975 Algiers Agreement, First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Barcelona Convention, Registration Convention, Occupational Cancer Convention, 1974, Seafarers' Annual Leave With Pay Convention, 1976, Tripartite Consultation Convention, 1976, Continuity of Employment Convention, 1976, Paid Educational Leave Convention, 1974, Merchant Shipping Convention, 1976, Shakwak Agreement, Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation. Excerpt:Map showing the parties of the convention.The 1976 Barcelona Convention for Protection against Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea is a regional convention to prevent and abate pollution from ships, aircraft and land based sources in the Mediterranean Sea . This includes, but is not limited to, dumping, run-off and discharges. Signers agreed to cooperate and assist in dealing with pollution emergencies, monitoring and scientific research. The convention was last amended in 1995.The Barcelona Convention and its protocols, together with the Mediterranean Action Plan, form part of the UNEP Regional Seas Programme.Goals The key goal of the convention is to 'reduce pollution in the Mediterranean Sea and protect and improve the marine environment in the area, thereby contributing to its sustainable development' . To achieve this a number of aims and commitments have been composed.Aims Commitments Members agreed to take specific measures:Status Originally, in 1976, fourteen states (contracting parties)... ... Read more

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Organizations composed entirely of persons with various disabilities have arisen in some 100 countries in the last decade, as a response to the realization that societies have been built up without their participation, and often in ways that make their participation difficult. Organizations of disabled peolpe therefore met in Singapore in 1981 to form Disabled Peoples' International. DPI is the first successful effort of disabled people to create a united voice at the international level, and it has been granted consultative status with the UN, Unesco and ILO. This book explores the antecedents of the DPI since 1945 and its history up to the present. It is based on interviews with those involved in the worldwide movement, and on reports, letters and documents written by disabled people. Diane Driedger is a non-disabled ally of the movement who has worked at the local and provincial levels with disabled people's groups in Canada and with DPI during its formation. ... Read more

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The book explores how courts decide, or ought to decide, insituations of uncertainty. A Court must always decide the case beforeit, even if the relevant facts remain unclear. The question thenarises which party benefits and which party is burdened by thatuncertainty. This is the field of application of the rules on theburden of proof or, more precisely, the burden of persuasion. Theirimportance for the individual claimant is obvious. The comparison of two domestic systems (one based on common law andthe other a traditional code-based legal order) with regard to theissue of burden of proof helps to clarify the terminology and lays theground for dealing with the burden of proof in international humanrights law. Without knowing what can be understood by the term `burdenof proof' under domestic law, international lawyers with differentdomestic law backgrounds are in danger of misunderstanding each other.This may lead to obscuring the problems connected with court decisionsinvolving uncertainty. The study also deals with uncertainties with regard to legislative(general) in contrast to adjudicative (individual) facts and withuncertainties in the framework of predictions in contrast touncertainties relating to historic facts. It attempts to prepare the ground for dealing more consciously andmore consistently with problems of uncertainty in international humanrights law. International courts, due to their geographical andcultural distance from the case, usually have less access to theunderlying facts. Nevertheless, in order to protect human rightseffectively, international courts and tribunals cannot always restrictthemselves to reviewing the law, but may also have to decide on thefacts. Thus issues relating to decision-making on the basis ofuncertain facts, including the burden of persuasion, are even moreimportant in international than in domestic human rights law. ... Read more