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This is a review of the establishment of the contemporary ethnic identity, culture, and nation-state of the modern Kyrgyzs, who live mainly on the territory of what is now Kyrgyzstan. Using original and secondary materials including publications collected by the author and locally based research assistants, it examines the historical background of political, economic and cultural transformation of the Kyrgyzs within the context of the Central Asian region. This approach is especially important as the Kyrgyzs have for many centuries been living in northern Afghanistan, western China, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and elsewhere. Among the other topics examined are the history of the Kyrgyz land and transformation of the perception of the Atameken (Fatherland) among nomadic Kyrgyzs; popular perception of the Bolshevik revolution and civil war; intellectual discourse on the establishment of the Kyrgyz state in the early 1920s; population movement during the pre-Soviet and Soviet era; Soviet nationality policy, major cultural changes during the twentieth century and the rise of Kyrgyzchylyk (Kyrgyzness).

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The collapse of the Soviet Union suddenly rendered ethnic Russians living in non-Russian successor states like Latvia and Kyrgyzstan new minorities subject to dramatic political, economic, and social upheaval. As elites in these new states implemented formal policies and condoned informal practices that privileged non-Russians, ethnic Russians had to react. In Russian Minority Politics in Post-Soviet Latvia and Kyrgyzstan, Michele E. Commercio draws on extensive field research, including hundreds of personal interviews, to analyze the responses of minority Russians to such policies and practices. In particular, she focuses on the role played by formal and informal institutions in the crystallization of Russian attitudes, preferences, and behaviors in these states.

Commercio asks why there is more out-migration and less political mobilization among Russians in Kyrgyzstan, a state that adopts policies that placate both Kyrgyz and Russians, and less out-migration and more political mobilization among Russians in Latvia, a state that adopts policies that favor Latvians at the expense of Russians. Challenging current thinking, she suggests that the answer to this question lies in the power of informal networks.

After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Communist party, Komsomol youth organization, and KGB networks were transformed into informal networks. Russians in Kyrgyzstan were for various reasons isolated from such networks, and this isolation restricted their access to the country's private sector, making it difficult for them to create effective associations capable of representing their interests. This resulted in a high level of Russian exit and the silencing of Russian voices. In contrast, Russians in Latvia were well connected to such networks, which provided them with access to the country's private sector and facilitated the establishment of political parties and nongovernmental organizations that represented their interests. This led to a low level of Russian exit and high level of Russian voice. Commercio concludes that informal networks have a stronger influence on minority politics than formal institutions.

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Completely updated and revised for this new edition, our unique electronic book on two CD-ROMs has an amazing collection of the finest federal documents and resources about Kyrgyzstan, providing encyclopedic coverage of all aspects of the country. This disc set provides a truly fantastic reference source, with over one hundred thousand pages reproduced in Adobe Acrobat format! There is complete coverage of newsworthy material about Kyrgyzstan, including the Manas Air Base, earthquakes, USAID reports (over 15,000 pages), former Soviet Union threat reduction, diplomatic list, war on terror, business, visit by Rumsfeld, agriculture and food aid, Fergana basin oil and gas resources,and more.This incredible and comprehensive series on the countries of the world contains material from the State Department, Department of Defense, White House, and cabinet agencies including Agriculture, Energy, and the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services.There is complete information about geography, people, government, the economy, communications, transportation, military, and transnational issues.In addition to the nation-specific material, as a bonus we have included reports about every country on the globe, with 271 nations, dependent areas, and other entities identified by the Central Intelligence Agency. The CIA World Factbook is considered an invaluable "world encyclopedia" reference book. ... Read more

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Emperor Wu of Ha. Han Dynasty, Kyrgyzstan, China,Buddhism, Empress Wang Zhi, Confucianism, Wei Qing,Yangtze River, History of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian,Empress Chen Jiao. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from World Education Encyclopedia, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 1794 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.This country-by-country survey of educational systems provides detailed essays on the histories, legal foundations, and primary and secondary educational systems of 233 countries. This edition provides up-to-date coverage of reorganized educational systems and technological advances. ... Read more

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Describes the history, development, current status, and possible future of the four former Soviet republics which have strong ties to neighboring Muslim states. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Russian Life, published by Russian Information Services, Inc. on September 1, 2010. The length of the article is 544 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Russistan.(Russian diaspora)(Editorial)
Author: Paul E. Richardson
Publication: Russian Life (Magazine/Journal)
Date: September 1, 2010
Publisher: Russian Information Services, Inc.
Volume: 53Issue: 5Page: 4(1)

Article Type: Editorial

Distributed by Gale, a part of Cengage Learning ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Russian Life, published by Russian Information Services, Inc. on September 1, 2010. The length of the article is 4783 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Bishkek and the Great Game: the most widely reported news story to come out of Bishkek in the second half of 2009 was this: "ice skating bear kills Circus director.".
Author: Sophie Ibbotson
Publication: Russian Life (Magazine/Journal)
Date: September 1, 2010
Publisher: Russian Information Services, Inc.
Volume: 53Issue: 5Page: 26(8)

Distributed by Gale, a part of Cengage Learning ... Read more

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This book is written by the First Lady of the Kyrgyz Republic. Itis a memoir of the Kyrgyz nation during the difficult transformation process. ... Read more