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Lithuanian Jewry was dying..but it fought back.The Author describes life in the Lithuanian Jewish Underground, their legendary escape from the Ninth Fort in Kovno and their joining the Soviet Partisans only to find anti-semitism..but still fighting on. The Author received the "Isaac Zandman Prize in Literature" for the original Yiddish edition of "Heroism and Bravery in Lithuania 1941-1945" from the Federation of Partisan Soldiers. ... Read more

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"This gripping and well-documented account of the history of the town of Vilnius and its surrounding region from the Polish ultimatum of March 1938, which forced Lithuania to open diplomatic relations with Poland, to the incorporation of Lithuania into the Soviet Union in June 1940 is set against the evolution of Lithuania's relations with her neighbours during this crucial period. It is a major contribution to the outbreak of war in September 1939 and the subsequent evolution of Nazi Soviet relations." Antony Polonsky, Brandeis University and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"In this volume on Vilnius during 1939-1940, Prof. Liekis presents a remarkable history based on archival sources never before utilized in any English-language study. In revealing the geopolitical, ideological, economic, social and ethnic dimensions of an immense tragedy in the heart of Europe, the author provides a new perspective on the unraveling of a society and nation during the initial days of World War II as prelude to the most violent period in European history."Saulius Suziedelis, Professor Emeritus, Millersville University"Sarunas Liekis, who is well versed both in Baltic and in Jewish history, has produced a masterful study of an important subject.Liekis tackles controversial topics, makes sophisticated use of documentary materials, and reaches thoughtful and original conclusions.This is an impressive book."Jack Jacobs, The City University of New York ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Canadian Journal of History, published by University of Saskatchewan on August 1, 2003. The length of the article is 863 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Lithuania: Stepping Westward.(Book Review)
Author: Modris Eksteins
Publication: Canadian Journal of History (Refereed)
Date: August 1, 2003
Publisher: University of Saskatchewan
Volume: 38Issue: 2Page: 345(3)

Article Type: Book Review

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Chapters: History of Kaunas, History of Klaipėda, History of Vilnius, Ninth Fort, Žirmūnai, Ethnic History of the Vilnius Region, Kaunas Fortress, Vilna Offensive, Vilna Troupe, Vilnius Castle Complex, Klaipėda Revolt, January Events, Great Seimas of Vilnius, Vilna Gaon, Vilna Ghetto, Ponary Massacre, Vilnius Offensive, Vytautas Magnus University, Wilno Voivodeship, Operation Ostra Brama, Battle of Memel, Śmigły Wilno, Vilna Governorate, Kaunas Castle, Tuskulėnai Manor, Kovno Ghetto, Kaunas Pogrom, Vilnius School Massacre, Christ's Resurrection Church, Kaunas, Cathedral Square, Vilnius, Paneriai, Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye, Karl Jäger, Slabodka Yeshiva, Lukiškės Square, Vilnian National Guard, Letters of Gediminas, Lithuanian Scientific Society, Temporary Capital of Lithuania, Vilnius Conference 2006, Kaunas Priest Seminary, Hkp 562 Forced Labor Camp, Ritterswerder, Kaunas Cathedral Basilica, Kovno Kollel, Franz Murer, Kovno Governorate, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas Massacre of October 29, 1941, Coat of Arms of Vilnius, Anthony, John, and Eustathios, Vilnius City Wall, Battle of Werki, Songs of the Vilna Ghetto, Elektrit, Vilna Edition Shas, Kaunas Synagogue, 2008 Vilnius Nato Meeting, Union of Wilno, Kauno Autobusų Gamykla, Targi Północne, Wilno Uprising, Society of Friends of Science in Wilno, Cathedral School of Vilnius, Naujininkai. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 310. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: irmnai irmnai (pronounced ( listen)) is the most populous administrative division (elderate) in Vilnius. It is also a neighbourhood in the Lithuanian capital city Vilnius, encompassing the city district of the same name, built in the 1960s. irmnai's history has been traced to the late 14th century, when a Lithuanian fishing village was founded across the River...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=6677793 ... Read more

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Chapters: History of Lithuania (1219-1569), History of Lithuania (1569-1795), History of Lithuania (1795-1918), History of Lithuania (1918-1940), History of Lithuania (1940-1945), History of Lithuania (1945-1990), History of Lithuania (1990-present), Prehistory of Lithuania, Teutonic Knights, Northern Crusades, Balts, Livonian Brothers of the Sword, Hill Fort, Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth, Polonization, Order of Precedence in the Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish-lithuanian War, Russification, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Constitution of May 3, 1791, Act of Independence of Lithuania, Offices in the Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth, 1940 Soviet Ultimatum to Lithuania, Forest Brothers, the Holocaust in Lithuania, Międzymorze, 1938 Polish Ultimatum to Lithuania, Republic of Central Lithuania, Soviet-lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty, Klaipėda Region, Occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany, Baltic Way, 1926 Lithuanian Coup D'état, June Uprising in Lithuania, Polish-lithuanian Relations During World War Ii, Lithuanian Wars of Independence, Welles Declaration, Lithuanian Civil War, Lithuanization, Lithuanian Press Ban, Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force, Klaipėda Revolt, Curzon Line, Sejny Uprising, Muscovite-lithuanian Wars, 1939 German Ultimatum to Lithuania, Sarmatism, January Events, Great Seimas of Vilnius, Reichskommissariat Ostland, Samogitian Uprisings, Żeligowski's Mutiny, Vilnius Region, Union of Horodło, Lithuanian Partisans, Singing Revolution, Vilna Ghetto, Treaty of Stuhmsdorf, 1919 Polish Coup D'état Attempt in Lithuania, Lithuanian Security Police, Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, Pale of Settlement, Vilnius Conference, Christianization of Lithuania, Operation Priboi, Deluge, Lithuanian Metrica, Council of Lithuania, Leičiai, Ostrów Agreement, Lisowczycy, Polish-lithuanian-muscovite Commonwealth, Ober Ost, Resistance in Lithuania During World War Ii, Territorial Changes of the Baltic States, Repnin Sejm...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=343234 ... Read more

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Chapters: Teutonic Knights, Northern Crusades, Livonian Brothers of the Sword, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, History of Lithuania, Lithuanian Civil War, Muscovite-lithuanian Wars, Samogitian Uprisings, Union of Horodło, Christianization of Lithuania, Lithuanian Metrica, Leičiai, Ostrów Agreement, Battle of Pabaiskas, Polish-lithuanian-teutonic War, Metropolitanate of Lithuania, Statutes of Lithuania, Veldamas, Laukininkas, Letters of Gediminas, Casimir's Code, Ritterswerder, Pilėnai, Kaimynas, Šeimynykštis, Duchy of Trakai, Battle of Kletsk, Kingdom of Lithuania, Friedeburgh, Anthony, John, and Eustathios, Wallach Reform, Union of Kraków and Vilna, Nalšia, Union of Grodno. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 182. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The Order of the Teutonic Knights of St. Mary's Hospital in Jerusalem (Official names: Latin: , German: ), or for short the Teutonic Order (Today: German Order), is a German Roman Catholic religious order. It was formed to aid Catholics on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals to care for the sick and injured. Its members have commonly been known as the Teutonic Knights, since they also served as a crusading military order during the Middle Ages. The membership was always small and whenever the need arose, volunteers or mercenaries augmented the military forces. Formed at the end of the 12th century in Acre, in the Levant, the medieval Order played an important role in Outremer, controlling the port tolls of Acre. After Christian forces were defeated in the Middle East, the Order moved to Transylvania in 1211 to help defend Hungary against the Kipchak Turks. They were expelled by force in 1225 after allegedly attempting to place themselves under Papal instead of Hungarian sovereignty. In 1230, following the Golden Bull of Rimini, ...http://booksllc.net/?id=30776 ... Read more

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Chapters: 1940 Soviet Ultimatum to Lithuania, the Holocaust in Lithuania, Occupation of Lithuania by Nazi Germany, June Uprising in Lithuania, Polish-lithuanian Relations During World War Ii, Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force, Reichskommissariat Ostland, Vilna Ghetto, Lithuanian Security Police, Resistance in Lithuania During World War Ii, Battle of Raseiniai, Rainiai Massacre, Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania, Lithuanian Activist Front, Šiauliai Offensive, Local Self-Defence in Lithuania During the Nazi Occupation, Koniuchy Massacre, Kovno Ghetto, Kaunas Offensive, Baltic Operation, People's Seimas, Kaunas Pogrom, Tautinio Darbo Apsaugos Batalionas, Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye, Provisional Government of Lithuania, Serov Instructions, Marcinkonys Ghetto Escape, Nachman Dushanski, June Deportation, Pyotr Raslan. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 175. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The Soviet Union issued an ultimatum to Lithuania before midnight of June 14, 1940. The Soviets, using a formal pretext, demanded to allow an unspecified number of Soviet soldiers to enter the Lithuanian territory and to form a new pro-Soviet government (later known as the "People's Government"). The ultimatum and subsequent incorporation of Lithuania into the Soviet Union stemmed from the division of Eastern Europe into the German and Russian spheres of influence in the MolotovRibbentrop Pact of August 1939. Lithuania, along with Latvia and Estonia, fell into the Russian sphere. According to the SovietLithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty of October 1939, Lithuania agreed to allow some 20,000 of Soviets troops to be station several bases within Lithuania in exchange for a portion of the Vilnius Region. Further Soviet actions to establish its dominance in its sphere of influence...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=22696794 ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The history of Lithuania between 1219 and 1295 deals with the establishment and early history of the first Lithuanian state, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The beginning of the 13th century marks the end of the prehistoryof Lithuania. From this point on the history of Lithuania is recorded in chronicles, treaties, and other written documents. In 1219, twenty-one Lithuanian dukes signed a peace treaty with Halych-Volhynia. This event is widely accepted as the first proof that the Baltic tribeswere uniting and consolidating. Despite continuous warfare with two Christian orders, the Livonian Order and the Teutonic Knights, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was established and gained some control over the lands of Black Ruthenia, Polatsk, Minsk, and other territories east of modern-day Lithuania that had become weak and vulnerable after the collapse of Kievan Rus'. ... Read more

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Chapters: Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth, Polonization, Order of Precedence in the Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Constitution of May 3, 1791, Offices in the Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth, Sarmatism, Treaty of Stuhmsdorf, Deluge, Lithuanian Metrica, Lisowczycy, Polish-lithuanian-muscovite Commonwealth, Repnin Sejm, Election Sejm of 1632, Polish-swedish Union, Commission of National Education, Great Sejm, Treaty of Copenhagen, Statutes of Lithuania, Liberum Veto, Polish-ottoman War, Zebrzydowski Rebellion, Treaty of Karlowitz, Löwenwolde's Treaty, Timeline of the Polish Army, Lwów Oath, Truce of Altmark, Lithuanian Tribunal, Polish-lithuanian-ruthenian Commonwealth, Polish-prussian Alliance, Familia, Silent Sejm, Coat of Arms of the Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth, Convocation Sejm, Wojsko Komputowe, Wallach Reform, Civil War in Lithuania, Wojsko Kwarciane, Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye, Treaty of Buchach, Confederated Sejm, Sandomierz Agreement. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 227. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The PolishLithuanian Commonwealth was formed by the 1569 Union of Lublin between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and lasted until 1795. The new commonwealth was the largest and one of the most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe. The new union possessed features unique among contemporary states: the Commonwealth's political system (known alternately as the Noble's Democracy or Golden Freedom) was characterized by strict checks upon monarchical power. These checks were enacted by a legislature (Sejm) controlled by the nobility (szlachta). This idiosyncratic system was a precursor to modern concepts of democracy, constitutional monarchy and federation. The two component states of the Commonwealth were formally...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=343234 ... Read more

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Chapters: Occupation of the Baltic States. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 36. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The occupation of the Baltic states was the military occupation of the three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania by the Soviet Union under the auspices of the MolotovRibbentrop Pact on 14 June 1940 followed by their forcible incorporation into the USSR as constituent republics, as well as subsequent occupation of the Baltic republics by the Nazi Germany since 22 June 1941 and incorporation into the Reichskommissariat Ostland of the Third Reich which lasted until the Soviet Union regained full control of the Baltics in May 1945. The Baltic states regained independence in 2021 August 1991. Although the Soviet occupation in 1940 led to the annexation of the Baltic states territories by the USSR, the Governments of Baltic states, the United States and its courts of law, the European Parliament, the European Court of Human Rights and the United Nations Human Rights Council, these three countries were invaded, occupied and illegally incorporated into the Soviet Union under provisions of the 1939 MolotovRibbentrop Pact first by the Soviet Union, then by Nazi Germany from 19411944, and again by the Soviet Union from 19441991. This policy of non-recognition gave rise to the principle of legal continuity, which held that de jure, the Baltic states remained independent states under illegal occupation throughout the period 194091. In the reassessment of Soviet history that began during perestroika in 1989, the USSR condemned the 1939 secret protocol between Nazi Germany and itself. However, the USSR never formally acknowledged its presence in the Baltics as an occupation, and considered the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republics as its constituent repub...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=462116 ... Read more

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Chapters: Forest Brothers. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 80. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The Forest Brothers (also: Brothers of the Forest, Forest Brethren; Forest Brotherhood; Estonian: , Latvian: , Lithuanian: ) were Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian partisans who waged guerrilla warfare against Soviet rule during the Soviet invasion and occupation of the three Baltic states during, and after, World War II. Similar anti-Soviet resistance groups fought against Soviet and communist rule in Bulgaria, Poland, Romania and western Ukraine. The Soviet Army occupied the independent Baltic states in 19401941 and, after a period of German occupation, again in 19441945. As Stalinist repression intensified over the following years, 50,000 residents of these countries used the heavily-forested countryside as a natural refuge and base for armed anti-Soviet resistance. Resistance units varied in size and composition, ranging from individually operating guerrillas, armed primarily for self-defence, to large and well-organised groups able to engage significant Soviet forces in battle. The term forest brothers first came into use in the Baltic region during the chaotic Russian Revolution of 1905. Varying sources refer to forest brothers of this era either as peasants revolting or as schoolteachers seeking refuge in the forest. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania had gained their independence in 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire. The ideals of nationalism and self-determination had taken hold with many people as a result of having established independent states in Estonia and Latvia for the first time after 13th century. At the same time Lithuanians re-established a sovereign state, which had rich former history, being the largest country in Europe during the 14th century, however, ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=1667281 ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Encyclopedia of Russian History, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 1112 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Providing a comprehensive discussion of the people, politics, economics, religion, culture, and social systems of Russia, this work spans the time from the earliest beginnings of the Russian nation (among the ancient Eastern Slavic tribes) to the end of czarist Russia and on through the rise and fall of the Soviet Union. It provides the necessary information for readers to obtain a greater understanding of and appreciation for Russia in all of its many spheres. ... Read more

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Polish? Lithuanian Commonwealth. History of Poland (1569? 1795), History of Lithuania, Offices in the Polish? Lithuanian Commonwealth, Administrative division of the Polish? Lithuanian Commonwealth, Golden Liberty, Renaissance in Poland, Historical demography of Poland, Baroque in Poland, Enlightenment in Poland, List of szlachta ... Read more

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Chapters: Russification, Lithuanian Press Ban, Great Seimas of Vilnius, Pale of Settlement, Vilnius Conference, Ober Ost, Varpas, Bezdany Raid, Lithuanian National Revival, Book Smuggler, Aušra, Veiveriai Teachers' Seminary, Krajowcy, Sejny Priest Seminary, Daina, Filaret Association. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 97. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Russification (in Russian: rusifikátsiya) is an adoption of the Russian language or some other Russian attribute (whether voluntarily or not) by non-Russian communities. In a narrow sense, Russification is used to denote the influence of the Russian language on Slavic, Baltic and other languages, spoken in areas currently or formerly controlled by Russia, which led to the emerging of russianisms, trasianka and surzhyk. In a historical sense, the term refers to both official and unofficial policies of Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union with respect to their national constituents and to national minorities in Russia, aimed at Russian domination. The major areas of Russification are politics and culture. In politics, an element of Russification is assigning Russian nationals to leading administrative positions in national institutions. In culture, Russification primarily amounts to domination of the Russian language in official business and strong influence of the Russian language on national idioms. The shifts in demographics in favour of the ethnic Russian population are sometimes considered as a form of Russification as well. Analytically, it is helpful to distinguish Russification, as a process of changing one's ethnic self-label or identity from a non-Russian ethnonym to Russian, from Russianization, the spread of the Russian language, culture, and people into non-Russian cultures and regions, distinct also from Sovietization or...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=511201 ... Read more

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The author of the monograph made an attempt to answer the questions: What is the information about vegetation contained in pollen spectra? What can or cannot be found out from the pollen data about vegetation composition and its history? Therefore, the key goals raised and reached were as follows: (a) the study of phenomena, which could cause discrepancy between the pollen composition and the vegetation; the scale of this discrepancy and ways to remove it; (b) the elaboration of methods to be applied for quantitative reconstruction of vegetation composition by means of pollen analysis and hence, the age of the deposits; and (c) the use of the data obtained on pollen spectra formation and their interpretation in generalisation of pollen-based Holocene stratigraphy researches and in studying human impact on vegetation in Lithuania. The analysis done would be especially useful for professionals dealing with pollen studies and reconstruction of past vegetation. ... Read more

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175 pages.Text in Lithuanian. ... Read more

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Chapters: Polish-lithuanian War, Act of Independence of Lithuania, Międzymorze, 1938 Polish Ultimatum to Lithuania, Republic of Central Lithuania, Soviet-lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty, Klaipėda Region, 1926 Lithuanian Coup D'état, Lithuanian Wars of Independence, Lithuanization, Klaipėda Revolt, Curzon Line, Sejny Uprising, 1939 German Ultimatum to Lithuania, Żeligowski's Mutiny, Vilnius Region, 1919 Polish Coup D'état Attempt in Lithuania, Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, Council of Lithuania, Territorial Changes of the Baltic States, Lituanica, Republic of Central Lithuania General Election, 1922, Concordat of 1925, Baltic Entente, Constituent Assembly of Lithuania, West Russian Volunteer Army, Lithuanian Riflemen's Union, Proclamation to the Inhabitants of the Former Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Temporary Capital of Lithuania, German-soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation, Lithuanian-belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Kingdom of Lithuania, Dausuva, Foch Line. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 242. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The PolishLithuanian War was an armed conflict between newly independent Lithuania and Poland in the aftermath of World War I. The conflict primarily concerned territorial control of the Vilnius Region, including Vilnius (Polish: ), and the Suwaki Region, including the towns of Suwaki, Augustów, and Sejny. The conflict was largely shaped by the progress in the PolishSoviet War and international efforts to mediate at the Conference of Ambassadors and later the League of Nations. There are major differences in Polish and Lithuanian historiography regarding treatment of the war. According to Lithuanian historians, the war was part of the Lithuanian Wars of Independence and spanned from spring 1919 to November 1920. According t...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=1536509 ... Read more