Product Description
Memory Issues in Embedded Systems-On-Chip: Optimizationsand Explorations is designed for different groups in theembedded systems-on-chip arena. First, it is designed for researchers and graduate students who wishto understand the research issues involved in memory systemoptimization and exploration for embedded systems-on-chip. Second, it is intended for designers of embedded systems who aremigrating from a traditional micro-controllers centered, board-baseddesign methodology to newer design methodologies using IP blocks forprocessor-core-based embedded systems-on-chip. Also, since Memory Issues in Embedded Systems-on-Chip:Optimization and Explorations illustrates a methodology foroptimizing and exploring the memory configuration of embeddedsystems-on-chip, it is intended for managers and system designers whomay be interested in the emerging capabilities of embeddedsystems-on-chip design methodologies for memory-intensiveapplications. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

a good book
after reading this book,i got a thorough grounding in memory issues associated with embedded systems on chip ... Read more

Product Description

• Unified Parallel C (UPC) is an extension of the widely used language C, which was designed for use with massively parallel computers
• This is the first book devoted to UPC and the authors are among the developers of UPC
• Covering background material on parallel architectures and algorithms, this book is an invaluable reference for UPC users and applications developers
• Includes UPC programming case studies

Customer Reviews (1)

interesting superset of C, but why did it not extend C++?
Think of this book as the equivalent of Kernighan and Ritchie's epochal book on C programming. It aspires to the same role, with respect to Unified Parallel C. Clearly, for ease of understanding the book, you should have already programmed in C. Which is a pretty safe assumption, as C has been and still is one of the most common languages.

UPC is a superset of C, so all existing C programs can run under UPC recompilation. The crucial difference is that UPC permits a set of threads, where these are fixed at runtime. A thread can have private variables, that other threads cannot access. Or it can have shared variables, so that threads can easily communicate. The latter is a nice aspect. Perhaps you have dealt with interprocess communications? Under unix, there are all sorts of complicated methods to do so. Locks, semaphores etc. By contrast, the text shows that accessing shared variables in UPC is quite easy.

Perhaps the biggest drawback about UPC is that it is not object oriented. The scaling difficulties with C code are well known, and proved crucial in driving the use of C++ and Java, and C# for that matter. If only the designers had chosen to have UPC extend C++, instead of C. But perhaps there were performance drawbacks in doing so, or that the resultant UPC compiler would have been too hard to build? The book avoids this discussion. ... Read more

Product Description
An unprecedented combination of computer history and striking images, Core Memory reveals modern technology's evolution through the world's most renowned computer collection, the Computer History Museum in the Silicon Valley. Vivid photos capture these historically important machines including the Eniac, Crays 1 3, Apple I and II while authoritative text profiles each, telling the stories of their innovations and peculiarities. Thirty-five machines are profiled in over 100 extraordinary color photographs, making Core Memory a surprising addition to the library of photography collectors and the ultimate geek-chic gift. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (24)

Great coffee table book
It's a great book for it's price. Really great photos that lie somewhere between technical and art. There is text but not too much. If you are looking for a complete history this would not be it.

A beautiful book, but....
The book is very pretty, and has some *outstanding* photographs of classic machines.If only the selection of machines and printing (at least on my copy) matched the quality of the photos, this would be on my "must by" list.

Newer photo-books like this rely on some special printing techniques to make their images stand out, such as printing a glossy image, with the non-printed portion paper treated to make it flat and bright white.It makes for a stunning presentation when it is done properly.

My book has several pages where the glossy images are scratched, and others where the pages are covered with scratches and dirt.I don't know if my pages sat on the top of a pallet or the presses were just dirty, but it clearly happened before binding, as in some cases, page 64 on the left hand side is very dirty, page 65 on the right is totally clean. The beautiful dust jacket is also badly scuffed up--a book like this should have been shrink wrapped--and the cover dinged.This Chinese-printed book would have been considered a "hurt" at my local press.

On this sort of book, that totally shatters the beauty of it all, and I think I will end up returning it.I considered asking for a replacement, but I am further disappointed by the selection of machines.

There are major companies of the era not even represented here.Not a single Data General machine...I would have expected the "70's photogenic" Nova, or a later machine like a S/150.No Burroughs, no DEC-20...the entire history of DEC reduced to two photos and one closeup of a pdp8 and a glimpse of the boot console panel from a DEC-10.

VAX?What's a VAX?No mention of a VAX here, but the TRS-80 I and 100 get four pages.I *loved* my Model 100, but this is not the place for it.

With a title like "core memory" and a pdp8 on the cover, I expected more early machines, yet the book dedicates six pages to the Apple I/II and four to the Commodore 64.

There is more coverage of the Commodore 64 PC than the entire history of Digital Equipment Corporation.Control Data is limited to a photo of the CDC6600 console, a photo of backplane wiring and two images of a boot switch panel.

Home PC's should really be their own book.But if they wanted to cover home PCs up to 1983, they should have hit "visually iconic" machines like the IMSAI or the Ohio Scientific PCs.How about some classic rare peripherals; the Atari 815 dual disk drive is a 9x9x12" box with nine LEDs in three colors, surely some unique peripherals like this deserve inclusion more than a two-page closeup of the Commodore 64's keyboard.

Now, I would like to mention the wonderful photos of SAGE and Johnniac.Had it not been that the photo of the SAGE light gun was covered with scratches, I would have kept it for SAGE alone.But as I said, in a photo book, damaged photos ruin the whole point.

I spotted a few factual errors and typos in my quick scan of the book, but the major errors are really errors of omission.

Conclusion: If yours is printed correctly and clean, it is a beautiful book and a bargain at the Amazon sale price.But if you are expecting a book primarily about machines running core memory, or minicomputers/mainframes from the 1970s as would be inferred from the cover and the name, you will be disappointed.I am.

Waiting For a Book of this Photo Quality For A Very Long Time
A book such as this; holds my attention and shows what others have helped create in science labs, garages or universities-with a stunning pictorial collection of rare vintage computers.

The Allies bombed the 1941 German 'Z3' computer (with a memory of 63 words!) in 1944 Berlin, the world's FIRST programmable electromagnetic computer ...has been beautifully re-imaged for this collection of vintage computers. Full Page Color Photos. Indexed well.

The 1954 Johnniac, the Univac 1 of 1951(with it's 20K memory in a mercury delay line), the NEAC of 1960 (Nippon Electric Company NEC); the Philco 212 of 1962, the Illiac of 1975 or the Osborne 1 of 1981. The Cray 1 of 1976 had memory of 4MW Semiconductor and speed of 160 MFlops; compared to the 1993 Cray 3 with it's 2GW Semiconductor of memory and speed of 15Gflops!

Stunning large format, but not too large-158 Pages. Tech notes are narrative -not overly burdensome. You will recognize the photos from computers on TV, your high school lab, or your first office job.

(Make, Year Created, Make, Cost, Memory on each page with space under each subtitle for comparisons)... minimized story and notes. Best shots of early Apple computers I have ever seen. The Commodore 64 of 1982 with its 64k and rare beauties (they really are ART) like the Kitchen Computer (Honeywell H316 MiniComputer of 1969 for $10, 600. The ad copy ran in '62, "...if only she can cook as well as Honeywell can compute." It was certainly modish and came with a 2 week programming course. It was laughable. Despite some thought have gone into the facade, the interface was simply lights and switches-good for setting the mood for a "Lost In Space" style TV dinner but not for a newbie programmer or cook.

The photo quality, the color and designs (or 'Appearance' as Apple would latter coin)-clever image work, mico-shots of vintage equipment, colored wire bundles, vacuum tubes, outer cases and much more-- are illustrated as a feast of color, detail, and even wonderment to the eye...

I must admit, the 1962 Minuteman 1 Guidance Computer that would navigate ICBM Nukes from underground missile silos to find it's 'destination' even when the atmosphere through which it is flying has been disrupted by atomic explosions, 'quite scary', the book seems to have the Google view of "Do No Evil" with its tight ad control.
Take a look at the: Google First Production Server in 1996 with its 128k of Ram. This book will impress your friends, and teach your kids. I once asked my friend who worked as a gifted engineer for Hughes, as well as being present at Cape Kennedy-what type of computers were aboard the Apollo space missions?

Well, now I have a clear answer. In 1965 -The Apollo Guidance Computer by MIT/Ratheon.
(Each NASA Mission used two of them-one for the Command Module and one for the Lunar Module aka LEM)
The extreme close up color photos--> enlarged to full page size flow with all of the "vintage computers" -the detail and clarity with abit of the old understanding.

This computer used: the newly developed 'integrated circuit' (IC) which was small and light weight. MIT went with just one type of chip, although it used 5,000 of them. Memory? 4K of Ram, 24K from core rope.

The chip would later power, 'calculators' like the HP-35 by the millions.
This is just a small sample of the book contents. I have waited since seeing data processing computers in Grade 9 of high school-to all those blinking lights on my childhood television programs, wondering what was a computer really good for....or who made them, and what did they really look like?

This is simply one of the best photography books, -on this subject---I have yet to see...
A timeless book.) MS

Extremely cool book
This book is exactly what I hoped for. I bought it as a Christmas gift for a friend who appreciates things that are vintage and a little odd. The photos are huge and of great quality. It looks like they found the cleanest, best kept examples of each machine. Didn't have a chance to read the text, but the pictures alone were enough to make it worthwhile.

Mixed feelings about this book, but I am glad I own it.
The book is a great overview of the history of commerical/military computer development in the last 60+ years.Hits most of the major models, and mentions why they're in the book.Each one was a special devleopment in it's time for one reason or another.

But after reading it, I wish it was about 2x the size, physically.It's a large book alredy, but it should be art-sized.And it could EASILY be several hundreds of pages.I know it's more of an overview book, but it would be great if each model had it's own chapter, including design diagrams, pictures of the installations, programmers, builders, etc.

On it's own it's a great book, and well worth the money.But the computer-nerd in me sees the potential of this content...
... Read more

Product Description
This aims to provide a plain-language guide to optimizing memory on the PC. It has two self-contained software guides covering QEMM and 386MAX. Background is provided, with an introduction to memory, details on extended and expanded memory management and coverage of DOS 5 and Windows utilities. It is for users who need an understanding of memory management in order to make the best use of their 386 or 486 PCs. ... Read more

Product Description
Comprehensive coverage of memory test problems at chip, array and board level is provided in this book. For each of these test levels a class of fault models is introduced along with tests for these models. The author also presents algorithms of relevant fault models, together with proofs of their correctness. Special attention is given to why a fault model belongs to a particular class and why it is of interest. A software package, suitable for use on IBM PCs and compatibles,is also available which consists of a set of memory test programs and a simulation package demonstrating how the algorithms are executed and the relationship of the algorithm with the memory. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

The bibel of memory test
Over 30% of today's designs implements embedded memories and continuously consumes more and more die area. While embedded memory presents significant system performance and cost reduction advantages, it brings its own testing issues. Test vector style tests are not suitable for verifying embedded memory arrays because it is too costly. This is because the time spent in the manufacturing tester grows exponentially as the embedded memory die area increases. Sometimes it is impossible to create a set of vectors that can detect all possible types of memory defect.

Implementing embedded memory built in self-test (BIST) can alleviate these problems. In simplistic terms, memory BIST is an on-chip utility that enables the execution of a proven set of algorithmic style verification tests directly on the memory array. These tests can be executed at the design's full operating frequency to prove the memory array operations and identify errors caused by silicon defects.

Embedded memories are the most dense components within a system-on-chip (SOC), accounting for up to 90% of its real estate.1 Memories also are the most sensitive to process defects, making it essential to thoroughly test them in the SOCs.

Because memories are used as test vehicles for monitoring the silicon process and improving its yield, extracting additional diagnostic data to determine the causes of failures now is required in the testing strategy. In addition to diagnosis, many embedded memories are designed with built-in redundancy, which provides spare rows and columns that can replace failing locations. Redundancy enables the manufacturer to repair a number of otherwise defective devices to ensure maximum production yield.
Characteristics of today's SOC designs include the following:

1. Typically more than 30 embedded memories on a chip.
2. Memories scattered around the device rather than concentrated in one location.
3. Different types and sizes of memories.
4. Memories doubly embedded inside embedded cores.
5. Test access to these memories from only a few chip I/O pins.

A deep-submicron test strategy will have to handle all of these memory issues.
These issues are being addressed by the use of built-in self-test (BIST). BIST is the methodology of choice for testing embedded memories within SOCs. It offers a simple and low-cost means to test for failures of embedded memories without significantly impacting device performance.

While it has been used primarily for production pass/fail testing, BIST can be extended to provide the diagnostic data required for process monitoring and repair. Although the area overhead required by the BIST circuitry is increased, designing the diagnostic circuitry into the BIST provides many advantages in terms of time for both setup and test.

This book will take you intensively through all the memory BIST algorithms and ways to test them.I consider this as the bible for mbist testing. ... Read more

Product Description
Most of the current applications of electronics requirenon-volatile memories, which can keep stored information when thepower supply is switched off. Flash memories (in which a single cellcan be electrically programmed and a large number of cells are usuallyelectrically erased at the same time) are the most versatilenon-volatile memories. They are widely used to store the basicinput--output system (BIOS) of personal computers, the softwareand personal data of cellular phones, identification codes in smartcards and many other applications. Flash memories allow software updates, change of passwords and codes,and reconfiguration of the system in the field. They can be designedand optimized to create large-size memories which can successfullysubstitute hard disks for specific applications, having lower powerconsumption and weight, shorter access times, and far betterrobustness. This book is devoted entirely to flash memories and has been designedto provide comprehensive information on basic memory cell structures,device physics and technology, simulation circuit architecture, systemissues, testing and reliability. It also provides data on advancedsubjects related to multi-level storage cells, embedded memories andsystem applications of flash memories. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

Nice reference book on semiconductor tech.
Nice reference book on semiconductor tech ... Read more

Product Description
Provides the reader with memory fundamentals as well as directions for future research. Examines memory history, current memory technology and offers a glimpse at the future of memories. Topics include memory market trends and their importance to both industry and government applications requirements which determine the direction of memory development and technical aspects of memories. Descriptions and usage of the various types of memories including SRAMs, DRAMs, VDRAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, and ROMs are also provided. Finally, it looks at memory packing, large scale integration, and the manufacture of memories. ... Read more

Product Description
Timing, memory, power dissipation, testing, and testability are all crucial elements of VLSI circuit design. In this volume culled from the popular VLSI Handbook, experts from around the world provide in-depth discussions on these and related topics. Stacked gate, embedded, and flash memory all receive detailed treatment, including their power consumption and recent developments in low-power memories. Reflecting the rapid development and importance of systems-on-a-chip (SOCs), an entire chapter is devoted to application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Design-related topics include microprocessor architectures, layout methods, design verification, testability concepts, and various CAD tools.. ... Read more

Product Description
Semiconductor Memories provides in-depth coverage in the areas of design for testing, fault tolerance, failure modes and mechanisms, and screening and qualification methods including.
* Memory cell structures and fabrication technologies.
* Application-specific memories and architectures.
* Memory design, fault modeling and test algorithms, limitations, and trade-offs.
* Space environment, radiation hardening process and design techniques, and radiation testing.
* Memory stacks and multichip modules for gigabyte storage. ... Read more

Product Description
This text on computer hardware, design and technology should appeal to computing professionals and students. ... Read more

Product Description
This monograph gives a tutorial treatment of new approaches to self-organization, adaptation, learning and memory. It is based on recent research results, both mathematical and computer simulations, and lends itself to graduate and postgraduate courses in the natural sciences. The book presents new formalisms of pattern processing: orthogonal projectors, optimal associative mappings, novelty filters, subspace methods, feature-sensitive units, and self-organization of topological maps, with all their computable algorithms. The main objective is to provide an understanding of the properties of information representations from a general point of view and of their use in pattern information processing, as well as an understanding of many functions of the brain. In the third edition two new discussions have been added and a proof has been revised. The author has developed this book from Associative Memory - A System-Theoretical Approach (Volume 17 of Springer Series in Communication and Cybernetics, 1977), the first ever monograph on distributed associative memories. ... Read more

Product Description
This work provides researchers, professors, practitioners, students, designers and other computing professionals with information on embedded memory design aids, embedded DRAM, algorithms and testing techniques and memory repair. ... Read more

Product Description
High Performance Memories New architecture DRAMs and SRAMs evolution and function Revised Edition Betty Prince Memory Strategies International, Leander, Texas, USA Now presenting extra product specific material on the new DDR SDRAMs, ESDRAMs and DDR ESDRAMs, Direct Rambus DRAMs, SLDRAM, VCDRAM, SGRAM and DDR SGRAM, and DP-DRAM. Fully updated to incorporate the latest industry achievements in this fast-moving field, High Performance Memories, Revised provides an overview of the issues involved in advanced memory design. Drawing on her work at the cutting edge of memory technology, Prince surveys the latest trends in development and assesses the range of memory devices and systems available. New features include:
* Examination of the latest DRAMs standards
* Discussion of electrical characteristics of high speed memories including SSTL interfaces and techniques in the testing of fast RAMS
* Coverage of the effect of packaging on memory speed, encompassing DDR DRAM, DR-DRAM and SLDRAM
Written by an internationally respected author, this comprehensively revised edition will be a boon to practising engineers involved in the design and manufacture of high speed systems and semiconductor memories. Advanced students of electrical engineering and researchers in computing and telecommunications will find High Performance Memories, Revised an invaluable reference. ... Read more