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Opium Wars
Back to Fact Monster, this page was printed from Factmonster.com www.factmonster.com/ce6/history/A0836734.html.encyclopediaEncyclopedia opium wars.
http://print.factmonster.com/ce6/history/A0836734.html

Extractions: Opium Wars Opium Wars, Arrow, in Guangzhou. British and French troops took Guangzhou and Tianjin and compelled the Chinese to accept the treaties of Tianjin (1858), to which France, Russia, and the United States were also party. China agreed to open 11 more ports, permit foreign legations in Beijing, sanction Christian missionary activity, and legalize the import of opium. China's subsequent attempt to block the entry of diplomats into Beijing as well as Britain's determination to enforce the new treaty terms led to a renewal of the war in 1859. This time the British and French occupied Beijing and burned the imperial summer palace (Yuan ming yuan). The Beijing conventions of 1860, by which China was forced to reaffirm the terms of the Treaty of Tianjin and make additional concessions, concluded the hostilities. See A. Waley, The Opium War through Chinese Eyes (1958, repr. 1968); H.-P. Chang, Commissioner Lin and the Opium War (1964); P. W. Fay
Zeal.com - United Kingdom - New - Library - Arts & Humanities - History - Milita
A great resource for United Kingdom New - Library - Arts Humanities- history - Military history - opium wars. Find the web's
http://www.zeal.com/category/preview.jhtml?cid=671422
Chinese History Library: Qing - Rob Gray
Short history of the opium War A history of opium in China, the opium wars, andGeneral Information on Opiates Map Showing Western Encroachments into China
http://museums.cnd.org/fairbank/qing.html
TIME Europe Magazine: Tempest In A Tea Cup -- Jun. 17, 2002
The opium wars marked a turning point in history, says campaign organizerSteve Lau, who runs the Web site www.britishbornchinese.co.uk.
http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/article/0,13005,901020617-260669,00.htm

Extractions: The history of modern drug addiction might be said to start, innocuously enough, with a cup of tea. London diarist Samuel Pepys recorded his first taste of "tee (a China Drink)" in 1660; by the early 1700s, as cheap sugar to sweeten the brew poured in from the West Indies, the entire nation was on its way to becoming hooked. Some Englishmen were soon knocking back 50 cups a day. The English East India Company, which held the monopoly on all Eastern imports, saw its tea sales grow from 97,000 kg in 1713 to 14.5 million in 1813, making tea its cash cow. The government, too, came to rely on Britain's new thirst. At one point, a third of the members of Parliament owned shares in the East India Company, and taxes on its tea produced up to 10% of the Treasury's revenues. Clearly, it would be worth doing almost anything to keep such a business growing.
Chinese History 1
opium wars, largely instigated Canton (today's Guangzhou) was, from the mid17thcentury through the opium wars in the 19th, China's only international port.
http://www.texancultures.utsa.edu/txtext/chinese/chinesehistory1.htm

Extractions: Nineteenth century Chinaa fabric of social revolutions, halting industrialization, and questionable "Westernization"was troubled. China was a huge area, populous and not modernized in a Western-World sense. Famine was common in the countryside, corruption frequent in government. Military force and occasional diplomacy by the British and French and diplomacy and occasional military force by the United States and Russia caused much unrest in the complex of lands and governments the Europeans called "China." In parts of the country, Chinese economy was stagnant, and, by Western standards, governments were untrustworthy and the society "backward" and "primitive." Many upper-class Chinese, naturally, did not agree with such evaluation of their civilization and wanted to remain independent of outside influence and control. The main goal of the Western World was to "open" China to profitable tradeprofitable for Europe and the United States. "Opium Wars," largely instigated by the British, soon forced Indian opium into China as a step in trade relations involving, among many things, deals in silk and porcelain, silver and tea. Upper-class and ruling Chinese considered Europeans, and most North Americans, "drug lords" and, simply put, "barbarians." But, for the most part, the Chinese could not oppose Western weapons. The Chinese lost control of major ports and tariff protection, foreigners were largely exempt from local law, and Christianity was forced on the country in the form of a guarantee of missionary entry and safety. Many economically and socially lower-class Chinese were delighted by the simple promises of Christian beliefs (which they combined with their native religions) and the changing economic times (for some, tomorrow could only be better).
ZUJI
Hong Kong history, The British took control of Hong Kong in 1841 followingthe opium wars. European trade with China had been taking
http://www.zuji.com.au/dest/guide/0,1277,ZUJIAU|2771|1415|1,00.html

Extractions: About ZUJI Travel Resource Links Travel Resources Home Research a Destination Convert Currency Check Weather Check Visa Requirements Buy Travel Insurance Flight Arrival/Departure Info Book a Flight Find a Hotel Hire a Car Log-in Log-out Become a Member Site Map Travel Resources Home Destination Guides Travel Tools History The British took control of Hong Kong in 1841 following the Opium Wars. European trade with China had been taking place since the 16th century, but as European demand for tea and silk grew, the balance of trade became more and more unfavourable to Europeans, who were expected to pay in silver. In 1773, the British unloaded 70,000 kg of Bengal opium, and the Chinese taste for the 'foreign mud' grew exponentially. Alarmed at the drain of silver from the country and the increasing number of addicts, the emperor banned the drug trade. The Europeans, with the help of corrupt Chinese officials, managed to keep the trade in opium going until 1839, when the emperor again issued orders to stamp it out. The British sent an expeditionary force to China to exact reprisals, secure favourable trade arrangements and obtain use of some islands as a British base. The force blockaded Canton (now called Guangzhou) and a number of other ports, ultimately threatening Beijing. The British pressured the Chinese into ceding Hong Kong Island to them in perpetuity. Both sides ultimately repudiated the agreement, but Commodore Gordon Bremmer led a contingent of naval men ashore on 26 January 1841 and claimed the island for Britain. A series of conflicts followed, with the British backed by French, Russian and American interests. A combined British and French force invaded China in 1859, forcing the Chinese to agree to the Convention of Peking, which ceded the Kowloon Peninsula and nearby Stonecutters Island to the British. In 1898, the British also gained a 99-year lease on the New Territories, which they felt essential to protect their interests on Hong Kong Island.
A Brief History Of Drugs
Reviews A fascinating and informative history of humankind's checkered and often andthe ergotbased mystery cult of Eleusis, through the opium wars in China
http://www.innertraditions.com/titles/brhidr.htm

Extractions: * Examines everything from the ancient use of ergot and datura to the modern phenomenon of "designer" drugs such as Ecstasy and crack cocaine. From remotest antiquity to the present era of designer drugs and interdiction, drugs have played a prominent role in the cultural, spiritual, and social development of civilizations. Antonio Escohotado demonstrates how the history of drugs illuminates the history of humanity as he explores the long relationship between mankind and mind-altering substances. Hemp, for example, has been used in India since time immemorial to stimulate mental agility and sexual prowess. Aristotle's disciple Theophrastus testifies to the use of datura by the ancient Greeks and further evidence links the rites at Eleusis to the ingestion of a hallucinogen. Similar examples can be found in cultures as diverse as the Celts, the ancient Egyptians, the Aztecs, and other indigenous peoples around the world. Professor Escohotado also looks at the present-day differences that exist between the more drug-tolerant societies like Holland and Switzerland and countries advocating complete repression of these substances. The author provides a comprehensive analysis of the enormous social costs of the drug war that is coming under increasing fire from all levels of society. Professor Escohotado's work demonstrates that drugs have always existed and been used by societies throughout the world and the contribution they have made to humanity's development has been enormous. The choice we face today is to teach people how to use them correctly or to continue to indiscriminately demonize them. "Just say no," the author says, is not an option. Just say "know" is.
Drug_history_outline
For details on the history of drug laws and restrictions in the US, go to historyof drug laws and restrictions. For details on the opium wars, go to opium
http://mrs.umn.edu/~ratliffj/Drug_history_outline.htm

Extractions: Drugs History What follows is a brief outline of major events (and some not-so-major, but interesting events) in the history of drugs. See the text for more detail on particular drugs. For details on the history of drug laws and restrictions in the U.S. , go to: History of drug laws and restrictions For details on the Opium Wars, go to: Opium Wars. 6400 B.C.
Chinese History, Map And Chronology
opium wars digitalchina/harvard opium war. history Good reference siteat UCSD. Zheng He Cheng Ho The great Chinese mariner who sailed the seas
http://www.chinapage.com/history1.html
Essays And Essays Writing Essays On China & Chinese Issues - 019-007
other historians who claim that by revelling in ancient Chinese history, historianslack a The opium wars send me this essay A 6 page paper discussing the
http://www.essaypage.com/categories/019-007.html

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Essays And Essays Writing Essays On European History - 095-044
Papers On European history Page 45 of 123. Arthur Waley/opium wars Through ChineseEyes send me this essay A 5 page essay that gives an overview of Arthur
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Hall Of Opium: Virtual Exhibition
in commercial production and trade of opium; the causes that led to the opium wars,which the Chinese define as the start of their modern history; and the
http://www.doitung.org/opium/eng/exhibit/exhibit/content.html

Extractions: The Hall of Opium is not just a museum, it's not even just an exhibition. It's a multimedia experience that will stimulate all your senses as you immerse yourself in its captivating realm. Enter our Virtual Exhibition of the Hall of Opium to get a sample glimpse. Click here to explore. The Exhibition begins with a walk through a 130 meter entrance tunnel , to help create an atmosphere of the contradictory moods associated with opium and narcotics: Mystery, Danger, Fear, Sleep and Dreams, Ease of Pain, Suppressed Suffering. You next enter a domed room where you learn about the First 5000 Years of the history of opium: from its origin along the mediterranean and first evidence in Switzerland; first written references in Sumerian medical texts; medical and ritual use in Europe and the Americas through the 18th Century; and its spread to South and East Asia by 800 A.D.
Global Studies 10 - Imperialism In China And Japan - Hurd - Jan. 2000
GlobaLearn Investigations The opium wars and the Unequal Treaties http//www.globalearn.org/expeditions/tae/expedition/investigate/history/ihi970529guangzhou
http://www.uetigers.stier.org/library/gs10imperialism.html

Extractions: The Tokugawa Shogunate This page has been designed to support high school student research. Just a word of caution it is unwise to rely solely on Web resources for research information. While it is true that there are many excellent authoritative web sites, there are also many web sites that present FALSE and MISLEADING information. Do not forget to consult print sources such as books, magazine, and newspaper articles. Vast resources exist in print form that cannot be matched by sources on the Web. At least not yet. Remember to CITE YOUR SOURCES!
Opium: History
history. began smuggling opium into China in order to balance their purchases oftea for export to Britain, an act that set the stage for the opium wars.
http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0860145.html

Extractions: Encyclopedia opium The medicinal properties of opium have been known from the earliest times, and it was used as a narcotic in Sumerian and European cultures at least as early as 4000 B.C. The drug was introduced into India by the Muslims and its use spread to China. Early in the 19th cent., against Chinese prohibitions, British merchants began smuggling opium into China in order to balance their purchases of tea for export to Britain, an act that set the stage for the Opium Wars . Chinese emigrants to the United States, who were employed to build the transcontinental railroad, brought the opium-smoking habit to the West Coast. During the 19th cent. opium was grown in the United States as well as imported. Besides indiscriminate medical use, opiates were available in the United States in myriad tonics and patent medicines, and smoking in opium dens was unhindered, resulting in an epidemic of opiate addiction by the late 1800s. The generous use of morphine in treating wounded soldiers during the Civil War also produced many addicts.
Youth Ministry International - China History
controlled the vast, primarily agricultural, territory, giving China its rich history. Duringthat time, the opium wars were fought, and China lost several
http://www.gospelcom.net/ymi/chinahis.html

Extractions: H ISTORY When one thinks of China, several things come to mind. Things such as Chinese food, dragons, Confucius, gunpowder, emperors and Communism, all of which have had a part in malting China the nation it is today. According to oral tradition, China's history begins in the 21st century BC (approx.), when its first dynasty, the Xia, came to power. Up until the beginning of this century, several emperors and warlords, such as Emperor Qin, Kublai Khan and the Empress Dowager, have controlled the vast, primarily agricultural, territory, giving China its rich history. The emperors and dynastic system slowly began to lose power in the 18th and 19th centuries, as several western powers began cutting the country up for trade purposes. During that time, the Opium Wars were fought, and China lost several territories to the west, including Hong Kong, to Great Britain (which was returned I July, 1997), and Macau, to Portugal (Macau will be returned in 1999). In 191 1, Chaing Kai-Shek, with the aid of the west, overthrew the emperor rule and established a democratic nation. However, the nation was again tom apart by civil war and the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in the 1940s. During that time, Mao Zedong, emerged, firstly as an ally, and then as an enemy of the democratic government, and, in 1949, his People's Liberation Army helped defeat the Japanese, gain control of the country and establish a communist rule. In spite of the popularity of the People's Republic with many of the people, the policies of Mao and his successors have nearly brought the nation to ruin several times. The Great Leap Forward ended in famine and poverty. The Cultural Revolution, from 1966 to 1976, saw to the near destruction of China's educated class and the creation of the "lost generation", which ended up poorly educated and morally warped. Finally, was the crushing of the student-led democratic movement in 1989 during the Tiananmen Square Massacre.
History Department - Douglas College
ideas of other students and the instructor in class (discussing history). SubjectHIST 250 examines the development of modern China from the opium wars of the
http://www.douglas.bc.ca/history/html/hist250.html

Extractions: All courses are worth 3 credits and last for one semester. All 200 level courses require one 100 level History course. This page is posted for informational purpose and does not constitute a contract between the College and the student. For official information about this course , check the Douglas College on-line calendar History 250 Modern China: An Introduction Instructor : Frank Leonard Pre-requisite : HIST 250 has a pre-requisite of one 100-level History course. Besides the 100- level courses listed in the current calendar , any History course listed in previous Douglas College calendars (or its equivalent from another college or university) can be used as the pre-requisite. If your pre-requisite was completed at another institution, please submit transcript copy of completion to instructor to avoid computer delisting your name at end of registration period. Transferability : HIST 250 has transfer credit for SFU, UBC, U Vic, UNBC, and Open University.
Opium Wars
To understand British actions in the opium wars, it is necessary tostep back, and to place them in the context of modern history.
http://east_west_dialogue.tripod.com/dialogue/id9.html

Extractions: Opium Wars Home Huntington and Hobbes Ancient China's Technology Confucianism and Christianity Opium Wars Leibnizian Natural Law Leibniz on China American System China's Development ... Archives The addiction of tens of millions of Chinese to Opium was one of the biggest disasters ever to hit China. Although this story is well known in Asia, few Americans are familiar with it. East West Dialogue THE CHINESE OPIUM WARS: Gottfried Leibniz At midnight on July 1, 1997, Hongkong, the British Crown Colony, will be restored to China. This is not only an event which will be celebrated by patriotic Chinese; any patriotic American should celebrate it as well. The British seizure of Hongkong was an aspect of one of the most ugly crimes of the British Empire: the takeover and destruction of India, and the use of India to flood China with opium. The British twice sent the Royal Navy to enforce opium addiction on China, in order to open up China for looting. In spite of this crime, the British and their allies in the United States, are trying to use the return of Hongkong to create a scandal around alleged ``human rights violations'' by the Chinese, as a pretext to disrupt relations between China and the United States. This is especially dangerous because the battle to create a new economic system, to replace the collapsing one, is centered around U.S. cooperation with China. The issue at stake is not that of ``communism versus free trade.'' The war is between the British System and the American System.
CC11: Opium Wars: The Movie
Chinese movie ever made is a recently released twoand-a-half hour blockbuster drugdrama about The opium wars , a true and important part of world history.
http://www.cannabisculture.com/backissues/cc11/opium.html

Extractions: Director Jin's cinematic portrayal of this thoroughly rotten aspect of east/west relations still shows deep scars in the hearts of a billion Chinese, and it is curious that "The Opium Wars" was released just prior to the ceremonies that restored Hong Kong to China earlier this year. It is easily the hit film of the year in China.
Erowid Opiates Vault
opium Poppy Cultivation, Morphine and Heroin Manufacture (down June 2001) Heroin opium Manufacture history A Short history of opium wars Historical Review
http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/opiates/opiates.shtml

Extractions: The most effective painkiller known is morphine (C H NO H O), isolated from the juice obtained from unripe seed pods of the opium poppy. Apparently morphine changes the perception of pain even when the pain itself is not much diminished. For this reason, the drug is valuable in medicinal practices. Unfortunately, it is addictive, and the body builds up a tolerance to it, so larger and larger doses may be necessary to provide the same relief from pain. The drug also depresses the function of the brain center that controls respiration; large doses of morphine (or of heroin, a very similar molecule) can kill by causing respiratory arrest. Codeine
NYALPS's History Of China
A history of Chinese Civilization. New York Cambridge University Press,1982. Grolier's1997 ed. opium wars. Online Encyclopedia.
http://members.aol.com/NYALPS/China.html

Extractions: The Opium War, Boxer Rebellion, and Cultural Revolution were major events in Chinas history and had many causes and effects. These events have changed Chinas history forever. Whether the event brought physical change to China, where land was ceded or money was given over, or if the event was political, where laws or opinions were altered, the event has had much influence over the current Chinese culture, and will for many years to come. From these events we can see how China was shaped physically, and politically. During the 1900's a set of riots occurred in China called the Boxer Rebellion (or Uprising, or the Boxer Riots). There were many causes for this rebellion. The rebellion was started by two movements. One group was a secret religious sect, and the other was a group of governemnt officials who wanted to expell the foreignors. The Sect of the White Lotus was a popular cult associated with magic and superstition. Many other sects branched out from The Sect of the White Lotus, including the I-ho chüan, which meant, The Boxers of Honesty and Concord. This sect become called, the Boxers. Though sects like these had been outlawed, they continued to exist. The reasons they existed were the usual ones: mismanagement by the government, intolerable living conditions among the peasants, aggravated by natural disasters. Since these sects were religious ones, they disliked people of other religions, such as Christians. Also, they blamed foreign missionaries for many of their problems.

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