61. Some History Of Astronomy Links Some history of astronomy Links. The history of Mount Wilson Observatory Hubblewas Here. A Brief history of astronomy in Uppsala Celsius was Here. http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/htmltest/jbonnell/www/hist.html

Some History of Astronomy Links High Energy Astronomy Missions: This site has interesting information and images from past x-ray and gamma-ray astronomy satellites as well as present and future ones. A Brief History of the Discovery of Cosmic Gamma-Ray Bursts draft april 17, 1995 - J.Bonnell 75th Anniversary Astronomical Debate: In April 1920, Harlow Shapley and Heber D. Curtis debated "The Scale of the Universe". In April 1995, in commemoration of the "Great Debate" of 1920, Donald Q. Lamb and Bohdan Paczynski debated "The Distance Scale to Gamma-Ray Bursts". Find out what it was all about. The History of Mount Wilson Observatory: Hubble was Here. A Brief History of Astronomy in Uppsala: Celsius was Here. History of Astronomy and Space Science: A comprehensive list of history of astronomy sites on the web. Astronomiae Historia / History of Astronomy The primary source of history of astronomy information on the web.

62. Door To Astronomy : History history of astronomy astronomy is the most ancient of the sciences,having existed since the dawn of recorded civilization. Much http://www.geocities.com/cocoapark/history.html

History of Astronomy       During the 16th century the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus disposed of much of the complexity of the Ptolemaic system by assigning the central position to the Sun. In this revolutionary system the Earth, attended by the Moon, became one of the planets revolving around the Sun. Copernicus also proposed the daily axial rotation of the Earth from west to east, so that the daily circling of the heavenly bodies around the Earth results simply from its apparent motion. Published in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium libri VI ("Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs") in 1543, the Copernican heliocentric theory ushered in the age of modern astronomy.       The 17th century witnessed several momentous developments that led to major advances in astronomy. These were the discovery of the principles of planetary motion by Johannes Kepler, the application of the telescope to astronomical observation by Galileo Galilei, and the formulation of the laws of motion and gravitation by Isaac Newton. Other significant contributions followed in rapid succession. In 1750 Thomas Wright, for example, postulated that the universe was made up of numerous galaxies. Later in the century another English astronomer, William Herschel, undertook the first thorough telescopic survey of the heavens and established the foundations of modern stellar astronomy.       Spectroscopy and photography were adopted for astronomical research in the 19th century. They enabled investigators to measure the quantity and quality of light emitted by stars and nebulae (clouds of interstellar gas and dust), making it possible for them to conduct studies of the brightness, temperature, and chemical composition of such cosmic objects. It was soon recognized that the properties of all celestial bodies, including the planets of the solar system, could only be understood in terms of the physics of their atmosphere and interior. The trend toward the application of physical laws to the interpretation of observational data gained impetus during the early 1920s, and many astronomers began referring to themselves as astrophysicists. This tendency continues to prevail.

63. Chandra :: Field Guide To X-ray Astronomy :: History Of X-Ray Astronomy An explanation of cosmic Xray sources, from black holes to galaxy clusters, aswell as a review of the history of X-ray astronomy, what X-rays are and how http://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_astro/history.html

History of X-Ray Astronomy How do X-ray telescopes differ from optical telescopes? X-rays do not reflect off mirrors the same way that visible light does. Because of their high energy, X-ray photons penetrate into the mirror in much the same way that bullets slam into a wall. Likewise, just as bullets ricochet when they hit a wall at a grazing angle, so too will X-rays ricochet off mirrors (see diagram below). These properties mean that X-ray telescopes must be very different from optical telescopes. The mirrors have to be precisely shaped and aligned nearly parallel to incoming X-rays. Thus they look more like barrels than the familiar dish shape of optical telescopes. The first imaging x-ray telescope was made by a team of scientists under the direction of Riccardo Giacconi at American Science and Engineering in Cambridge, MA. It was flown on a small sounding rocket in 1965 and made crude images of hot spots in the upper atmosphere of the sun. This telescope was about the same diameter and length as the optical telescope Galileo used in 1610. Over a period of 380 years, optical telescopes improved in sensitivity by 100 million times from Galileo's telescope to the Hubble Space Telescope. Remarkably, Chandra represents a leap of 100 million in sensitivity, yet it took only 34 years to achieve!

64. Astronomy.Rocks! The History Of Astronomy astronomy.Rocks! The history of astronomy. Learn more! The historyof astronomy = Active Control Inactive Control. Status. http://www.intelligentchild.com/astronomy/history.html

The History of Astronomy = Active Control = Inactive Control Status Pythagoras Go Aristotle Standby Aristarchus Standby Ptolemy Standby Nicolaus Copernicus Go Tycho Brahe Standby Johannes Kepler Standby Galileo Galilee Standby Isaac Newton Standby Albert Einstein Standby Henrietta Leavitt Standby Annie J. Cannon Standby Visit us often for up to date information and cool new stuff! Email us with a question or a suggestion. Until you know everything, keep asking "Why?" Go to the top of this page. Go Back to Astronomy.Rocks! Intelligent Child home page TM Big People Stuff Astronomy.Rocks! Science Mysteries What in the World? ... Send us an eMail

65. Astronomy, History & Religion astronomy, history Religion. Islam. Hanukkah. JuliusCaesar. Heaven's Gate Cult. Stonehenge. Medicinal uses. http://collections.ic.gc.ca/universe/history.html

Islam Hanukkah Julius Caesar Heaven's Gate Cult Islam Hanukkah Julius Caesar Heaven's Gate Cult ... Medicinal uses

66. SOFA - Standard Object For Astronomy - History Standard Objects For astronomy. http://sofa.astro.utoledo.edu/SOFA/sofa_history.html

S tandard O bjects F or A stronomy Home History Motivation Info Pages modifications ( e.g .: new link addition) are notified here: 10th October 1999 links to: The revised catalog of MK spectra types for the cooler stars, Libraries of stellar spectra, 13th General Catalogue of MK spectral classification 14th July 1999 links to: CADC, skycat, Hypercat, papers: Wrobel et al. (1998) (and related), Massey et al. (1988, 1990), Silva et al. (1992), Jacoby et al. (1984), Zombeck (1990) 12th April 1999 link to WEBDA 05th April 1999 links to LEDA, NED, GSC, Aladin, SkyView, Irsky, USNO links for polarimetric standards mirror sites for database have been removed for clarity, a note has been written in Info 30th March 1999 first release Last update: 10th October 1999 Address : http://www.astro.umontreal.ca/~corporon/sofa.html or http://www-laog.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr/~corporon/sofa.html Maintained by Patrice Corporon - Thank you for sending me your comments

67. INFOGRAPHY About Astronomy -- History -- 19th And 20th Centuries Superlative sources selected by a professor who specializes in the study ofthe history of astronomy. astronomy history 19th and 20th Centuries. http://www.infography.com/content/330436277822.html

T HE I NFOGRAPHY Astronomy History 19th and 20th Centuries Sources recommended by a professor who specializes in the study of the history of astronomy. Six Superlative Sources Dick, Wolfgang R., Astronomiae Historia / History of Astronomy . Superb website with links to practically all the good history of astronomy on the web. http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/astoria.html Clerke, Agnes, A Popular History of Astronomy during the Nineteenth Century (Adam and Charles Black, 1885, 1887, 1893, 1902; reprinted by Scholarly Press, 1977). Struve, Otto and Velta Zebergs, Astronomy of the 20th Century (Macmillan 1962). Gingerich, Owen, ed., Astrophysics and Twentieth-Century Astronomy to 1950: Part A. The General History of Astronomy, Vol. 4 (Cambridge Univ. Press 1984). Lang, Kenneth R. and Owen Gingerich, eds., A Source Book in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1900-75 (Harvard Univ. Press, 1979). Original papers with commentary. Tenn, Joseph S., The Bruce Medalists Brief biographies, pictures, and references for more than 90 astronomers awarded medals for lifetime achievement. http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/brucemedalists/ Scroll down for other excellent sources.

68. IAAT (Astronomy): History And Chronicle Of Astronomy In Tübingen deutsche Version deutsch deutsche Version. history and Chronicle ofAstronomy in Tübingen. Astromical Clock Michael Maestlin Already http://astro.uni-tuebingen.de/about/history/

Abteilung Astronomie deutsch The observatory in the tower of the castle was operated until the 1950s. It was under Prof. Heinrich Siedentopf when in 1955 the construction of the observatory at was begun and somewhat later also the new building of the institute at the was built. In 2001 the section Astronomy moved to the historic building at the Sand area, as the area around the observatory was needed by the town to build a new technology centre. Sorry, up to now available in german only! Home Page About AIT Quick Reference ... Feedback (barnstedt AT astro.uni-tuebingen.de) Impressum Last modified 17 Sep 2002

69. Historical Astronomy Division American Astronomical Society division devoted to history, with a link to pages on the history of Category Science astronomy history...... history is broadly interpreted to include traditional history of astronomy, archaeoastronomy,and the application of historical records to modern astrophysical http://www.aas.org/~had/had.html

Officers Meetings Membership in HAD Newsletter ... Index to AAS Members' Obituaries In 1980 the Historical Astronomy Division (HAD) was established as one of the special subject divisions of the American Astronomical Society (AAS). Its purpose is to advance interest in topics relating to the historical nature of astronomy. History is broadly interpreted to include traditional history of astronomy, archaeoastronomy, and the application of historical records to modern astrophysical problems. Members of HAD include both historians of astronomy and astronomers with an interest in the history of their profession. var LastUpdated = document.lastModified; document.writeln ("Last updated: " + LastUpdated); by Ronald Brashear email: brashearr@si.edu Return to AAS Home Page

70. Kenyon College - Physics - Astronomy - History & Facilities history Facilities history Ascension Observatory; Miller Observatory. FacilitiesMiller Observatory Other nearby facilities and astronomy programs. http://www2.kenyon.edu/depts/physics/astro/hstfac.htm

Astronomy @ Kenyon F. A. Q. Current Conditions Ascension Observ. ... Reference Links History Ascension Observatory Miller Observatory Facilities: Miller Observatory The Celestron C-14 Telescope The CCD Cameras Pictures taken by our students and faculty Facilities: What we don't have. Other nearby facilities and astronomy programs. Big Ear Radio Observatory (Delaware, OH) Perkins Observatory (Delaware, OH) Ohio State Univ. Department of Astronomy Univ. of Toledo Astronomy Research History Unbeknownst to many, Kenyon actually has two observatories on campus. The oldest, the Ascension Observatory , has not been used for many years. Kenyon's primary observatory is named the Miller Observatory. The name honors Professor Emeritus Franklin Miller, Jr., who retired from Kenyon's Physics faculty in . The Miller Observatory was dedicated in April, 1994. The ceremony is pictured below. Prof. Paula Turner, Franklin Miller, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Physics, and President Philip Jordan, Jr. Franklin Miller (Ph.D. University of Chicago, 1939) received the Robert A. Millikan Medal in 1970 from the AAPT for his work with single-concept films and his widely used introductory textbook. Kenyon College's campus is well suited for an astronomical observatory. Kenyon's founder, Bishop Philander Chase, chose Kenyon's location for its distance away from the temptations and vices of the big city. Originally founded in Worthington, Ohio, in 1824, Kenyon College has thrived in its rural location in Gambier since 1827, some forty miles away from Columbus and four miles away from Mt. Vernon. Another benefit to the observatory's location is thus also its distance from light pollution.

71. Journal For The History Of Astronomy Journal for the history of astronomy. http://www.shpltd.co.uk/jha.html

HOME SCIENCE ASTRONOMY ARCHAEOASTRONOMY ... E-MAIL Journal for the History of Astronomy Contents Volume 34 2003 Contents Volume 33 2002 Contents Volume 32 2001 Contents Volume 31 2000 ... Sample Issue Download EDITOR Michael Hoskin, Churchill College, Cambridge, England CB3 0DS (phone: 01223-840284; fax: 01223-565532; e-mail: michael.hoskin@ntlworld.com ASSOCIATE EDITOR AND REVIEWS EDITOR Owen Gingerich, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA ASSOCIATE EDITOR JAMES EVANS (Puget Sound) ADVISORY EDITORS A. F. AVENI (Colgate), J. A. BELMONTE AVILES (IAC, Laguna), J. A. BENNETT (Oxford), DAVID H. DEVORKIN (National Air and Space Museum, Washington), STEPHEN J. DICK (U.S. Naval Observatory), Jerzy DOBRZYCKI (Warsaw), STANISLAW IWANISZEWSKI (State Archaeological Museum, Warsaw), DAVID A. KING (Frankfurt), G. E. R. LLOYD (Cambridge), RAYMOND MERCIER, J. D. NORTH (Oxford), DAVID PINGREE (Brown), C. L. N. RUGGLES (Leicester), BRADLEY E. SCHAEFER (Texas), F. RICHARD STEPHENSON (Durham), NOEL M. SWERDLOW (Chicago), ALBERT VAN HELDEN (Utrecht) EDITORIAL POLICY JOURNAL FOR THE HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY was founded in 1970 and is the only journal devoted to the history of astronomy from earliest times to the present, and to history in the service of astronomy. Its subject matter extends to such allied fields as the history of the relevant branches of mathematics and physics, and the use of historical records in the service of astronomy.

72. Auriga Astronomy -History The history of Man in Space from Mercury to the Manned Lunar Landings Other Imagesunless otherwise credited are © Dave Buttery/Auriga astronomy 2002 Easynic http://www.auriga-astronomy.com/history.htm

The Night sky as depicted by the Ancient Egyptians, and how we still recognise many of the names and constellations they used. The tribes of ancient Africa as with many other civilisations used the night sky as a method of telling their stories, through which we can glimpse at their views of the world. The Night sky as we know it! although it was the ancient Greeks and Romans who drew the constellations we talk about. Our presenters will describe the stories and myths behind some of the best know constellations (Orion, Andromeda, The Bears etc). Also we will discuss the Roman views of the sky and the naming of the Planets. The History of Man in Space from Mercury to the Manned Lunar Landings is another interesting area. Not forgetting the Russian/Soviet's Early pioneering manned flights All our presentations can be tailor made to suit the age of your pupils from year 1 to 11 The scientific content of the shows increses steeply for years 8-11. We are happy (and encourage) prior discussions with your co-ordinators/heads in order to ensure you get the presentations YOU WANT!

73. Education Planet Science And Engineering,Physical Sciences,Astronomy,History Les 3. history of astronomy and Related Sciences A detailed web guide for the historyof astronomy, the history of Science and with many general history links. http://www.educationplanet.com/search/Science_and_Engineering/Physical_Sciences/

Search top educational sites, lessons, supplies and more! Membership Log In User Name: Password: Mar. 18, 2003 05:29 PST Education Planet - TelCom Services Teachers - Receive a second year of Lesson Planet for FREE! ... by choosing our Smart Saver Long Distance Program New Features! Lesson Plans e Learning Web Tools Grant Information ... Scholarship Research Center Top Site Archives Science Math Social Science Language Arts ... Lesson Plans Top Sites this Week Science: Science Teacher Stuff Math: Newton's Window Social Science: Women's History Month Language Arts: Online Poetry Classroom Project: Wired Safety - Internet Safety - Help - Education Lesson Plan: Emergency Planning - Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools Top Sites Archives Educational News Schools Get Terror Response Tools and Money Schools and Students Struggle with Prospect of War Court Strikes Down Law Intended to Keep Kids from Online Porn privacy Found websites and other resources for ' history. Lesson Plans Books Software Maps ... Videos More 'history' books Supplies Online Courses Category matches for: ' history Home/History History Topics (1) Home/History History Resources (80) Home/History History of Science (17) Home/Math History of Mathematics (43) Home/History/World History History by Region (2) Home/Science and Engineering History of Science (22) Home/History/United States History Labor History (16) Home/History/United States History Urban History (3) Home/History/United States History Women History (29) Home/History/United States History Military History (10) Home Science and Engineering Physical Sciences ... History Sponsored Links

74. Education Planet Science And Engineering,Physical Sciences,Astronomy,History,sta HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS Documents of Astronomical history Excerpts from the writings Anexcerpt from Plato's Republic dealing with astronomy Studying astronomy http://www.educationplanet.com/search/Science_and_Engineering/Physical_Sciences/

Search top educational sites, lessons, supplies and more! Membership Log In User Name: Password: Mar. 18, 2003 05:29 PST Education Planet - TelCom Services Teachers - Receive a second year of Lesson Planet for FREE! ... by choosing our Smart Saver Long Distance Program New Features! Lesson Plans e Learning Web Tools Grant Information ... Scholarship Research Center Top Site Archives Science Math Social Science Language Arts ... Lesson Plans Top Sites this Week Science: Science Teacher Stuff Math: Newton's Window Social Science: Women's History Month Language Arts: Online Poetry Classroom Project: Wired Safety - Internet Safety - Help - Education Lesson Plan: Emergency Planning - Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools Top Sites Archives Educational News Schools Get Terror Response Tools and Money Schools and Students Struggle with Prospect of War Court Strikes Down Law Intended to Keep Kids from Online Porn privacy Found websites and other resources for ' history. Lesson Plans Books Software Maps ... Videos More 'history' books Supplies Online Courses Category matches for: ' history Home/History History Topics (1) Home/History History Resources (80) Home/History History of Science (17) Home/Math History of Mathematics (43) Home/History/World History History by Region (2) Home/Science and Engineering History of Science (22) Home/History/United States History Labor History (16) Home/History/United States History Urban History (3) Home/History/United States History Women History (29) Home/History/United States History Military History (10) Home Science and Engineering Physical Sciences ... History Sponsored Links

75. ASTRONOMY/HISTORY/GENEALOGY http://members.tripod.com/~TSingh/Ts/framed.htm

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76. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: History Of Astronomy (History Of Science) Looking for the best facts and sites on history of astronomy? MIDDLE SCHOOL Science Science in the World history of Science history of astronomy. http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/Middle_School/S

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 History of Astronomy document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); GENERAL Ancient Astronomers Brief History of Cosmology Mathematical Discovery of Planets ... Contact Us

77. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: History Of Astronomy (History Of Science) Looking for the best facts and sites on history of astronomy? ELEMENTARY SCHOOL Science Science in the World history of Science history of astronomy. http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/Elementary/Scie

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 History of Astronomy document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); GENERAL Ancient Astronomers Mathematical Discovery of Planets Modern Astronomers ... Contact Us

78. The Society For The History Of Astronomy Has Moved Academic and popular topics, with a focus on Britain.Category Science astronomy history......The website of the Society For The history Of astronomy has moved to itsown domain. This page will automatically redirect in 5 seconds. http://www.historyofastronomy.fsworld.co.uk/

The website of the Society For The History Of Astronomy has moved to its own domain. This page will automatically redirect in 5 seconds. Please click on this link below if nothing happens: http://www.shastro.org.uk Also remember to update your favourites and bookmarks.

79. HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY IN ANCIENT INDIA Eclipse calculation, heliocentric theory, size of the world.Category Science astronomy history...... astronomy is one area which has fascinated all mankind from the beginningsof history. In India the first references to astronomy http://india.coolatlanta.com/GreatPages/sudheer/astro.html

You are watching India.CoolAtlanta.com -> Culture -> Sudheer Ancient India's Contribution to ASTRONOMY "In India I found a race of mortals living upon the Earth. but not adhering to it. Inhabiting cities, but not being fixed to them, possessing everything but possessed by nothing". - Apollonius Tyanaeus - Greek Thinker and Traveller 1st Century AD This temple was dedicated to Surya - the sun god Surya was referred to, in Vedic literature as the creator who himself revolves causing existence. Astronomy is one area which has fascinated all mankind from the beginnings of history. In India the first references to astronomy are to be found in the Rig Veda which is dated around 2000 B.C. Vedic Aryans in fact deified the Sun, Stars and Comets. Astronomy was then interwoven with astrology and since ancient times Indians have involved the planets (called Grahas) with the determination of human fortunes. The planets Shani, i.e. Saturn and Mangal i.e. Mars were considered inauspicious. Table of Contents Home Introduction Chapter 1: Production Technology and Mechanical Engineering Chapter 2 Shipbuilding and Navigation Chapter 3 Architecture and Civil Engineering Chapter 4 Mathematics You are currently viewing the Chapter 5 on Astronomy Chapter 6 Physics and Chemistry Chapter 7 Medical Science Chapter 8 Fine Arts Chapter 9 Sports and Games Chapter 10 Philosophy Chapter 11 Summing Up Glossary Sanskrit-English Glossary Next Book A Search for Our Present in History In the working out of horoscopes (called Janmakundali), the position of the Navagrahas, nine planets plus Rahu and Ketu (mythical demons, evil forces) was considered. The Janmakundali was a complex mixture of science and dogma. But the concept was born out of astronomical observations and perception based on astronomical phenomenon. In ancient times personalities like Aryabhatta and Varahamihira were associated with

80. Center For History Of Physics Home Page Has a mission to preserve and make known the history of modern physics and allied sciences including astronomy, geophysics and optics. http://www.aip.org/history/

A mission to preserve and make known the history of modern physics and allied fields including astronomy, geophysics, optics, and the like. General Information Newsletter (updated 11/14) Meetings Latest News Publications Friends of the Center ... History Center Site Index See award-winning exhibits Marie Curie Albert Einstein Discovery of the Electron ... Physicists (new!) Lawrence and the Cyclotron (new!) and much more Other science history links Awards and Web rings Click on Logo to Return to AIP Home Page One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740-3843 Email: aipinfo@aip.org Phone: 301-209-3100; Fax: 301-209-0843

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