81. LHEA: X-ray Astrophysics Branch Describes observations using balloons, rockets and satellites.Category Science astronomy history......Xray astronomy at Goddard Early history. Balloons. In 1965, at thesuggestion of Frank McDonald, Elihu Boldt initiated Goddard's http://lhea.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/xray/history.html

Code 662 Missions/Programs Research Areas Publications History ... Links Code 662 Search: LHEA Instrument Development X-ray X-ray Astronomy at Goddard: Early History Balloons In 1965, at the suggestion of Frank McDonald, Elihu Boldt initiated Goddard's program in X-ray astronomy with a series of balloon-borne experiments. At an early stage he was joined by Peter Serlemitsos, who had just completed his PhD space physics thesis on magnetospheric electrons, and by Guenter Riegler, a University of Maryland physics graduate student interested in doing his dissertation research in astrophysics. From 1965 to 1972 there were over a dozen balloon-borne experiments (mostly from New Mexico), including the first such to take place from Australia (1966), one in which hard X-ray emission was discovered (albeit with crude angular resolution) from a region towards the galactic center whose centroid is located among subsequently identified sources GX1+4, GX3+1, and GX5-1. A balloon-borne experiment in 1968 was based on the multi-anode multi-layer xenon gas proportional chamber that had recently been developed in our lab and represented the first use of such a high performance instrument for X-ray astronomy. Due to the attenuation of soft X-rays by the residual atmosphere at balloon altitudes these early experiments were restricted to energies above ~20 keV. Observations down to lower eneregies were begun with a series of high altitude sounding rocket experiments; by this stage Steve Holt had already joined the program. A 1972 rocket-borne observation of Cas A, the youngest supernova remnant in our galaxy, yielded the first detection of an X-ray spectral line, iron K-line emission at ~7 keV.

82. X-Ray-Astronomy-History Next Page Prev Page Index for this Section Contact information http://wwwastro.msfc.nasa.gov/research/open2000/ChandraMission/open14_X-Ray-Astr

Next Page Prev Page Index for this Section Contact information Next Page Prev Page Index for this Section Contact information

83. A Brief History Of High-Energy Astronomy contributions to this page Jesse S. Allen, and Ian M. George along with JPL's SpaceCalendar and the Working Group for the history of astronomy's Astronomiae http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/headates/heahistory.html

Skip navigation and go to page content -Archive Interfaces- Argus: proposal info Astrobrowse: worldwide catalog search Browse: search HEASARC archives SkyMorph: search variable objects SkyView: virtual observatory CalDB: Calibration database Coord Converter Date Converter Energy Converter FITS: standard data format FITSIO: FITS subroutine library FTOOLS: general s/w for FITS files fV: FITS file editor nH: Column Density RPS proposal submission RXTE ASM weather map Time Converter TIPTOPbase: atomic data Viewing: possible obs times WebPIMMS: flux/cnt converter WebSpec: spectral sims X-ray Background Tool Xanadu: data analysis suite X-ray, Gamma-ray, EUV Source Finder xTime: RXTE time converter HEASARC Resources/Education -Resources/Education- Contact Info APOD: Astronomy Picture of the Day Ask an Astronomer Bibliography HEASARC Pict of the Week History of High-Energy Astronomy Images, Spectra, Light curves Imagine the Universe! Legacy Journal Meetings Resources Staff StarChild (K-8 EPO) Tour the site WebStars: gen. astronomy info/news What's New Search the HEASARC site: A Brief History of High-Energy Astronomy The following is a list of many important dates in the history of high-energy astrophysics and astronomy, with particular emphasis on those related to space-based observatories with X-ray and gamma-ray instruments on board designed to observe cosmic (i.e., non-solar) sources. Wherever possible, links are included to the appropriate WWW pages giving further details. A

84. History Of Astronomy Gene Smith's astronomy Tutorial A Brief history of astronomy, astronomy is theoldest of the sciences. history of astronomy Archaeoastronomy Links. http://casswww.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/History.html

University of California, San Diego Gene Smith's Astronomy Tutorial A Brief History of Astronomy Astronomy is the oldest of the sciences. When Stoneage humans turned to an agrarian way of life and began to settle into communities, their interest must naturally have turned to the "heavens": The seasons became important; during different times of the year, different stellar patterns appear in the sky. In the spring, Virgo and her accompanying constellations signal the time to prepare the earth, to plant crops, and to be wary of floods. In the fall, Orion rises to indicate time to harvest and to prepare for winter. The approximate equivalence of the human menstrual cycle and the 30 day orbital period of the Moon which produces lunar phases led to the belief that the heavens, and the Moon in particular, were related to fertility. (What is the Moon's phase right now To early humans facing an uncertain and changeable future, the constancy of the heavens must have suggested perfection and certainly led to deification in many cultures. We may expect that eclipses would have been especially frightening to early humans. After predicting the seasons, eclipse prediction may have been one of the earliest astronomical activities.

85. Biennial History Of Astronomy Workshops Workshops at Notre Dame, papers presented, abstracts, group pictures of attendees.Category Science astronomy history......Find out about the Sixth Biennial history of astronomy Workshop onthe NDVI page. Welcome to the web page for the Biennial history http://www.nd.edu/~histast4/

Find out about the Sixth Biennial History of Astronomy Workshop on the NDVI page Welcome to the web page for the Biennial History of Astronomy Workshops held at the University of Notre Dame. On this site, you'll find some history of the workshops, archival information from the previous four workshops, web links, and other information. For a description of each section shown on the right, see below, or click on the words to go to that section. History of the Workshops through Pictures History of the Workshops through Programs Exhibits Links NDVI Information History of the Workshops through Pictures In this section, you'll find pictures from past workshops. History of the Workshops through Programs In this section, you'll find programs from past workshops, including abstracts where available. Exhibits Here we will feature full-length papers from past workshops and keep an archive of syllabi from history of astronomy classes taught by participants of the workshops. Links We include links to web sites relevant to the workshops.

86. EMAG> Under The Western Sky... A Webzine For Astronomy, History, Weather, Outdoo EMAG Under the Western Sky A Webzine for astronomy, history, Weather,Outdoors Sent Friday, July 24, 1998 1042 AM From rdevan@rtd1.com http://scout.wisc.edu/addserv/NH/98-07/98-07-24/0015.html

Sent: Friday, July 24, 1998 10:42 AM From: rdevan@rtd1.com http://www.rtd1.com/westernsky/index.html A monthly webzine of Astronomy, History, Weather, and the Outdoors for the Western U.S, plus many links to astronomy and Western resources on the Net. Includes a printable Night Sights calendar of celestial happenings. Newly redesigned for easier readability. Richard T. De Van Salt Lake City, Utah rdevan@rtd1.com

87. Astronomy & Astrology - Astronomy, History Of history of astronomy. I. Introduction. astronomy, history of, history of the sciencethat deals with all the celestial bodies in the universe. http://www.angelfire.com/realm/shades/horoscopes/aastronomyhist.htm

Index Shades A-Z Index Horoscopes Sources ... Guestbook History of Astronomy I. Introduction Astronomy, History of, history of the science that deals with all the celestial bodies in the universe . Astronomy includes the study of planets and their satellites comets and meteors stars and interstellar matter , star systems known as galaxies , and clusters of galaxies . The field of astronomy has developed from simple observations about the movement of the Sun and Moon into sophisticated theories about the nature of the universe. See also Astronomy II. Ancient Origins The curiosity of ancient peoples about day and night and the Sun, Moon, and stars led eventually to observations that the heavenly bodies appear to move in a regular manner. This movement proved to be useful in defining time, location, and directions on Earth . Astronomy grew out of problems originating with the first civilizations. Ancient peoples needed to establish the proper times for planting and harvesting crops and for religious celebrations. The movement of celestial bodies helped them keep track of time and helped them find bearings on long trading journeys or voyages.

88. Science/Astronomy/History Kaiser (18081872) and the modernisation of Dutch astronomy; The Lost Letters of JC Kapteyn (1851-1922); Many history of astronomy and history of science http://www.science-and-research.com/Science/Astronomy/History/

Search: Welcome to the science-and-research.com search portal. Here you will find numerous research and educational resources associated with the field of science. Whether you are a parent, teacher, student, engineer, scientist, mathematician or simply a science lover, science-and-research.com has content that matches your specific interests. We recognize that science is an expansive topic that embraces many areas including education, research, and development. Therefore we have strategically designed our search portal for ease of navigation. Organized by category, you may navigate through broad categories, from wide-ranging scientific information to specific content on selected topics. In addition, you may opt to use our intelligent search feature if you have a specific science-related query. Science Astronomy History Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar History of Astronomy This is the "official" history of astronomy page on the web. It is an extensive resource to the field. URL: http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/astoria.html

89. History Of Astronomy Pages Frederik Kaiser (1808-1872) and the professionalisation of Dutch astronomy; The "Lost Letters" Category Science astronomy history......history of astronomy Pages. F. Kaiser (18081872) To my collection of historyof astronomy Links. home Petra van der Heijden heijden@strw.leidenuniv.nl http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~heijden/history.html

History of Astronomy Pages F. Kaiser (1808-1872) Frederik Kaiser and the modernisation of Dutch 19th C. astronomy J.C. Kapteyn (1851-1922) A search for the correspondence of the astronomer J.C. Kapteyn To my collection of History of Astronomy Links Petra van der Heijden heijden@strw.leidenuniv.nl Last modified: Mon May 27 17:48:40 2002 A short history of Leiden Observatory

90. Index Of /History Similar pages Laboratory of Astrometry and Chair of astronomy history and Saint Petersburg State University. Astronomical Institute. Laboratory of Astrometryand Chair of astronomy. history and Present. The Laboratory at Present. http://www.w3.org/hypertext/DataSources/bySubject/astro/astrohistory.html

Index of /History Name Last modified Size Description ... Parent Directory 18-Mar-2003 12:33 - ,age.n3 22-Mar-2002 01:24 0k 18-Nov-1999 20:25 - 23-May-2002 00:58 - 20-Jun-2001 14:26 - 12-Jan-1997 15:23 - 1991-WWW-NeXT/ 01-Nov-2000 02:28 - 12-Jan-1997 15:23 - 24-Feb-1997 16:01 - 19921103-hypertext/ 28-Sep-1999 21:00 - 23-Jul-1997 16:51 - 1994-plot/ 21-Jan-1997 22:56 - 12-Jan-1997 15:23 - 12-Jan-1997 15:23 - 15-Oct-1997 23:25 - 23-Nov-1999 10:18 - old/ 04-Feb-1997 16:05 -

91. Astronomy Articles, Forums, Listings, And Other Resources About Astronomy. Resources, searchable forums and searchable lists of organizations providing astronomy services. http://www.astronomy.net/

The Astronomy Net Articles AstroGuide Astro Images Calendar ... Support the Astronomy Net Home Search: All of Astronomy Net The AstroGuide Astronomy Articles All Forums Astrophotography Amateur Telescope Making CCD Equipment Blackholes - Theories, Discussion, etc. Blackholes II Celestron User Group Discussion Forum Domes - Portable, fixed, etc. Eyepieces for telescopes General Interest and Misc Topics God and Science Discussion Meade User Group Discussion Forum Software for Astronomy UFO findings and discussion XEphem User Group discussion forum Report Shuttle debris you find here W elcome to the Astronomy Net. Here you can find resouces to help understand perhaps the grandest of all sciences. Employing widely disparate disciplines astronomy boldly attempts to understand nothing less than the universe itself. This site exists to help you achieve this goal. Here is a breakdown of this site. The AstroGuide This site includes lists of manufacturers, vendors, software, etc. organized in the AstroGuide to help when you are looking to purchase your tools. Login to help us verify the links. Astronomy News The popular Astronomy News sections organizes current and past astronomy news headlines for your convenience. Login for more features.

92. 2003 PACS // Journal Of The American Physical Society Hierarchical numbering scheme, developed by the American Institute of Physics, used to identify fields and subfields of physics. http://publish.aps.org/PACS/

Physical Review since 1975 to identify fields and sub-fields of physics. (PACS codes from the Acoustics Appendix are not included in some of the formats listed below.) The 2003 PACS scheme is provided in various formats: Hierarchical scheme, and search of PACS scheme Listing of scheme in HTML PDF ASCII Alphabetic index ... Special Edition (HTML, with mapping instructions for the deleted 2001 PACS codes) Extended text version (description of each code reworded to be fully explanatory as a stand-alone description) List of new and modified categories in 2003 PACS scheme General Information If you are new to the PACS scheme, or would like further information, it is available here at AIP If you have comments about the PACS scheme, or want to suggest changes or point out errors, please use the feedback form 2001 PACS 1999 PACS 1998 PACS ... APS Journals

93. Amherst Astronomy Association, Astronomy Clubs, Massachusetts, Astronomy, Amhers Conducts free astronomy programs open to the public. Located in Amherst, Massachusetts. http://www.amastro.org

A M H E R S T A S T R O N O M Y A S S O C I A T I O N NON-PROFIT PUBLIC-SERVICE for ASTRONOMY - SCIENCE - EDUCATION President - Tom Whitney 413-256-6234 1403 South East ST, Amherst, MA 01002-3031 CALENDAR Location MAPS ABOUT JOIN ... Amherst SOLAR Observing 1 pm SATURDAY Apr-Nov Northampton SOLAR Observing 3 pm SATURDAY Apr-Oct PLANETARIUM Shows 4 pm SATURDAY Sep-Apr OBSERVATORY Observing 9 pm SATURDAY Mar-Dec Mt. Pollux SUNSET Observing Sunset SUNDAY Apr-Nov F R E E P U B L I C E V E N T S Astronomy Day Comet Crescent Moon ... ASTRONOMY CLASSES 7 pm, 1st-3rd-5th FRIDAYS C L U B P R O G R A M S MEETINGS OBSERVING NEWS ... Astronomy Association Law Site - Attorney Tom Whitney

94. Space And Astronomy - Refdesk.com Provides a space and astronomy related directory. http://www.refdesk.com/space.html

Search Net Facts Subject Index Facts Encyclopedia Newspapers USA/World ... HOME Search the Web Search Tips Help Support Refdesk FACTS ENCYCLOPEDIA SPACE AND ASTRONOMY Top of Page A Space Library "Welcome to a space library, a NASA/JPL/Caltech spyglass on the cosmos. Here you will find a mixture of space-related images and programs which will help you visualize the Solar System and NASA space missions using computer graphics." A Virtual Tour of the Sun Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum Asteroids and Comets - Current information from NASA. Astrobiology at NASA - Site offers the latest astrobiology news, an introduction to and overview of the study of astrobiology, discussions on the technologies used and future missions, workshop links, educational resources, and an 'Ask an Astrobiologist' feature. Astronomy Magazine - updated every week with astronomy news. Astronomy - Courtesy of Yahoo Astronomer Magazine, The Astronomy Picture of the Day Astronomy Today - "Here at Astronomy Today you'll find lots of articles on astronomy, cosmology, space exploration plus regularly updated space news and a monthly sky guide." Astronomy Unbound - An electronic book at School and Undergraduate University level for those who may be taking courses and particularily for anyone with a general interest in astronomy. The contents start on this page from which there are hyper-text links to contributions on Servers world-wide.

95. Department Of Physics And Astronomy, Cardiff University Includes information about the department, admissions, teaching, research, and local resources. http://www.astro.cf.ac.uk/

The Department Contacts Staff List Directions ... OBSERVATORY NEWS We have recently acquired two new instruments: A 3-m radio telescope has been purchased with a 21-cm receiver system for observing atomic Hydrogen. With this telescope we can observe the Hydrogen that exists in the space between the stars known as the interstellar medium. It allows us to study the amount of Hydrogen and its velocity, permitting measurements to be made of the rotation of our Galaxy. In this way we can see the large-scale structure of the Galaxy. The picture shows some of the team, including undergraduate student Luke Woolfenden, during the telescope assembly. The telescope is used by the students of Cardiff University, as well as by members of the Cardiff Astronomical Society. It is also available for viewing by school parties and members of the public during University Open Days. An H-alpha filter is now being used in conjunction with the Meade telescope for solar astronomy. With this filter we can take images of the Sun to examine details such as sunspots, solar flares and prominences. In this way we can study the energetics of the Sun. This image was taken by Cardiff students Danielle Moakes and Alex Nichols through the H-alpha filter on the afternoon of 2002 October 10th. It shows a very clear solar prominence visible on the limb of the Sun. There is a vertical column at one end of the prominence and a huge arch connecting the top of the column to the sun's surface. The scale of this image is such that the Earth would fit underneath the arch!

96. Astronomy Forum and chat for discussing astronomy. http://killdevilhill.com/astronomychat/wwwboard.html

Astronomy Free Discussion Forum Open Source CMS Renaissance Postnuke Hosting Gallery Hosting ... Dedicated Hosting Ahoy mate! Welcome to the new Astronomy campfire forum! Here's the old Astronomy campfire. Click on "New Topic" below to start a new topic. Tell a friend about this page. Forum List Go to Top New Topic ... Older Messages Topics Author Date Stars in Crux new rebecca webmaster please delete my topics new casper Re: webmaster please delete my topics new Astroman come_and_see_me at my_website new CASPER come_and_see_me at my_website new CASPER wickedrecords2003@yahoo.com new CASPER Wickedrecords2003@yahoo.com new CASPER CheckOut My New Web-Site! new blobrana questions new Juan Re: questions new Astroman Human Intelligence Amplification Management new Renato L. Porchetta Off topic. new Astroman space debris new Re: space debris new Astroman Reach for the Astro-space new Andrew Re: Reach for the Astro-space new Lapis Re: Reach for the Astro-space new teendeepu@yahoo.co.in Re: Reach for the Astro-space new Astroman Re: Reach for the Astro-space new vv8vv@mail.bg Re: Reach for the Astro-space new vv8vv@mail.bg

97. Careers In Life Science Information For Students Links to sites offering information about various science careers, mostly in the life sciences, but also including astronomy. http://www.the-aps.org/education/k-12misc/careers.htm

Careers in Life Science Information for Elementary, Middle, and High School Students Physiology What is Physiology? Check out this online brochure to find out what physiology is and what physiologists do. http://www.the-aps.org/careers/careers1/middlehigh/mbroch.htm Comparative Physiology and BioChemistry http://www.sicb.org/cib/biochem.html All Kinds of Scientists! Careers of real people doing science on the job. - Check out this site at NIH, for interviews with scientists of all areas of study, from immunology - to neuropathology - to oncology - to Genetics Agricultural Science Agricultural scientists study farm crops and animals and develop ways of improving their quantity and quality - and use principles of biology, chemistry, physics, math, and other sciences in their jobs. Visit this site to find out more about careers in agriculture. http://stats.bls.gov/oco/ocos046.htm#nature Anthropology Work in a museum, in a zoo, in forensics! http://www.nku.edu/~anthro/careers.html

98. Department Of Physics And Astronomy At University Of Pennsylvania Includes a list of staff, information on the teaching program and internship opportunities, as well as its activities. http://dept.physics.upenn.edu/

Department Directory Job openings: CM HEP astro News: Ray wins Nobel Prize! Academic Year Calendar Undergraduate Educational Programs Undergraduate Labs ... Graduate Brochure Courses for Summer-03 Spring-03 Fall-02 Summer-02 ... Spring-02 , and Fall-01 ACTIVITIES ETC. Seminars and Colloquia Penn Summer Science Academy 2003 Women Interested in Studying Physics Observatory ... General Information Condensed Matter Physics Overview Quantum CM Theory Mesoscopics Soft Physics High Energy Physics Overview Theory Math/Physics Group Experiment ... People Computing Overview Cluster Project Resources Send comments to webster Last modified Tuesday, 18-Mar-2003 08:30:14 EST by MT. hits since May 2002.

99. Huachuca Astronomy Club Home Page Lives under the dark skies of Southeastern Arizona. Provides information on all aspects of astronomy. http://c3po.cochise.cc.az.us/astro/

Updated: 11-Mar-2003 HOME Calendar of Events 2003 Officers Members ... Updates You are esteemed visitor since May 18, 2000 Contact Us At: email: Huachuca Astronomy Club Mailing Address: 2310 E. Suma Drive Sierra Vista, AZ 85650 President: Frank Zizza Webmaster: Doug Snyder ** 2003 - Welcome to the Huachuca Astronomy Club - 2003** Thank You for visiting our web site and having an interest about our club! We welcome everyone, at any level of experience, who share our interest in astronomy and all the wonders and diversity it offers. Our dark sky home base is in southeastern Arizona. Here on our web site, we offer more information on our members, our telescopes and observatories, our projects, local astronomy events, and many resources available here in SE Arizona . We invite you to join in and become a member of the best amateur astronomy club in Arizona! New or Recent Late Breaking HAC News Telescopes For Telethon 2003 300+ folks attending, 15 telescopes, 24 volunteers, $765 donated.

100. Space Projects - Space Information - Space Shop Offers a collection of popularized material on space projects and astronomy. Includes forums and merchandising. http://www.aerospaceguide.net/

Aerospaceguide.net: Space Projects and Info SECTIONS Aircraft Business Exploration Future ... History Home Page Launch Vehicles Links Military Miscellaneous ... World SOLAR SYSTEM Asteroid Belt Earth Jupiter Mars ... Venus Search Engines Options Contact Info Newsletter Update News My Web Sites Shopping Guide Vic Stathopoulos Serge Music TheVilliage ... Area-51 About Find Out about All The Facilities Available. SITEMAP Navigate Around ASG. Space Poll: Have you experienced AeroSpaceGuide's Space Shop ? Click Poll to vote now! Visit the Spacestore.com for cool NASA gifts. Use our special code "aeroguide" for 10% discount. What went Beep! Beep! and started the Space Race? Read about Sputnik 1 - First Artificial Satellite in Space Updated Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster : Leave your feelings and thoughts in our Space Projects Club Space Shuttle Merchandise New N-1 and Space Kids Hubble Space Telescope Automated Transfer Vehicle New Astronomy Book and Space Shutle Books Ascender Spaceplane Sp ace Shop Explore our Space Shop.

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