61. EPA: Pesticides - Ecological Risk Assessments for registration in the United states, the manufacturer If the risk assessment indicatesa high likelihood of we may require additional testing, require that http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/ecosystem/ecorisk.htm

Pesticides: Environmental Effects Recent Additions Contact Us Print Version Search: EPA Home Pesticides Environmental Effects Endangered Species ... Related Information Ecological Risk Assessments Quick Resources Initiative to Revise the Ecological Assessment Process Ecological Assessment of Nine Rodenticides EPA conducts ecological risk assessments to determine what risks are posed by a pesticide and whether changes to the use or proposed use are necessary to protect the environment. Many plant and wildlife species can be found near or in cities, agricultural fields, and recreational areas. Before allowing a pesticide product to be sold on the market, we ensure that the pesticide will not pose any unreasonable risks to wildlife and the environment. We do this by evaluating data submitted in support of registration regarding the potential hazard that a pesticide may pose to non-target fish and wildlife species. The following are some answers to frequently asked questions about the way we evaluate ecological risk. What is an Ecological Risk Assessment?

62. NAESP - Principals' Perspective - It's Testing Time Again Commission on Instructionally Supportive assessment proposed in nine recommendationsfor states to design for Educational and Psychological testing and similar http://www.naesp.org/misc/edweek_article_5-08-02.htm

National Association of Elementary School Principals Serving All Elementary and Middle Level Principals Home Members Only What's New Site Map ... Jobs Principals' Perspective Vincent L. Ferrandino, Executive Director, NAESP Gerald N. Tirozzi, Executive Director, NASSP It's Testing Time Again Virtually every school and student in the nation is gearing up for testing right now. Principals stay close to home and teachers are doing their last-minute drilling. For students these test results may affect grade promotion or even graduation. For schools and districts, they may cause rewards or punishments. The recent passage of the president's No Child Left Behind legislation as part of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) reauthorization has many states, districts, and schools confused, some worried, some even angry. The major concern is with the framers' emphasis on annual testing for grades 3-8 with a one-time test during the 10-12 gradespan as the primary basis for school improvement. Using the allocation of federal dollars to hold schools accountable for the results of those tests is troubling, especially to those states that have already developed standards and assessments that may meet the requirements of ESEA. Of course we believe that students should be tested on a regular basis to analyze what they have or have not learned. Teachers can use the data to develop effective strategies to address individual students' academic weaknesses and build upon students' strengths. Assessment practices such as this use the data, not the "score," giving educators an impetus to prepare, plan, and focus on student success. Simply stated, the purpose of testing is to inform instruction. Test results should be used as diagnostic tools to improve teaching and learning.

63. NPIN Virtual Library. What Does "Testing For Results" Mean For Parents? What Should Parents Know about Standardized testing in Schools? states'assessment Programs http//ericae.net/faqs/states/states.htm. http://npin.org/library/2002/n00620/n00620.html

Virtual Library This article is provided courtesy of the ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education What does "Testing for Results" mean for parents? Satellite Town Meeting Video Webcast " Testing for Results: Using Assessment to Measure Effectiveness and Drive Instruction " originally broadcast live on Tuesday, January 15, 2002 is available at http://www.connectlive.com/events/edtownmeetings/ Our mission at the National Parent Information Network is to provide easy access to research-based information on family involvement in education and other topics that are important to parents. Throughout the year, but particularly in the spring and fall when decisions are made about classroom placement, we get many questions from parents about standardized tests and how those tests affect their child's placement. Parents often worry that a child who performs poorly on a standardized test, but who is otherwise doing well, may be retained in grade or prevented from taking challenging courses because of a test score. On the other hand, a pattern of poor test scores may indicate that the child is struggling in a specific academic area and would benefit from additional attention in those areas. Helping parents understand how standardized tests can be interpreted and used to help their child is part of the Testing for Results program. Testing for Results also focuses on school- and district-wide performance in key academic areas. The purpose is to help educators identify areas in which students may be struggling and to help teachers learn new teaching methods that will enhance academic success for all students. The Testing for Results program also encourages parents to become involved with school- and district-wide activities that support the academic success of their children's school. For example, parents can serve on school committees that support programs designed to meet the needs of the children in their community such as after-school tutoring or homework support.

64. Testing: Frequently Asked Questions -- No Child Left Behind Behind doesn't require annual statewide testing of other Many states began this processyears ago using What is the National assessment of Educational Progress http://www.nclb.gov/next/faqs/testing.html

Search: What to Know Welcome Letter Introduction Frequently Asked Questions ... Stats and Graphs More details on No Child Left Behind Policy and Legislation Read or subscribe to our newsletter State Information Contact Us Use these banners to link to NoChildLeftBehind.gov. Frequently Asked Questions and Answers for Families and Communities Testing What effect will testing have on my child Will the results of my child's test be private? Some people say that testing will make teachers "teach to the test." Are those people right? Will testing help teachers? ... What is the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), and what is its purpose? What effect will testing have on my child? For some parents, testing causes stress and anxiety. But in reality, children have always been assessed throughout the year to ensure they know the academic content taught in the classroom. Testing once a year using a standardized test gives an independent insight into the school's progress in order to ensure that your child isn't left behind or trapped in a failing school before it is too late to face the real tests in life. Handled by the school, testing becomes a normal, expected way of assessing whether curriculum has been taught. Will the results of my child's test be private?

65. Office Skills Testing Software By OPAC Testing Software PC and office skills assessment software developed with the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Category Computers Software Human Resources testing and Evaluation...... 10Key, data entry, keyboarding, filing, and personality assessment. to download theOPAC testing Software keyboarding Corporation in the United states and/or http://www.opac.com/

var code = " "; document.write(code); Office Skills Testing and Clerical Skills Testing Now equipped with PowerPoint and Intermediate Excel skills tests. Call 800.999.0438 to talk to your account manager about getting your complimentary, no-risk 30-day evaluation of The OPAC System (tell them you heard about it on the OPAC website) . Or completely fill out the online information request form Click here to read what current clients are saying about The OPAC System Electronic versions of OPAC product literature are available for download Click HERE to download the OPAC Testing Software keyboarding test! Call your OPAC Account Manager today at 800.999.0438 Microsoft and the Microsoft Office User Specialist logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. OPAC Testing Software is independent from Microsoft Corporation, and not affiliated with Microsoft in any manner. Components of this product may be used in assisting students to prepare for a Microsoft Office User Specialist Exam. Neither Microsoft, its designated review company, nor OPAC Testing Software warrants that use of this product will ensure passing the relevant exam.

66. WestEd - Partnership For The Assessment Of Standards-based Science (PASS) Science assessment includes all administration and testing materials; training Customizedassessment PASS also contracts with states, districts, and http://www.wested.org/cs/wew/view/pj/278

Partnership for the Assessment of Standards-based Science (PASS) The Partnership for the Assessment of Standards-based Science (PASS) is a collaboration between science educators, scientists, measurement specialists, and testing contractors, working together to develop, implement, and sustain standards-based science assessment. Based on the efforts of the California Systemic Initiatives Assessment Collaborative (CSIAC) — a project previously funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) — PASS develops and administers standards-based science assessments, as well as related services and products, to schools, districts, science reform projects, and states throughout the nation. PASS provides a way for educators to determine whether their students and schools are making meaningful progress toward science literacy. Since 1996, PASS Science Assessments have been used successfully in 18 states and Puerto Rico, in over 300 districts, and with more than 200,000 students. They are standards-based, valid and reliable, thoroughly tested, and reasonably priced. PASS assessments are available at the elementary, middle, and secondary levels. The PASS assessments are based on thorough research and are aligned to both the NAS/NRC National Science Education Standards and to the AAAS/Project 2061 Benchmarks for Science Literacy.

67. Citations In The European Community Lesson For The United states. Kulm, S. Malcom, M. (Ed.),Science assessment in the National testing Lessons for America from Europe http://wwwcsteep.bc.edu/CTESTWEB/citations.html

References on the effects of national tests: From Boston College: Madaus, G. F. (1988). The influence of testing on the curriculum. In L. Tanner (Ed.), Critical Issues in Curriculum. (pp. 83-121). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Haney, W., Madaus, G. F. (1991). Cautions on the future of NAEP: Arguments against using NAEP tests and data reporting below the state level. National Academy of Education Panel Report on the 1990 trail. Kellaghan, T., Madaus, G.F. (1995). National curricula in European countries. In E. E. Eisner (Ed.), Hidden consequences of a national curriculum. (pp. 79-118). Washington, D.C.: American Educational Research Association. Kellaghan, T., Madaus, G. F., Raczek, A. (1996). The use of external examinations to improve student motivation. Washington, D.C.: American Educational Research Association. Koretz, D. M., Madaus, G. F., Haertel, E., Beaton, A. (1992). Statement before the Subcommittee on Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education Committee on Education and Labor U.S. House of Representatives, February 19,1992. Kreitzer, A., Madaus, G. F. (1995). The test driven curriculum. In D. Tanner, J. W. Keefe (Ed.), Curriculum issues and the new century. (pp. 23-38). Reston, Virginia: National Association of Secondary School Principals.

68. CSTEEP Boston College center, generally critical of standardized testing, housing several research projects, Category Society Issues Education Standardized testing...... with individual schools, districts, states, as well countries to advance educationaltesting practices and measurement, largescale assessment, evaluation, and http://wwwcsteep.bc.edu/

WHAT IS CSTEEP? The Center for the Study of Testing, Evaluation, and Educational Policy (CSTEEP) is an educational research organization located at Boston College in the School of Education. Since its inception in 1980, CSTEEP has conducted research on: testing, evaluation, and public policy studies to improve school assessment practices and international comparative research. CSTEEP conducts its work on both small and large scales, working with individual schools, districts, states, as well as countries to advance educational testing practices and policy, and to improve the quality and fairness of education. CSTEEP's professional staff includes nationally and internationally recognized experts in educational measurement, large-scale assessment, evaluation, and policy issues. In addition, CSTEEP's staff includes faculty from the Graduate School of Education's Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation program. CSTEEP Campion Hall Boston College Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 (617)552-4521 phone (617)552-8419 fax To report problems with the site: tccsteep@bc.edu

69. Issues In Accountability And Assessment For Adult ESL Instruction program design and staff development are needed to ensure that assessment tools are Asmentioned above, some programs and states are posttesting too soon http://www.cal.org/ncle/digests/accountQA.htm

February 2002 See also the NCLE Resource Collection: Assessment and Evaluation in Adult ESL and other ERIC Digests on assessment Issues in Accountability and Assessment for Adult ESL Instruction by Carol Van Duzer National Center for ESL Literacy Education (NCLE) Throughout the 1990s, legislation increasingly required programs receiving federal funding to be more accountable for what they do. For adult education, these requirements have intensified the debate among practitioners, researchers, and policy makers as to what constitutes success and how to measure it. At the same time, the number of English language learners enrolled in adult education programs has been growing, particularly in areas of the country that have not previously seen many immigrants (Pugsley, 2001). New programs are being established to meet the demand for English as a second language (ESL) instruction, and existing programs are expanding. What does legislation require? The Adult Education and Family Literacy Act (Title II of the Workforce Investment Act [WIA] of 1998) requires each state to negotiate target levels of performance with the U.S. Department of Education (ED) for three core indicators: demonstrated improvements in skill levels in reading, writing, and speaking the English language, numeracy, problem solving, English language acquisition, and other literacy skills;

70. Assessment Portfolios CA National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student testing. Thestatus of state student assessment programs in the United states. http://www.cal.org/ericcll/digest/0010assessment.html

Digest EDO-FL-00-01 See also our Resource Guide Online: Second Language Proficiency Assessment and other ERIC Digests on assessment Assessment Portfolios: Including English Language Learners in Large-Scale Assessments The current school reform effort emphasizes the need to improve the education of all students. Assessing the academic achievement of every student is an essential part of this reform, but one that presents a challenge for most schools, school districts, and states (North Central Regional Educational Laboratory and Council of Chief State School Officers, 1996). Traditional assessment practices in many states and school districts have tended to exclude students who are learning English as a second language. As a consequence, many English language learners (ELLs) are denied access to important educational opportunities that are based on assessment results. This digest focuses on one type of assessment system, assessment portfolios, and discusses the advantages and challenges of using an assessment portfolio system that includes ELLs as a district-wide assessment tool. What Is an Assessment Portfolio?

71. Insights On Education Policy, Practice, And Research -- August 2000 standards, states have developed new assessment systems, or At one time, many statesdropped multiple testing experts believe these assessments provide a more http://www.sedl.org/policy/insights/n11/2.html

How High Is Too High? One consequence of higher standards has been low student test scores. Low scores on state mandated tests are setting off policy debates about "How high is too high?" Massachusetts, New York, and Virginia are a few of the states exploring options for dealing with poor performance. Such options include lowering the passing bar or postponing consequences for schools and students until other parts of the system, such as professional development and mechanisms for providing extra help to low-achieving students, are in place. In his State of American Education address in February, U.S. Secretary of Education Richard W. Riley reminded listeners, "Setting high expectations does not mean setting them so high that they are unreasonable except for a very few." Achieving high standards is the essence of accountability. To measure how well schools and students are meeting high standards, states have developed new assessment systems, or are refining existing systems, to align with the standards. Student scores on these assessments have become the number one indicator of district, school, teacher, and student achievement. Quality Counts

72. Middle School Assessment And Evaluation that monitors testing in the United states. the uses and outcomes of educational testingfor decision State assessment as Political Spectacle This fascinating http://www.middleweb.com/ContntAssess.html

Using Data to Close the Achievement Gap The achievement gap that separates low-income and minority youngsters from other young Americans is widening again, says Education Trust president Kati Haycock, and "if we don't get the numbers out on the table and talk about them, we're never going to close the gap once and for all." But in this article in Educational Leadership (March 2001), Haycock worries "about how many people head into discussions without accurate data. And I worry even more about how many education leaders have antiquated-and downright wrong-notions about the whys beneath the achievement gap." Standards-Based Report Cards in Middle School One of the best information sets we've seen on the Web about the use of standards-based report cards in the middle grades. Test Data Teachers Would Love To Have "Imagine," says this article in Principal Leadership (January 2001), that "teachers in your school receive a report on their students three times a year, an analysis of each student's reading, writing, and math skills." What's more, the school-developed assessments "would be scored against rubrics the staff has written using state standards and the school's expectations for good work. The result: reliable, comparable, timely assessment data that can really improve instruction tomorrow in their classrooms and across the school." Student Self-Assessment: Making Standards Come Alive Incorporating a standards-based approach to teaching and learning can be a creative and enriching endeavor. What's one key approach? Ask students to assess their own work. This article at ASCD's Classroom On-Line newsletter describes a high school self-assessment project that may inspire middle grades educators as well.

73. EdPolicy.org Research Center - Testing in Low, Medium-, and High-Stakes states - National Board on Educational Testingand Public Policy The Impact of Instructional assessment on Elementary http://www.edpolicy.org/research/testing/

"Promoting Teacher Quality" AACTE Web This page focuses on research and news on Testing at the national and state level. As states implement the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 , more than ever state and national policymakers are relying on large-scale tests to make high-stakes decisions about students and schools. In this environment, it’s critical that policymakers, reporters, parents, and others understand both the strengths and limitations of tests. Research "Perceived Effects of State-Mandated Testing Programs on Teaching and Learning: Findings from a National Survey of Teachers" - National Board on Educational Testing and Public Policy at Boston College (Mar 2003). Summary: Teachers in places with high-stakes tests such as Massachusetts feel more pressure, spend less time on subjects not covered by the test, and believe the exams leave high school students feeling demoralized. "Perceived Effects of State-Mandated Testing Programs on Teaching and Learning: Findings from Interviews with Educators in Low-, Medium-, and High-Stakes States" - National Board on Educational Testing and Public Policy at Boston College (Mar 2003). Summary: Teachers in places with high-stakes tests such as Massachusetts feel more pressure, spend less time on subjects not covered by the test, and believe the exams leave high school students feeling demoralized.

74. Language Testing & Student Assessment (Ohio ESL) Reform Efforts, Research Support, Resources for Internet Searching, Software ResourcesOnline, states' Info Sources Papers on testing student assessment. http://www.ohiou.edu/esl/teacher/testing.html

Ohio University Ohio ESL Teachers Contact John McVicker ( mcvicker@ohiou.edu ) to suggest additional testing resources. Language testing Student assessment Papers English language tests (our page for students) Internet searches Ohio University Ohio ESL Teachers ... Resources in Language Testing Resources for testing and evaluation, from the University of Surrey; includes a Language Tester's Guide to Cyberspace Language Testing Links to tests of English and other languages; resources; organizations and universities; mailing lists; and publications from Kenji Kitao and S. Kathleen Kitao, Doshisha University The Universal ELT EFL ESL EAL LEP ESOL Scales and Tests Chart Mapping Project "an open project to map the full range of English language proficiency scales and tests from around the world" Research projects CAL: Language Testing from the Center for Applied Linguistics Foreign Language Performance Assessment from NFLRC, U of Hawaii Second Language Assessment Page Projects from the U of Minnesota, home of the Minnesota Language Proficiency Assessments (

75. Standards, Testing & Accountability Reports, essays, and links from organization generally supportive of raising standards and measuring Category Society Issues Education Standardized testing...... in college admissions, guidance, assessment, financial aid Educational testing ServiceThe world's largest is concentrating on helping states and localities http://www.edexcellence.net/topics/standards.html

Introduction Reports and Articles: State Standards National Standards ... Links Introduction For too long, U.S. education has lacked meaningful standards and avoided real accountability. Thankfully, this is starting to change. The quest for educational accountability relies on a three-legged stool: standards, assessments, and consequences. Academic standards describe what students should know and be able to do in core subjects at critical points in their education career. Standards can be set locally, at the state level, nationally, even internationally. After the debacle of the national standards movement in the early 1990's, and the recent sidelining of President Clinton's proposal for national testing, most significant standards-setting is now taking place in state capitals. Standards define the desired results of schooling. They specify, for example, what students should know and be able to do by the time they graduate from high school. With a standards-based accountability system, schools can be judged by their results and their students' achievements, rather than by how closely they follow rules and regulations. But such a system depends on strong academic standards; unfortunately, too many of today's state standards are dangerously weak. How do we know if a student, teacher, or school is meeting the standards? Tests, directly linked to the standards, are critical. Assessments come in all forms-multiple-choice exams, open-ended questions, essay tests, and "authentic assessment" like portfolios of student work. To be effective, though, assessments must yield reliable information about student, teacher, and school performance vis-à-vis the academic standards.

76. Testing The FairTest study found a southern effect, with states in the south having themost testing, making the lease use of performance assessment, and using high http://psparents.net/Testing Issues.htm

The Public School Parent's Network Site Search An Information Source and Resource Guide for Parents 28 Feb 2003 Tell a Friend about psparents.net Stargate.net: Hot Topics: In-Grade Retention United Federation of Teachers: Communicating with your child about Stress Anxiety Testing Issues Making the Grade PSPN One of the most commonly accepted and yet highly controversial measures of a student's ability to grasp course material is through testing. With the accountability standards of this administrations "No Child Left Behind" education policy, testing has taken an even more prominent role in the education of our children. As parents, we understand that testing is a fundamental part of education. The question is are our children being adequately prepared for testing. More often than not, children are whisked through course material at break neck speeds to guarantee that all topics have been covered by the end of the term. Many children are left behind because teachers no longer have the luxury of making sure everyone in the class has grasped the material before they are forced to move ahead. Taking that basic fact into consideration, what happens when our children are faced with the additional handicap of being instructed by unqualified, unmotivated, and unprepared teachers?

77. Questions And Answers About Testing The federal government does not mandate testing of exceptional The mandate is thatif states test other the local level determines the type assessment that is http://www.ncpublicschools.org/parents/testingfaq.html

Curriculum Publication Sales Education Initiatives Agency Web Sites ... NC Schools Listing Testing is important so it is natural that parents have lots of questions. Here are a few key questions from parents. What material is covered on the end-of-grade and end-of-course tests? Are the tests multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, essay or other? How much class time is taken away for testing? How do we know the tests are not culturally or racially biased? Are students' values/beliefs measured on the tests? When are the tests given? How can students prepare for the tests? What type skills or knowledge does a student's performance reflect? What if a child has special needs? Why are changes being made in how exceptional children (children with disabilities) are tested? Do all exceptional students have to take all state tests? Do charter school, home school and private school students take the state tests? What happens if a child does not pass the EOG/EOC tests?

78. References LargeScale assessment. Boulder, CO Education Commission of the states. Romberg,T., Zarinnia, A., Williams, S. (1989). The influence of mandated testing on http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/methods/assment/as7refs.htm

References Bond, L.A. (1992, September). Developing SCANS assessment measures: Issues and options. A paper written to guide the development of the assessment framework and assessment procedures for SCANS assessments. Iowa City, IA: American College Testing Program, and Washington, DC: Council of Chief State School Officers. Bond, L. Challenges in the development of state educational assessment programs that support educational reform . Oak Brook, IL: North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. Bond, L. Norm-referenced testing and criterion-referenced testing: The differences in purpose, content, and interpretation of results . Oak Brook, IL: North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. Bond, L. A school's guide to alternative assessment . Oak Brook, IL: North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. . (1991). The early impact of Indiana statewide testing for educational progress on local education agencies: Administrators' perceptions. In Robert Stake (Ed.), Advances in program evaluation: Effects of changes in assessment policy . Boston: JAI Press. Surveying the landscape of state educational assessment programs: The responses of state student assessment programs to educational reform . Washington, DC: Council for Educational Development and Research.

79. Records For Educational Tests And Measurements -- United States. (in VSCCAT) Educational tests and measurements United states. The story of the national assessment/ by J Anderson, Beverly L. Educational testing facts and issues a http://scolar.vsc.edu:8003/VSCCAT/@EDUCATIONAL TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS UNITED STA

Educational tests and measurements United States. Records 1 to 15 of 153 Ability testing : uses, consequences, and controversies / Committee on Ability Testing, Assembly of Behavioral and Social Sciences, National Research Council ; Alexandra K. Wigdor and Wendell R. Garner, editors. Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1982. Holdings at other locations: See the additional holdings for this title. Accommodating students with disabilities in national and state testing programs [microform]. [Minneapolis, MN] : National Center on Educational Outcomes, College of Education, University of Minnesota ; [Washington, DC] : U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Educational Resources Information Center, [1993] Holdings at other locations: See the additional holdings for this title. Achievement testing in the early grades : the games grown-ups play / Constance Kamii, editor. Washington, D.C. : National Association for the Education of Young Children, c1990. Holdings: Castleton State College CALL NUMBER: 372.1264 Ac46 Book Available

80. COMPUTER BASED SCIENCE ASSESSMENT And Students With Learning Disabilities Academic paper, discusses issues such as adaptive testing, figural response testing, computer simulations Category Science Educational Resources assessment...... The computerbased science assessment methods addressed in the use of computer technology-basedtesting tools, and science education in the United states is to http://www.rit.edu/~easi/itd/itdv01n4/article7.html

c. 1994 David D. Kumar COMPUTER BASED SCIENCE ASSESSMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES David D. Kumar College of Education Florida Atlantic University 2912 College of Education Davie, Florida 33314 ABSTRACT Computer technology can be invaluable for assessing learning disabled students in science since it opens up opportunities for developing innovative assessment tools in science education. The nature of computers as information processing tools, the role of computer technology in user-friendly interactive learning environments, and the possibility of designing instructional tools to meet individual needs of students, make computers potentially powerful tools for assessment. Computer-based assessment applications used in science, such as Computerized Adaptive Testing, Figural Response Item Testing, Computer Simulations, and Anchored Assessment can be appropriated for assessing students with learning disabilities. INTRODUCTION While exploring avenues for improving science assessment for the learning disabled students, one should not overlook the emerging role of computer technology in assessment. The following discussion will address how computer technology might be a promising tool for designing assessment environments for such students. COMPUTERS FOR SCIENCE ASSESSMENT: IMPLICATIONS Research and development of innovative computer environments for science assessment is a field that is slowly but steadily growing. A comprehensive review of computer applications in science assessment is reported in Helgeson and Kumar (1993). It should be noted here that this review did not find any computer-based assessment tools specifically designed for individuals with learning disabilities.

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