61. Africa The Expansion of Islam among the bambara under French Rule The african Struggle AgainstSouth africa Periphery Imperialism A History of the Mahi peoples from 1774 http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/history/graduate/fields/africa.htm

Guide to the Graduate Program In African History at UCLA Faculty History Graduate Excellence Graduate Placement ... Students Currently Enrolled in the Program Faculty EDWARD A. ALPERS : Ph.D. University of London, 1966. Eastern Africa; African economic and social history; Africa and the Indian Ocean; Lusophone Africa; Women; Islam alpers@history.ucla.edu CHRISTOPHER EHRET : Ph.D. Northwestern University, 1968. Early Southern and Eastern Africa; Linguistics ehret@history.ucla.edu GHILAINE LYDON : Ph.D. Michigan State University, 2000. nineteenth and twentieth century Western Africa (pre-colonial and colonial, francophone), family, finance and business history. lydon@history.ucla.edu MERRICK POSNANSKY : Ph.D. Nottingham University, 1956. Emeritus. African Prehistory and Archaeology; Historical archaeology; Carribbean merrick@history.ucla.edu

62. Missions In Focus - Mali Capital Bamako Religions Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9 1% LanguagesFrench (official),bambara 80%, numerous The West africa Partnership Team asks you to http://www.accesschristian.net/mif/archive/mali.htm

Home Beliefs Search Feedback ... Site Map Missions Resources Missions Agencies Missions in Focus MIF Country Listing Missions Journal ... Persecuted Church Christian Resources Christian Music Study the Bible Ministries Pastor Helps ... Web Hosting Daily Devotions Bible Minute Elisabeth Elliot Daily Bill Bright Spurgeon Daily AccessChristian Store Books Best Selling Books Study Resources Bibles ... Much More... For Teens Links Community Christian Radio AccessChristian.net Email Christian Chat Message Boards Digital Tracts Steps to Peace with God The Roman Road Knowing God Personally You're Special ... Bubby Fly Games Bible Quiz Battleship Breakout Concentration ... TicTacToe Not a Christian? I Dare You! Our Nation Presidential Prayer Team Mali Demographics and Background: Population: 11,008,518 (July 2001 est.) Size: total: 1.24 million sq km land: 1.22 million sq km water: 20,000 sq km Capital: Bamako Religions: Muslim 90%, indigenous beliefs 9%, Christian 1% Languages: French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages

63. African Cinema Media Resources Center UCB seventh canari , a forgotten, secret bambara herbal remedy In indigenous languagesand French with English subtitles by showing how African peoples' desire for http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/Africanfilm.html

Movies by African Filmmakers Movies Set In/About Africa African Studies videography Bibliography of books about African cinema in the UC Berkeley library The Cinema of Senegal Following a five week program at the Museum of Modern Art on film makers in Senegal, Larry Kardish interviews Senegalese film directors Paulin Soumanou Vieyra and Ousmane Sembene on the growth of the number of films from Senegal, the production of these films, and cultural influences. Includes clips from their films to illustrate points. Produced in 1978 for broadcast on the television program Camera Three. 27 min. Video/C 4610 Movies by African Filmmakers African Jim (Aka Jim Comes to Jo'burg) Made on the eve of apartheid's inception, this is the first full length feature film made in South Africa with an all native African cast. Featuring top African singers and music of the 1950's, this is a unique record of a lost era. 51 min. Video/C 4008 Afrique, Je te Plumerai (Africa, I'm Going to Fleece You) A film by Jean-Marie Teno (Cameroon, 1992) A sardonic essay on the history of colonialism in Cameroon, and by extension, on the African continent. Focuses on historical as well as contemporary European cultural domination, particularly in the publishing and media industry. French with English subtitles. 88 min. Description from California Newsreel catalog Video Librarian Clark, Andrew F. "Afrique, Je te Plumerai." (movie reviews)

64. IPGRI's Bibliography: Letter N 397420 in peoples of Nepal Himalaya (H. Kihara, ed.). Fauna Water Use and the RootSystem of bambara Nut (Vigna A Focus on indigenous Vegetables, Case Study. http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/nus/biblio/biblion.htm

myTitle = "nus" Conserving and increasing the Use of Neglected and Underutilized Crop Species Bibliography A B C D ... Z N Naengchomnong, W., Y. Thebtaranonth, P. Wiriyachitra, K.T. Okamoto and J. Clardy. 1986. Isolation and structure determination of four novel diterpenes. Tetrahedron Letters 27(22):2439-2442; 27(47):5675-5678. Nag, N.C., H.N. Banerjee and A.K. Pain. 1936. Chemical examination of seeds of Pachyrhizus angulatus . Transactions of the Bose Research Institute 11:83-89. Nagaraj, G. 1970. Fatty acid and amino composition of niger varieties. J. Oil Technol. Assoc. India 22:88-89. Nagarajan,V. and C. Gopalan. 1968. Variation in the neurotoxin content in Lathyrus sativus samples from Madhya Pradesh. Ind. J. Med. Res. 56(1):95-99. Nagatomo, T. 1984. Scientific considerations on buckwheat [in Japanese]. Shincho-sha, Tokyo. Nagatomo, T. and T. Adachi, editors. 1983. Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on Buckwheat, 7-10 September. Kuroda-toshado Printing Co. Ltd. Miyazaki. Naghski, J., J.F. Couch, J.W. Taylor, W.J. Sando, J.W. White, F.J. Holben, and J.B. Washko. 1955. Effects of agronomic factors on the rutin content of buckwheat. Tech. Bull. 1132, US Govt. Printing Office, Washington. Nagy, F. and P. Tetenyi. 1986. Modern and well integrated techniques for protecting some medicinal plants grown in Hungary. Parasitica 42 (1):17-24 [in French].

65. ::::::: ARGOS FESTIVAL 2002 ::::::: cinema nova The original nomads, indigenous peoples have been works produced by Brazilianindigenous tribes with terre 35mm, colour, French/bambara spoken, 61 http://www.argosarts.org/festival/2002/curated/details/laura/laura_2.html

The world seen through nomadic I's: immigrant and intercultural autobiographies 1. Indigenous media: I am a collective 19 okt 20.00/ cinema nova The original nomads, indigenous peoples have been using video for two decades. For these groups, the inexpensive and accessible medium of video offers a way to strengthen and reconfigure their communities in the face of colonial domination. It's also a means of collective expression: individual lives in these works condense the experience of the entire group. Vincent Carelli/Centro Trabalho Indigenista Video Cannibalism understand that the actors had not actually been killed. Once they understood it was a re-enactment of an historical event, they decided that they too would re-enact a scene from their history: the attack of ‘Cinta-Larga.’" (Latin American Video Archives) Victor Masayesva, Jr. Hopiit Arnait Video Productions Anaana (Mother) of Igloolik). Abandoned by her father, a white RCMP officer, Vivi Kunuk, was adopted by the Inuk family of her mother who raised her as a boy. This is but one remarkable chapter in her life. With her husband Enuki, she raised eleven children, including award-winning filmmaker Zacharias Kunuk, living most

66. Current Bibliography, Vol. 42, No. 1 Introduction to the Music of the World's peoples. indigenous Criticism of YorùbaOrature Performances. Research in danse des masques chez les bambara de Saro http://www.indiana.edu/~ethmusic/publications/ographies/cb/cb_42_1.html

Current Bibliography, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Winter 1991) Compiled by Jennifer C. Post General Africa Americas Europe ... Acknowledgements General Anderson, William M., ed. 1991. Teaching Music with a Multicultural Approach. Reston, VA: Music Educators National Conference, ix, 91 pp., bibliog., illus. Baines, Anthony. 1995. Bagpipes. 3rd ed. Occasional Papers on Technology, 9. Oxford: Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford, 147 pp., bibliog., illus. Baptista, Todd R. 1996. Group Harmony: Behind the Rhythm of the Blues. New Bedford, MA: TRB Enterprises, 220 pp., bibliog., illus. Bartel, Lee R. 1995. "Cultural Equity in Music Education." Recorder Les Cahiers de l'ARMuQ 15 : 1-17. Bibliog. Becker, Howard C. 1996. "How I Learned What a Crock Was." The World Observed, edited by B. Jackson and E. D. Ives, 185-92. Bibliog. Boomkens, Rene. 1994. Kritische massa: over massa, moderne envaring en popcultuur. Amsterdam: Van Gennep, 229 pp., bibliog., discog. Caspi, Mishael M. 1995. Oral Tradition and Hispanic Literature: Essays in Honor of Samuel G. Armistead. The Albert Bates Lord Studies in Oral Tradition, New York; London: Garland

67. NATIVE-L (March 1994): Fourth World Bulletin - Part 4 Mandinka, Soninke, Serer, Wolof, Fulbe, Toucouleur, and bambara. who comprise thelargest indigenous population in as an alliance of several peoples (Diola and http://nativenet.uthscsa.edu/archive/nl/9403/0094.html

Fourth World Bulletin - Part 4 Michele Lord bu.edu!scicom.alphacdc.com!milo Thu, 10 Mar 1994 16:17:53 MST Articles sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Next article: Helene Hiner: "Sherman Alexie" Previous article: Michele Lord: "Fourth World Bulletin - Part 2" Issues in Indigenous Law and Politics Editors: Marc Sills and Glenn T. Morris INDIGENOUS REBELLION IN THE CASAMANCE PROVINCE OF SENEGAL by Lori Hartmann * Lori Hartmann is studying at the Graduate School of International Studies of the University of Denver. She has recently returned from a year of work and study in Senegal. An indigenous rebellion has been taking place sporadically for more than ten years in the Casamance Province of Senegal. Intermittent guerrilla activity in the region has depended upon political and economic variables, the availability of arms, regional support and movement cohesion. The spring of 1993 was especially violent; presidential and legislative elections which were held throughout the country shaped the context in which the violence unfolded.

68. Olmecs & Mother Africa of Spain took place from the confines of North africa. many observers, a CONNECTIONwith such peoples as the of the Olmec Writing Malinkebambara Loan Words http://www.carnaval.com/columbus/olmecs.htm

COUNTDOWN to 2012 The year 2012 will be 520 years after Columbus delivered the message of the promised land in 1492 The Birth of Olmec Culture Mesoamerica's mother culture The Olmecs were the first Mesoamerican people to fathom the concept of zero, maintain a calendar, and use a hieroglyphic writing system based on the Manding system of West Africa. These intellectual achievements, as well as Olmec myths and rituals, were influential in the subsequent Maya, Zapotec, and Aztec cultures. O nce we move beyond recognizing the African roots of Mesoamerica's mother culture we come to the more fascinating theories regarding the source of their culture and the cause of the trigger for an immigration representing so much knowledge and talent. T he Toltecs were never conquered and kept good records. Prof. Herman L. Hoeh in his exhaustive Compendium of World History explains the birth of the Olmec civilization by comparing dates with history before Christ. T he first seeds of Olmec culture began in the Americas as the result of Spain expelling the North Africans who had enslaved them in 1892 BC or 3 millenniums prior to 1492. The date has been kept by adding 520 years to the great flood and corresponds with the date of GIANTS arriving in Mesoamerica as recorded by the Toltec historian Ixtlilxochitl.

69. The Oral Tradition - Drumming of the Manding (Mande) group of peoples, who were of the same name Maninka, Bamana(or bambara) and Mandinka The addition of the indigenous tama drum with its http://www.si.umich.edu/chico/UMS/Drummers/drumming.html

Drumming Introduction Storytelling Doudou N'Diaye Rose The Mandinka Epic ... The Mandinka Story "For African people, dancing is as natural as breathing and the music is always around, as essential as the air. " - Eric Serra (after arriving in Africa for the first time to meet Doudou N'diaye Rose) Styles of playing The styles described here are divided into several groups: Manding and Mbalax, based on the traditional music of the Manding and Wolof peoples and modern African and contemporary Western music. African drumming has heavily influenced by Cuban dance music and western pop. Manding Manding music is the music of the Manding (Mande) group of peoples, who were the inhabitants of the vast Manding empire 13th to 15th century. It stretched from the south of what is now Senegal and Gambia, and included Mali and the west of Guinea as well. Music used to be the exclusive domain of a caste of musicians, the Jalis or griots . Though this is now starting to change, this is still obvious nowadays. There are three main styles, related to a language and people of the same name: Maninka, Bamana (or Bambara) and Mandinka. The last few years, the Wassoulou style from the region of the same name is gaining popularity.

70. African Art. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 article is limited to the works of the peoples of W of the people’s sedentary lifestyles)in indigenous art The bambara people of W Mali are famous for their http://www.bartleby.com/65/af/Africana.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. African art art created by the peoples south of the Sahara.

71. AFROL African History In respect of the peoples of Equatorial Guinea we need to know their history Unlikethe African bambara groundnut, it is not an indigenous species, but http://www.afrol.com/Categories/Culture/History/history.htm

Related items Pages Index Page on African Culture Index Page on Society (incl. History) Background articles German Wituland, a colonial rarity Uganda: Documents on Idi Amin's 1971 coup released DRC: Controversy over US role in Lumumba killing DRC: Belgium admits guilt in 1961 Lumumba killing ... In search of an identity (Zimbabwe) Rise and Fall of the Adamawa Emirate Introduction of the Groundnut to The Gambia Josephine Bakhita - an African Saint Mozambique's debt burden in historical perspective ... How cashew production in Mozambique came to an end Documentation Afrol Documents CIDDE (Equatorial Guinea) In Internet Africa Net Afrol - African History World History Archives: The History of Africa Africa South of the Sahara ... The UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History Library and Archives In our Library you can now find 2 articles, books and reports about African History - and we are constantly increasing it. GO!

72. WFS/ARC/NGO/REP should be improved using especially indigenous knowledge as NGOs and peoples' organisations,in collaboration with the 3171-22/31-18-85 - Mr. Casimir bambara. http://www.fao.org/wfs/resource/english/ARCNGOE.HTM

World Food Summit 13-17 November 1996 - Rome, Italy April 1996 WFS/ARC/NGO/REP Report of the Regional NGO Consultation for Africa on the World Food Summit Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 14-15 April 1996 1. The Regional NGO Consultation for Africa on the World Food Summit was held on 14-15 April 1996 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. More than 70 NGOs and rural peoples' organisations from some 30 countries attended this important meeting. The programme of the Consultation is attached as Appendix 1 . The list of participants is attached as Appendix 2 2. The FAO Regional Representative for Africa opened the meeting by clearly defining the objectives of the World Food Summit. He also highlighted the need to consider the specific aspects of food security and sustainable agricultural development in the context of Africa. The Minister of Agriculture and Animal Resources of Burkina Faso then welcomed the participants. He emphasised the important role of NGOs and rural organisations for food security. He then declared the Consultation officially open. 3. The Consultation then elected its officers:

73. Country Profiles: Sub-Saharan Africa Country Profiles SubSaharan africa. Angola. Angola is a poor country in west central africa of about 1.25 million Most Angolans are from indigenous ethnic groups. About half of http://cw.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/rowntree/chapter6/medialib/profiles.htm

Country Profiles: Sub-Saharan Africa Angola Angola is a poor country in west central Africa of about 1.25 million sq km (about twice the size of Texas). One part of Angola, Calinda, is an exclave, separated from the rest of the country by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC). It has a narrow coastal plain that rises abruptly to a vast interior plateau. It has a semi-arid climate but heavy rainfall can cause flooding on the plateau. Angola's population is just over 11 million people. However, Angola's average life expectancy is only a little over 48 years. Angola also has a very high infant mortality rate. Most Angolans are from indigenous ethnic groups. About half of the population follows indigenous beliefs and, of the rest, nearly 40% are Catholic. The official language is Portuguese but Bantu and other African languages are also spoken. Angola has experienced several years of civil war. Currently the government is trying to transition to a multiparty democracy with a strong presidential system. The government also includes a unicameral legislature and a supreme court. In view of continued civil unrest the level of progress toward a multiparty democracy cannot be determined. The capital is Luanda. Civil war has also had a detrimental effect on the economy. Despite its abundant natural resources, Angola's output per capita is among the worlds lowest. About 85% of the population is employed in subsistence agriculture. Angola has significant petroleum and mineral resources but developing this is still somewhat hampered by civil unrest. The large numbers of mines that still remain have had a negative impact on farming forcing Angola to import much of its food needs. By far Angola's largest export is crude oil (90%) and the U.S. accounts for 65% of the export trade. Angola's main imports include machinery and electrical equipment, vehicles and spare parts, medicines, food, textiles and clothing. Besides the U.S., its trading partners include Portugal, the EU, China and South Africa.

74. Cote_dIvoire well as being a melting pot of peoples and cultures in the languages of nearby statesBambara; Yoruba; Wolof in Côte d'Ivoire towards indigenous musical styles http://musiquetropique.com/Cote_dIvoire.html

Biography Personnel overview music Overview is a country of 16 million in an area slightly larger than New Mexico and located on the Gulf of GuinŽa in West Africa, bordered by Ghana on the East; Liberia and GuinŽa on the West; Mali on the Northwest and Burkina Faso on the Northeast. Tropical rainforests cover the Southern half of the country and taper into rolling savannahs in the North and rise to mountains in the Northwest. A tropical climate extends inland from the coast and becomes semi-arid in the extreme North. There are three seasons: warm and dry (November-March); hot and dry (March to May); hot and wet (June to October). Deforestation has led to silt pollution of rivers and streams, water pollution from industrial agricultural effluents, and often torrential flooding in the rainy season. Water pollution from sewage is also a problem. Half the population practices traditional African animist religions. Followers of Islam dominate the Northern part of the country, constituting about 28% of Ivoiriennes. Christians comprise 22% of the population, mostly in the South. Christians and Muslims often also practice animism concurrently. In late 1974, one of the first recording studio/record presses in Africa was opened in Abidjan, prompting an influx of musicians that transformed Abidjan into the West African hub for musical and cultural exhange. Musicians from all over West Africa came to absorb new rhythms, demonstrate their own native beats, and endeavour to be recorded. Demand soon generated construction of additional recording facilities and pressing plants, and the development of a flourishing recording industry.

75. AIDS: No One Mentions The Cause Of Death 20011472) Contribute to the planting of indigenous churches in a 4 percent of Mali’sBambara people are 7152) Coordinate efforts to reach peoples living in http://www.tconline.org/Stories/July01/go.html

A place for you in Africa Can God use you in Africa for a few weeks? For a lifetime? Volunteer requests: youth and collegiate Volunteer requests Journeyman, ISC and Masters Career, associate or apprentice missionary Volunteer Requests: Youth and Collegiate Church youth drama team Dates: Two weeks between Dec. 4 and Jan. 4. For other youth volunteer projects, visit www.thetask.org Rugged, adventuresome collegiate semester missionaries will live, evangelize and disciple in the 24 Marense villages in Burkina Faso. (1913) Dates: Approximately Sept. 1-Dec.15 will make God's Word available to thousands of rural Mandinka people who live in remote villages of Gambia that are hard to reach by car. (996) Dates: Approximately Sept. 15-Dec.15

76. Africana.com: Gateway To The Black World.Screen Name Service one of the two most common indigenous languages of sub by the Khoikhoi and San peoplesof southern closely related major languages, Mandinka, bambara, and Dyula http://www.africana.com/Articles/tt_162.htm

Seems like there's been some kind of error. The link that brought you here is malfunctioning. The content you wish to view may have moved to another area of the site or may no longer be available. Apologies for the inconvenience. Let's try again!

77. Adherents.com: By Location members among more than 10 peoples, a national Bible been translated into the indigenouslanguage, Divehi. Bamana Alternate Names bambara; Location Republic http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_194.html

Adherents.com - Religion by Location Over 42,000 religious geography and religion statistics citations (membership statistics for over 4,000 different religions, denominations, tribes, etc.) for every country in the world. To Index back to Malaysia - Peninsular, Assemblies of God Malaysia - Peninsular, continued... Group Where Number of Adherents % of total pop. Number of congreg./ churches/ units Number of countries Year Source Quote/ Notes Baptist Malaysia - Peninsular *LINK* Nance Profiles web site (orig. source: OPERATION WORLD, 1979); (viewed Aug. 1998; now restricted There are 51,000 Protestant adherents (largest of the 12 denominations - Anglican 7,500; Baptists 2,000; Brethren 3,200; Presbyterian 6,000; Lutherans (2) 4,300; Methodists 15,000; Assemblies of God 3,000) Brethren Malaysia - Peninsular *LINK* Nance Profiles web site (orig. source: OPERATION WORLD, 1979); (viewed Aug. 1998; now restricted There are 51,000 Protestant adherents (largest of the 12 denominations - Anglican 7,500; Baptists 2,000; Brethren 3,200; Presbyterian 6,000; Lutherans (2) 4,300; Methodists 15,000; Assemblies of God 3,000) Lutheran Malaysia - Peninsular *LINK* Nance Profiles web site (orig. source: OPERATION WORLD, 1979); (viewed Aug. 1998; now

78. Chapter 3 abode though he does not give the indigenous term of Madagascar as well as the Antaimoropeoples on the between the Mahafaly posts aloalo and bambara pillars http://archive.dstc.edu.au/AU/staff/andry/lismore/alo_dev.html

79. History On-Line or understanding of the African peoples over whom transition, propelled by catastrophicindigenous demographic decline do not Understand' bambara Slaves and http://www.ihrinfo.ac.uk/ihr/Resources/Books/0144039X.html

Browse material from: Frank Cass Publishers Slavery and Abolition ISSN: 0144-039X 'Over the past twenty years, Slavery and Abolition has established a niche for itself in the academic market-place which enables it to attract work that in former times would have gone to mainstream historical journals. Practically all the leading figures in the field have contributed to its pages...' Times Literary Supplement Slavery and Abolition is the only journal devoted in its entirety to a discussion of the demographic, socio-economic, historical and psychological aspects of human bondage from the ancient period to the present. It is also concerned with the dismantling of the slave systems and with the legacy of slavery. The journal publishes research articles, comments, reflections and review articles. There are frequent special thematic issues and an important annual bibliographical supplement on slavery which provides the only comprehensive listing of books and articles in the field. Three issues per year: April, August, December

80. AfricAvenir - Research - Chronology Of African History 3 Mande peoples (especially Malinke, bambara, and Soninke but scholars argue that indigenousslavery was Struggles developed among coastal peoples for control http://www.africavenir.org/research/research052.html

Home Research CHRONOLOGY OF AFRICAN HISTORY Please notify us about missing or broken links Ancient African History African Empires The Age of Disintegration ... The Age of Reconstruction AFRICAN EMPIRES ca. 300 (to 700) Rise of Axum or Aksum (Ethiopia) and conversion to Christianity. (By CE 1st century, Rome had conquered Egypt, Carthage, and other North African areas; which became the granaries of the Roman Empire, and the majority of the population converted to Christianity). Axum spent its religious zeal carving out churches from rocks, and writing and interpreting religious texts. ca. 600 (to 1000) Bantu migration extends to southern Africa; Bantu languages will predominate in central and southern Africa. Emergence of southeastern African societies, to become the stone city-states of Zimbabwe, Dhlo-Dhlo, Kilwa, and Sofala, which flourish through 1600. Beginning of Islam Khalif Omar conquers Egypt with Islamic troups Islam sweeps across North Africa; Islamic faith eventually extends into many areas of sub-Saharan African (to ca. 1500)

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