81. H PAGE - CROWLEY PUBLIC LIBRARY War Revolutionary War Spanish american War Civil War Basin Peru The Quechua Nativeamericans Colleges Index Anasazi Apache beothuk culture Blackfoot Cherokee http://www.crowleylibrary.org/libraryh.htm

Crowley Public Library SITE MAP HOURS E-MAIL PHONE#'S GENEALOGY ... (X-Y-Z) H - PAGE: HEADLINES - HISTORY/GENERAL - HISTORY/AMERICAN - HISTORY/ANCIENT - HISTORY/INDIGENOUS - HOMESCHOOL - HOW-TO - HEADLINES: 1st Headlines Scan headlines from around the nation. HISTORY: GENERA L about.com - HISTORY History 20th Century History African-American History Ancient/Classical History British History Canadian History Historical Reenactment Medieval History Military History Women's History A VIRTUAL VISIT TO VIETNAM HISTORY/SOCIAL STUDIES FOR K-12 TEACHERS PlotBytes Summaries for a variety of classics. www.studyweb.com American History Colonial America Early Settlers Famous Disasters General Resources Historical Documents Historical Sites Maps National Holidays Presidential 19th Century General Resources The Gilded Age Immigrants The Victorian Era Workers-Industrial Revolution 20th Century General Resources Westward Expansion Buffalo Soldiers Chinese in the West Gold Rush Good Guys, Bad Guys, and Just Regular Folks

82. Teresa Marshall ambiguous categories such as material culture or artifact surrounding the demiseof the beothuk, Marshall accepts Steal My Rage New native Voices, Douglas http://www.nativepubs.com/nativepubs/Apps/bios/0445MarshallTeresa.asp?pic=none

83. NFLD History Beothuk of the Background Readings on Canadian native History (Toronto the dispersed natureof the beothuk people may the Demise of the Beothuck Indians, culture I 1 http://www.swgc.mun.ca/nfld_history/nfld_history_beothuk.htm

Beothuk and Mi'kmaq The Beothuk When Europeans came to Newfoundland, first to fish and later to settle, they found the island already inhabited by the Beothuk Indians. These indigenous people have attracted a great deal of study, in considerable measure because of their tragic extinction early in the nineteenth century but even more so because of the sensational myths that sprang up to account for that extinction. Until recently, the definitive source of information about the Beothuk was James Howley's The Beothucks or Red Indians , first published in 1915 by Cambridge University Press and reprinted in a paperback edition by Coles Books. It is full of descriptive material and reprinted documents which made it an unsurpassed treasure-trove of information. An influential and controversial assessment of Beothuk history was provided by Frank Speck, an ethnologist who came to Newfoundland in 1914 and published his work, Beothuk and Micmac (New York, 1922; reprinted, New York: AMS Press, 1981) a few years later. He maintains, for instance, that Beothuk individuals survived into the twentieth century; see below. The recent publication of A History and Ethnography of the Beothuk Newfoundland Studies XII: 1+2[Spring and Fall 1996], 105-131), namely that "not everyone will agree with the overall design [of Marshall's interpretation, but that] no one can contest its bold originality." (p. 107) For instance, Marshall maintains that Beothuk- Mi'kmaq hostility was substantial; this argument, which she first developed at length in "Beothuck and Micmac: Re-examining Relationships,"

84. Links To Native American Sites Acolapissa Algonkin Bayougoula beothuk Catawba Cherokee you can find 'CultureAreas and information on various (native american/Aboriginal) subjects. http://members.lycos.nl/Shades/links/linksnativeamerican.htm

Index Shades Index Links Native Americans Poetry ... Guestbook Links to Native American Sites Nascha Beautiful Native American Paintings... A quote from the site: " My paintings, drawings and craftings exhibit the creative force that dwells within my artistic psyche. We all are touched in one degree or another, by the cosmic consciousness. And these artistic impressions of mine are examples of this spiritual thumbprint upon my forehead". EagleWolf A quote from the site: "I am EagleWolf of the plains Eeyou, Cree People...I sculpt leather masks from leather by taking a cast of a persons face (personal masks) and by sculpting from clay. My masks try to capture the beauty and strength of my ancestors, they are in my soul and spirit. Each mask is one of a kind! I use only natural materials in all my art. I make many items and replicas, to name a few ... pipes of soapstone and antler with cedar and lilac stems, rattles of gourd and rawhide, I paint and draw (pen & ink) on skulls, jaw bone and shoulder blades, war clubs of stone, rawhide and wood, medicine and spirit sticks. I do custom orders with a picture or an idea from you. I will be adding new photo's as I finish each piece. Meyonhk...an ideal place to be. Enjoy your visit!"

85. VADA Talen - Languages N culture.mexican FAQ; Tlahui Guide Nahuatl and Aztec culture See also native AmericanPeople See also A'ane A See also Bella Coola See also beothuk See also http://www.vada.nl/talennn.htm

VADA TALEN - LANGUAGES N Last update: 19-07-2002 N NA-DENE: Language family NADENIC Languages NAFARA SENOUFO SENUFO NAGA ANGAMI LOTHA TANGKHUL NAGA Languages ... NYONYO KPAN (Nigeria) NYORO (Oeganda - Uganda, Democratische Republiek Congo - Democratic Republic of Congo) NYULNYUL NZEMA Alfabetos de Ayer y de Hoy: Nabateo Nabataean Script ... Nabataean Fonts See also: Arabisch - Arabic NA-DENE: Language family NADENIC Languages Ethnologue Database: Languages of the World: Na-Dene Language family Linguasphere: Nadenic Languages NAGA ANGAMI LOTHA TANGKHUL The Lord's Prayer in Naga (Angami) The Lord's Prayer in Naga (Lotha) The Lord's Prayer in Naga (Tangkhul) NAGALAMI Numbers in: Nagalami NAGUMI (Kameroen - Cameroon) Nagumi (Bama, Mbama) NAGO Hail Mary in Nago Hail Mary in Aztec The Lord's Prayer in Central Aztec The Lord's Prayer in Aztec (Huasteca) ... Nahuatl-L's FAQ: How can I learn Nahuatl? Here you'll find information on grammars, dictionaries and other reference works on the Nahuatl language The Nahuatl Alphabet The Nahuatl Home Page Alfabetos de Ayer y de Hoy: Nahuatl Notes on Classical Nahuatl ... Nahuatl Glossary and Things You Should Know Mexica Movement Nahuatl HyperLex Nahuatl Summer Language Institute Page (with lessons and excercises) Nahuatl Vocabulary Contemporary Poems ... soc.culture.mexican FAQ

86. INTRODUCTION TO INDIGENOUS HISTORY John’s. The beothuk were now extinct. Again, native people fought hard to holdonto their culture and traditional ways; they did not fight any harder http://www.shannonthunderbird.com/indigenous_history.htm

A BRIEF WALTZ DOWN MEMORY LANE INTRODUCTION TO INDIGENOUS HISTORY (with animated pictures!) Where appropriate, you are welcome to sing along !! Before the Ark there was Indigenous History...Yes folks, Indigenous life hummed for thousands of years before the attack of the Killer 'B's' - Blackrobes and their Big Black Book! The gospel according to the Eurymthics and Ms Thunderbird I was born an original sinner I was born from original sin and if I had a dollar bill for all the things I’ve done I’d have a mountain of money piled up to my chin My Mama told me good, my Mama told me strong Be true to yourself and you can’t go wrong There’s just one thing that you must understand You can fool with your brother But don’t mess with a missionary man Don’t mess with a missionary man Don’t mess with a missionary man A missionary man he’s got God on his side He’s got the saints and apostles backin’ up from behind Black-eyed looks from those bible books He’s a man with a message got a serious look Native Woman in the Forest and a Raven in a tree Missionary Man he’s been following me Stop what you’re doing get down upon your knees I’ve a message for you and you’d better believe, believe, believe

87. University Of Arizona Press - American Indian Languages general readers interested in native Americans to the and richness of indigenousAmerican languages. Ayamara, Bacairi, Bella Coola, beothuk, Biloxi, Blackfoot http://www.uapress.arizona.edu/books/bid1066.htm

American Indian Languages Cultural and Social Contexts Shirley Silver and Wick R. Miller. 433 pp. / 6 1/8 x 9 1/4 / 1997 Paper (0-8165-2139-5) $29.95s Cloth (0-8165-1802-5) $65.00s Native California Language in Society SSILA Newsletter This comprehensive survey of indigenous languages of the New World introduces students and general readers to the mosaic of American Indian languages and cultures and offers an approach to grasping their subtleties. Authors Silver and Miller demonstrate the complexity and diversity of these languages while dispelling popular misconceptions. Their text reveals the linguistic richness of languages found throughout the Americas, emphasizing those located in the western United States and Mexico, while drawing on a wide range of other examples found from Canada to the Andes. It introduces readers to such varied aspects of communicating as directionals and counting systems, storytelling, expressive speech, Mexican Kickapoo whistle speech, and Plains sign language. The authors have included basics of grammar and historical linguistics, while emphasizing such issues as speech genres and other sociolinguistic issues and the relation between language and worldview. They have incorporated a variety of data that have rarely or never received attention in nontechnical literature in order to underscore the linguistic diversity of the Americas, and have provided more extensive language classification lists than are found in most other texts.

88. Marilee's Native Americans Resource you want to learn about native Americans as divide the continent into ten culturegroups Ahtna, Attikamek, Beaver, beothuk, Carrier, Chilcotin, Chipewyan, Cree http://marilee.us/nativeamericans.html

Home Word Puzzles Picturebooks KidPix/KidWorks Projects ... Link-Backs Marilee's Native Americans Resource Cherokee Comanche Cree Haida Hopi Inuit Iroquois Navajo Nez Perce Pomo Sioux Ute Wampanoag Misc. Tribes Clothing Craft Projects Famous People Legends Recipes Songs, Dances, Games Creation stories teach that Native Americans have been where they are since the world was created. It is also thought that First Americans migrated from Siberia over the Bering Strait about 14,000 years ago, or perhaps even earlier. The land bridge was dry ground for several thousand years before the sea level rose again and stopped migration. The hunters would have followed the migrating herds of large mammals as they moved south. As the glaciers melted, the First Americans spread to the North American coasts and across the entire continent. Native Americans adapted to the climates and terrains in which they lived and used whatever natural resources were available. The arrival of the Europeans in the 1500's began a change in the lives of the Indian people that continued through the next centuries. Sometimes the changes were good. The horses brought by the Spanish made bison hunting much easier and safer. But Vikings, Spanish, English and French explorers, colonists and missionaries spread diseases, made slaves of the people, forced relocations, claimed ownership of natural resources and land, and tried to stamp out the native cultures. Some of the Indian people survived, but not without making drastic changes in their life styles.

89. HISTORY ROOM LINKS History; The Adena People; Adena Tribe native Americans of other aspects of the AztecCulture; The Aztec; Sun Stone; Religious Festivals Aztec; beothuk; History of http://members.aol.com/LDRS AAC WebPage/private/history/hista12a.htm

A cademic A ssistance C enter NATIVE AMERICAN LINKS links... Early Native American Cultures (thru 1000 BCE) Abenaki Abenaki Myths, Legends and Folklore Acadian History ... Back to the top.

90. Name The now extinct beothuk lived in Newfoundland, while of Canada shared a common cultureand spoke Canadian native Americans sometimes called Amerindians by the http://members.aol.com/lredtail/candian.html

First Nations of Canada The Canadian Indians The following lecture was given by our wonderful friend, Ed Mentz Sr. Ed is also the author of some of the beautiful artwork on our pages. We (Kevin, Karen and I) express our gratitude and friendship to this wonderful human being. Tribal origins may have begun as far back as 40,000 B.C. due to recent discoveries of crude chipped stone implements. The first inhabitants were hunters using wooden lances with sharp stone heads. This big game mammoth hunting flourished in the Canadian plains and woodlands until about 8000 B.C. When the mammoth became extinct, the people hunted deer, bear, elk and smaller game. By 1000 B.C. the early woodland culture had developed in eastern North America. During this period, the population became more stable and individual cultures began to crystallize. New features such as pottery were gradually incorporated into Canada’s prehistoric tribes. Champlain sailed up the St. Lawrence in 1603 and traded with the Algonkin, Montagnais and Malecite. In 1608 he founded the settlement called Quebec. In 1609 Champlain assisted the Algonkin and their Huron allies and routed a band of 200 Iroquois warriors. This enmity added to Cartier’s had historical consequences lasting nearly a hundred years. The establishment of Quebec brought about changes in the various native cultures, who were these people ? There are eight principal nations who speak the Algonkian family language. The now extinct Beothuk lived in Newfoundland, while the MicMac occupied Nova Scotia, northeastern New Brunswick, Gaspe in Quebec, and Prince Edward Island. South-western New Brunswick and the neighboring part of Quebec was the home of the Malecite. The Montagnais and Naskapi lived in what is now Quebec and Labrador.

91. Native American Newsletter @ Buffalo Trails - Newsletter March 22, 1999 native american Newsletter @ Buffalo Trails Buffalo Trails periodically sends anEmail to our members to keep them updated on our website, new products, new http://www.native-americans.org/newsletters/native-american-newsletter-march99-3

Free Native American Newsletter @ Buffalo Trails - Newsletter - March 22, 1999 Our Native American newsletters includes links to sites about Native American issues and resources. The presence of these links is not an endorsement by Buffalo Trails of the sites, sponsors, or content. We do make every effort to insure these links are kid safe. If you enjoy Native America... Reward yourself and read all of our Native American newsletters! sitemap Visit all of these Buffalo Trails links for the best of Native America. Home Languages Music Videos ... Link to Us ~ Delivering the best of Native America to people around the globe since 1998 ~ Native American Newsletter @ Buffalo Trails Buffalo Trails periodically sends an Email to our members to keep them updated on our website, new products, new issues of our Native American Newsletter, to notify members of our giveaways and to tailor the visitor's experience at our site. Members may opt-out of receiving future mailings at any time by following the unsubscribe information at the end of Email you receive from Native Americans @ Buffalo Trails. Read past issues of our Native American newsletter.

92. Judy Kavanagh's Moccasin And Mukluk Web Sites native Web whose purpose is to provide a cyber An introduction to Ojibway cultureand history by Kevin beothuk Religious Beliefs and Practices from Dr. Hans http://jumaka.com/moccasins/WebSites.html

Arts and crafts information Arts and crafts for sale Bibliographies Books, magazines, TV, films and video ... Quillwork Arts and crafts information An old pair of Athapaskan mukluks from the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto. Beads and Beadwork Very interesting information put together by Paula Giese: bandolier bags, powwow outfits, history and cultural values of beads, beadwork and spirituality, how beadwork is done... part of the Native American Indian Resources page. Tara Prindle's NativeTech page contains information about all kinds of native crafts and technology. Caribou: Clothing and Shelter in Old Crow, Yukon Moccasins mukluks and gloves made in Deline in the Northwest Territories Dene crafts of the Northwest Territories from Infonorth.org Photograph of Fred W. Fickett in an Athabascan beaded jacket which was taken after the return of the Allen Expedition, from the University of Alaska archives Porcupine quillwork from NativeTech Arapaho moccasins an article from Tomahawk and Long Rifle by Dick James with a good diagram of the pattern and beadwork The Petroglyphs of Hudson Strait by Fred Bruemmer The Inuit Parka: Function and Metaphor from the Spirit Sings: Artistic Traditions of Canada's First Peoples In Cape Dorset We Do It This Way: Three Decades of Inuit Printmaking The Cape Dorset Prints Comments on Carving Soapstone C. Wetherill's Navajo Weaving Corner

93. All Things Cherokee: About Us - Biographies and study of Cherokee arts, language, and culture. Elmer Wiley Toney, spoke threeAmerican Indian languages Carla is the founder of beothuk Books, an imprint http://www.allthingscherokee.com/aboutus.html

About Us - Biographies Actually there is no "us." It's just me, Christina Berry. I started this page on March 15, 1998 as "The Cherokee Genealogy Page." In December 2000 I decided it was time to expand the site. The goal was to create a full service Cherokee page with all sorts of fun and helpful information. So who am I? Well I will start by telling you who I am not. I am not a genealogist nor am I a representative of any official or unofficial organization. I'm just a person who loves to build websites and enjoys Cherokee history, genealogy, and culture. I have worked hard to present information which I believe to be factual, but if you notice any errors please let me know But Cherokee culture does not stop with history and genealogy. I wanted to expand the site to include contemporary Cherokee culture and events, to help promote the cultivation and study of Cherokee arts, language, and culture. When I'm not working on one of my websites my other genealogy site is about the British Isles I enjoy photography and beadwork I hope that you find this page helpful, interesting, and informative. If there is any information I am missing feel free to

94. Canada's First Nations: Table Of Contents is at the root of every First Nations culture. of the encounters as preserved inNative oral tradition 1. Arctic Inuit and beothuk 2. Atlantic Gulf and St. http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/firstnations/sitemap.html

CANADA'S FIRST NATIONS Sitemap Antiquity Native Civilisations European Contact Treaty Evolution Chapter One: ANTIQUITY A. Native Creation Myths [A. Native Creation Myths] Canada's First Nations peoples value a legacy of oral tradition that provides an account of each group's origins, history, and spirituality. Stories bind a community with its past and future, and oral traditions reach across generations, from elder to child, and bear witness to how women and men were created and populated the land. These descriptions of genesis are varied but all maintain that life began on the North American continent. The main objective is to provide the First Nations' perspective of their own creation. Iroquois (Earth Diver) Blackfoot (Earth Diver) Igluik (World Parent) Huron (World Parent) Cree (World Parent) Siouian (Emergency) Haida (Conflict and Robbery) Tsimshian (Rebirth of a Corpse) Mi'kmaq (Two Creators and their Conflicts) Algonquin (Brother) Dene (Creation of Seasons) B. Migration Theories [B. Migration Theories] Diverse scientific methods are employed in the construction of origin theories of Canada's First Nations peoples. Scientists place the origin of the human species outside of the Americas. Although they support theories of migration from Asia to the Americas, they disagree over when, how, or why the first humans came to the Americas. The scientific theories attempt to explain the time frame, method, and reason for these migrations. Beringia Land Bridge Trans-Oceanic Migrations Continental Migration after Climatic Change

95. Vitae: Raymond A Bucko, S.J. Political Economy of Class and culture in the First Person, First Peoples NativeAmerican College Graduates and Ethnography of the beothuk, Choice, January http://puffin.creighton.edu/bucko/vitae_detailed.html

RAYMOND A. BUCKO, S.J. Department of Sociology and Anthropology Creighton University 2500 California Plaza Omaha, NE 68178 bucko@creighton.edu CURRENT EMPLOYMENT: Associate Professor of Anthropology Department of Sociology and Anthropology Creighton University EDUCATION AND DEGREES EARNED: University of Chicago Ph. D. completed June 1992 Century Fellowship Dissertation: "Inipi: Historic Transformation and Contemporary Significance of the Sweat Lodge in Lakota Ritual Practice." Regis College, Toronto Master of Sacred Theology Summa Cum Laude Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley Master of Divinity Fordham University B.A. Anthropology and Philosophy Phi Beta Kappa Summa Cum Laude TEACHING EXPERIENCE: 2000 - Present Creighton University Spring Semester 1997 Visiting Scholar, Fairfield University Le Moyne College Native American Educational Services, Chicago Oglala Lakota College Le Moyne College Red Cloud Indian High School COURSES TAUGHT: Anthropology of Religion Careers, Practice, and Professional Computing for Sociology Human Variation Medical Anthropology Ethnohistory of American Indian Peoples Native Cultures of North America Museums and Social Science Social and Cultural Theory Honors Seminar: The World Since 1945 Directed Reading: The Anthropology of War Directed Reading: Aids and Anthropology Cultures: Lakota and Missionary Lakota Culture and Inculturation AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION: Social/cultural theory, religion, symbolic anthropology, history of anthropology, language and culture. museums, Native North America, Great Plains, Lakota. Computer assisted instruction, cooperative and distance learning models.

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