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         Currency Alternatives:     more books (33)
  1. Mutual Life, Limited: Islamic Banking, Alternative Currencies, Lateral Reason by Bill Maurer, 2005-04-11
  2. Money and Liberation: The Micropolitics of Alternative Currency Movements by Peter North, 2007-04-30
  3. Alternative Currency Movements As a Challenge to Globalisation?: A Case Study of Manchester's Local Currency Networks (Ashgate Economic Geography Series) (Ashgate Economic Geography Series) by Peter North, 2005-12-30
  4. Beyond Yes & No: A Multi-currency Alternative to EMU by David Boyle, 2000-05-04
  5. Alternative Currencies: Community Currencies, Private Currencies, Local Currency, Local Exchange Trading Systems, Ithaca Hours, Silvio Gesell
  6. Transit Bus Fare Collection: Problems With and Alternatives to Paper Currency (Synthesis of Transit Practice, 6) by Lawrence E. Deibel, Peter Wood, et all 1986-02
  7. Alternative currencies.(THE LAST WORD)(Viewpoint essay): An article from: The New American by Alex Newman, 2010-06-21
  8. The color of money: alternative currency promotes fresh thinking about sustainable economics. (Money Matters).(barter systems)(Brief Article): An article from: E by C.B. Gaines, 2002-05-01
  9. Mutual Life Limited Islamic Banking Alternative Currencies Lateral Reason 2005 publication. by Bil Maurr, 2005
  10. Security, development and political participation in Thailand: alternative currencies of legitimacy.: An article from: Contemporary Southeast Asia by Duncan McCargo, 2002-04-01
  11. Alternative Investments: Managed Currencies
  12. Alternative Currencies, Alternative Identities (Centre for Reform Papers) by David Boyle, 1999-03
  13. Deducing implications of fitness maximization when a tradeoff exists among alternative currencies (Working paper series) by Stephen W Salant, 1995
  14. Currency substitution and vehicle currencies: Tests of alternative hypotheses for the dollar, DM and yen (Discussion paper series) by S. H Thomas, 1991

1. To Dollarize Or Not To Dollarize? Currency Alternatives For The Western Hemisphe
currency alternatives for the Western Hemisphere Conference organized by The NorthSouthInstitute (NSI) in collaboration with the Canadian Centre for Policy
http://www.nsi-ins.ca/ensi/events/dollarize.html
Events To Dollarize or not to Dollarize?
Currency Alternatives for the Western Hemisphere
Conference organized by The North-South Institute (NSI)
in collaboration with the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives
October 4-5, 2000
Introductory Remarks
Roy Culpeper (President, NSI)
culpeperwelcome.pdf

Keynote Address:
"Exchange rate regimes and capital account regulations for emerging economies"
OCAMPO.pdf "Dollarization, Inequality and Instability in Latin America" Jurgen Schuldt, University of the Pacific, Lima, Peru schuldt.pdf "Exchange-rate Management in a World of Volatile Capital Flows" Guillermo Le Fort Varela, Central Bank of Chile lefortvarela.pdf "Trade Integration and Common Currencies: the Case of Mercosur" fanelli.pdf Luncheon Address" "Engaging the debate: Costs and benefits of a North American common currency" John McCallum, Senior VP and Chief Economist, Royal Bank of Canada "Central Bank, Currency Board or Dollarization" Sir Courtenay Blackman, former Governor of the Central Bank of Barbados

2. Events At The North-South Institute
currency alternatives for the Western Hemisphere The NorthSouth Institute,in collaboration with the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, held a
http://www.nsi-ins.ca/ensi/events/
Events Enabling the Voluntary Sector: The Role of Regulatory and Legislative Frameworks in Canada and Mexico - Notes on the Roundtable sponsored by The North-South Institute and The Centre on North American Politics and Society, February 28 and March 1st.
Special issue of Horizons "Deepening our knowledge on Mexico".

Report on the Second Informal Consultation between the OECD Trade Committee and Non-Governmental Organizations

Paris, October 23, 2000
Prepared by Ann Weston , The North-South Institute
MMSD Workshop: Access to information and the Mining, Minerals and Metals Sector, International Institute for Environment and Development

Vancouver (November 29-30)

Comments by Viviane Weitzner, Senior Researcher, The North-South Institute.
Click here
for the full text.
NSI hosts Newsmaker Breakfast as part of 25th anniversary events

You are invited to help celebrate 25 years of Research for a fairer world, by joining media and friends of The North-South Institute at the National Press Club on November 22nd for breakfast. Click here for complete information.

3. Chp 13, Currency Alternatives For Impersonal Markets, "New Money For Healthy Com
currency alternatives for Impersonal Markets An effective community is a process, an ongoing collection of interactions and continuing relationships. Michael Linton
http://www.ratical.com/many_worlds/cc/NMfHC/chp13.html
back to cc many worlds rat haus Index ... Prev
Chapter 13
Currency Alternatives for Impersonal Markets
An effective community is a process, an ongoing collection of interactions and continuing relationships. Michael Linton
Up to this point, our consideration of exchange alternatives, specifically, local currencies and mutual credit systems, has emphasized the importance of personal commitment within relatively small, limited communities of cooperators. The social dynamics which exist within such groups are a very important element in assuring the workability of these approaches. The social and economic interrelationships within a community are mutually reinforcing and evolve simultaneously. The formation of mutual credit systems such as LETS is one approach to building community while mobilizing the productive potential of labor which has been undervalued by the market or marginalized by the dominant national and global systems. The building of community is not just a by-product, but an essential requirement if human needs are to be adequately satisfied. But there may be other ways "to get from here to there." There may be some places and circumstances in which a less direct approach might be more workable, at least as an intermediate step. As Michael Linton expresses it, "Most regions are communities only in name rather than reality.

4. Chp 13, Currency Alternatives For Impersonal Markets, "New Money For Healthy Com
Chapter 13 currency alternatives for Impersonal Markets. An effectivecommunity is a process, an ongoing collection of interactions
http://www.ratical.org/many_worlds/cc/NMfHC/chp13.html
back to cc many worlds rat haus Index ... Prev
Chapter 13
Currency Alternatives for Impersonal Markets
An effective community is a process, an ongoing collection of interactions and continuing relationships. Michael Linton
Up to this point, our consideration of exchange alternatives, specifically, local currencies and mutual credit systems, has emphasized the importance of personal commitment within relatively small, limited communities of cooperators. The social dynamics which exist within such groups are a very important element in assuring the workability of these approaches. The social and economic interrelationships within a community are mutually reinforcing and evolve simultaneously. The formation of mutual credit systems such as LETS is one approach to building community while mobilizing the productive potential of labor which has been undervalued by the market or marginalized by the dominant national and global systems. The building of community is not just a by-product, but an essential requirement if human needs are to be adequately satisfied. But there may be other ways "to get from here to there." There may be some places and circumstances in which a less direct approach might be more workable, at least as an intermediate step. As Michael Linton expresses it, "Most regions are communities only in name rather than reality.

5. Hedging A Nd Choice Of Currency Denomination In International
of this study is the disaggregation of foreign currency alternatives into individual currencies.
http://www.fma.org/Copenhagen/Papers/200515.pdf

6. Currency Games
Becoming aware of currency alternatives is now mandatory in the money game.
http://www.williamsinference.com/Reports/2511currencygames.htm
Williams Inference Center Currency Games
Volume 25, No. 11, June 13, 1998 "The currency of the New Economy won’t be money, but attention."
Michael H. Goldhaber, University of California Buyers and sellers increasingly are confronted with a multiple-currency economy which includes air miles, stock options, community dollars and Euro dollars. The changing value of the various forms of currency can produce profits and losses. Asian Currencies
The Asian crisis began when Thailand effectively devalued the baht last July 2. Since then, many emerging markets have had currency declines that reduced their returns to U.S. investors in dollar terms. The Brazil market, for example, tumbled 25 percent, but in dollar terms this retreat is equal to 30 percent. In Mexico, the market has risen in local currency 7 percent, but in dollar terms, it is down close to 3 percent. Euro Dollars
Corporate Currency
Corporate stock values are high, creating currency for mergers. The percentage of total merger transactions that are cash has dropped from 60 percent in 1988 to a current 10 percent. Corporations are using their stock as a currency in acquisitions. Household Currency
The U.S. will soon become the first country to have a mutual fund industry larger than its banking system. The emergence of this industry as such a large repository for household wealth is altering the structure of the U.S. financial system and has created a new household currency. The government has difficulty with the transition. The federal government employs more than 40,000 people to supervise the banking system and just 200 to monitor the mutual fund industry.

7. Guardian Unlimited | The Guardian | Jonathan Michie: The Currency That Spells Cu
The least bad of the single currency alternatives would be to scrap the system offiscal ratecapping and democratise the European Central Bank, while pursuing
http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,789166,00.html
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Hearts, minds and bodybags Recorded delivery You don't need to believe in God to learn from religion Myth of a troubled nation ... Friendly fire
The currency that spells cuts
Joining the euro would mean a squeeze on jobs, services and pay. That's why the European elite won't change the rules
Jonathan Michie
Tuesday September 10, 2002
The Guardian

The government has pledged serious money for public services. But its investment faces a dual threat. If Britain joins the euro, cuts are likely to be demanded under the stability and growth pact. And the European commission's fiscal orthodoxy is already having its effect on Gordon Brown: with all EU governments under pressure to shift public services into the private sector, the Labour government is now well down this European cul-de-sac. The Maastricht treaty that paved the way for the euro gave unprecedented power to the European Central Bank, insulating it from democratic accountability. It enshrined the aim of fighting inflation as absolute. It also placed strict limits on budget deficits. Tight control of interest rates is matched by a stranglehold on public finances. Nothing must get in the way of the fight against inflation - least of all the electorate.

8. Untitled
Current Account vs Capital Account CHAPTER 13 currency alternatives FOR IMPERSONALMARKETS A Commoditybased Currency Funded vs Non-funded Currencies and
http://www.ic.org/market/money/toc.html
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND EXHIBITS DESCRIPTION OF BOOK PREFACE PART I MONETARY REALITIES AND OFFICIAL ILLUSIONS CHAPTER 1 TOWARD A NEW WORLD ORDER Gaia Consciousness and Human Unity Correcting Past Errors CHAPTER 2 WHAT IS MONEY? The Essential Nature of Money Definitions Historical Forms of Money The Money Circuit CHAPTER 3 THE POWER AND PLACE OF MONEY The Power Inherent in Money The Place of Money in Human Interaction CHAPTER 4 WHAT'S THE MATTER WITH MONEY? Symptoms of Disease Three Ways in Which Conventional Money Malfunctions How Money Is Created Why There is Never Enough Money How Money is Misallocated How Money Pumps Wealth From the Poor to the Rich CHAPTER 5 THE DISINTEGRATION OF LOCAL ECONOMIES The Historical Progression of Control Over Economic Input Factors Social Control Through Control of Money and Finance Social Disintegration CHAPTER 6 MONEY AND THE CONSTITUTION The Consolidation of Money Power The End of Empires CHAPTER 7 RESTORING THE INTEGRITY OF PERSONAL AND COMMUNITY ECONOMIES Healthy Communities; Healthy World Two Fundamental Strategies Small (and Local) Is Beautiful How to Bring Money Under Local Control Community Banking and the Liberation of Money Why Local Currencies? PART II LOCAL CURRENCIES PAST AND PRESENT

9. Untitled
CHAPTER 13 currency alternatives FOR IMPERSONAL MARKETS An effective community isa process, an ongoing collection of interactions and continuing relationships
http://www.ic.org/market/money/chp13.html
PREV NEXT TOC IC CHAPTER 13 CURRENCY ALTERNATIVES FOR IMPERSONAL MARKETS An effective community is a process, an ongoing collection of interactions and continuing relationships. Michael Linton Up to this point, our consideration of exchange alternatives, specifically, local currencies and mutual credit systems, has emphasized the importance of personal commitment within relatively small, limited communities of cooperators. The social dynamics which exist within such groups are a very important element in assuring the workability of these approaches. The social and economic interrelationships within a community are mutually reinforcing and evolve simultaneously. The formation of mutual credit systems such as LETS is one approach to building community while mobilizing the productive potential of labor which has been undervalued by the market or marginalized by the dominant national and global systems. The building of community is not just a by-product, but an essential requirement if human needs are to be adequately satisfied. But there may be other ways "to get from here to there." There may be some places and circumstances in which a less direct approach might be more workable, at least as an intermediate step. As Michael Linton expresses it, "Most regions are communities only in name rather than reality. An effective community is a process, an ongoing collection of interactions and continuing relationships."(95) Where these ongoing interactions and continuing relationships are lacking, it might be more effective to approach the problem of exchange by implementing a currency system involving commitments which are more formal and conventional. One such approach would be a commodity-based currency. A Commodity-based Currency In an impersonal environment, one may know little or nothing about his/her potential trading partners. In that instance it becomes expedient to have a currency which represents a claim to valuable property. Such a currency would tend toward the "hard," impersonal pole of the spectrum, but the system for issuing and regulating it could, nonetheless, be very democratic. The value of such a currency can be assured by some kind of "cover," i.e. it would be a "funded" currency. Funded vs. Non-funded Currencies and Exchange Systems The local currency and mutual exchange systems discussed thus far have been non-funded. Non-funded currencies are characterized as follows: 1. A non-funded currency is one which is issued on the basis of some exchange transaction or agreement. No assets are held by the issuing agency and the currency is therefore not redeemable, except, of course, in the market, for goods and services. 2. The currency may be issued on the basis of the transfer of value between two parties, one of which (the buyer) is authorized to issue such currency under an agreement with others willing to accept it in payment.(96) 3. The "backing" for a non-funded currency is simply the formal or implied commitment of the buyer to deliver equal value to someone at some future time in return for the local currency which s/he has created and issued. Thus, s/he "redeems" it by making a sale. 4. As we have already pointed out, there must be a limit to the amount of currency which each individual party to the agreement can issue. This limit should be determined by his/her ability to produce. Experience indicates that the limit should not exceed the value equivalent to his/her normal sales volume within a 2 or 3 month period. The essential features of a funded currency or credit system are as follows: 1. A funded currency is one which is issued on the basis of the transfer to the issuing agency of some valuable assets which are held as "reserves." 2. These assets are held by the issuing agency against future redemption of the currency. The currency may be redeemable on demand of the holder, or it's redemption may be restricted in some way. It may be redeemable only at certain times, or under certain specified conditions, and/or only by certain specified individuals or groups. 3. The assets which are accepted can be in most any form, however, some assets serve the purpose better than others. Historically, gold and silver have often served this purpose, along with government bonds and other securities, or even other currencies. Some "third world" countries use U.S. dollars as reserves for their national currencies. 4. It is best to use assets which represent value on the way to market or assets which can be easily liquidated in fractional amounts. Thus, the use of real estate or capital equipment is not recommended, unless the rate of redemption is restricted to conform to the productivity or rate of liquidation of such assets in the normal course of business. 5. One of the usual errors which banks and governments have made is to issue more currency notes than the value of the assets held. This is known as "fractional reserve banking." 6. To be "fully funded," the amount of currency issued must not exceed the value of the assets held for redemption. 7. If the value of the assets held should decline in terms of some other currency or value measure, the value of the currency itself would decline in relation to that same measure. 8. If some official currency, such as the U.S. Dollar, or securities denominated in dollars, are used as backing (reserves) for a funded local currency, then the value of the local currency will fluctuate in accordance with the value of the official currency. Using Inventories as Reserves One approach toward issuing a funded currency would be to use the value of inventories as the basis of issue. Since inventories must be maintained as part of the process of doing business anyway, why not use the value of those inventories to provide a sound medium of exchange? Basic commodities in inventory would seem to serve this purpose very well since they provide foundational inputs upon which subsequent economic activity depends, and provide an early indicator of value on the way to market. They would provide a medium of exchange which is grounded in reality and subject to all the natural limitations of the physical commodities which that exchange medium represents. The supply of money thus created would be self-regulating, expanding and contracting in step with changes in the stocks of the basic commodities. One might envision such a currency being issued through a network of local merchant banks or business associations. The system would be decentralized, locally controlled, open, and subject to audit by a public-service, non-governmental agency. This is how it might work. Newly produced grain, for example, might be deposited in a warehouse and new currency would be issued to the farmer in return for his warehouse receipt. The farmer would then be able to spend this money into circulation. When the grain is finally sold, to say, a miller, the miller would use money acquired in the market to buy the warehouse receipt allowing him to take possession of the grain. That money then would be extinguished. Having done its job, it is taken out of circulation. The process is shown pictorially in Figure 13.1. Note that the warehouse receipt makes a complete circuit. It is issued by the warehouse to the farmer when he deposits wheat in the warehouse. The farmer then exchanges the receipt for credits or currency notes at the mercantile bank. The miller buys it from the mercantile bank using credits or notes which he has acquired in the course of doing business. He then takes the receipt to the warehouse that originally issued it, where he exchanges it for the actual wheat. The warehouse receipt, having done its job, and having arrived back at its point of origin, is destroyed. Likewise, the credits or notes also make a complete circuit. The mercantile bank creates and issues them to the farmer in exchange for his warehouse receipt. The farmer then spends them into circulation, in effect, exchanging them in trade for goods or services. They may subsequently be used by any number of traders to mediate exchanges of goods and/or services. Eventually, they are returned to the mercantile bank where they originated, and used to redeem the warehouse receipt which was the basis for their issuance. Once this basis is gone from the bank, the notes or credits must be retired. In the present system, the supply of money is not automatically expanded to provide the means for purchasing the goods being brought to market. Since the supply of money may be artificially restricted, as well as misallocated, increased production typically drives market prices down. This causes producers to produce less, even though the real need and demand for the product may be far from being satisfied. This is one reason why there is hunger amidst plenty; many of those needing the food lack the money to buy it. If the need is there, and the supply is there, the money to match them up should also be there. The current system makes producers slaves to money. There are three factors which create this condition. First, because money can only come into circulation through borrowing, a producer, one who owns real wealth, is allowed to convert that wealth to money only by becoming a debtor and using that wealth as collateral. Secondly, because interest is levied on this debt, most of the value, over time, is transferred to non-producers who control the money and banking process. Thirdly, because the supply of money is artificially regulated and kept in short supply relative to the amount needed for payments of the debt, some producers will inevitably default on their loans and be forced to forfeit their collateral. Using basic commodities as the basis for issuing currency to producers automatically in proportion to their production makes the producer "king" by placing the money issuing power in his/her hands. It allows him/her to reap his proper reward for his contribution to the community. It creates the amount of currency necessary to allow the purchase of the goods produced the greater the amount produced, the greater the amount of currency in circulation; the more real wealth the community has (in the form of grain, lumber, metals, fuels, etc.), the more money there will be. Thus, the real wealth of the community is reflected (symbolically) in the amount of money in circulation. If next year's production falls short of this year's, the amount of money retired in the process of redemption of commodities will be greater than the amount of new money issued. This will cause the money supply to contract along with the supply of commodities, reflecting the relative poverty of the community. If, on the other hand, production should increase from one period to the next, the amount of newly issued money will exceed the amount retired in the process of redemption. The supply of money will thus increase along with the supply of commodities, reflecting the relative prosperity of the community. This approach to currency issue would maintain a stable general price level, since there would be no central-bank-created artificial shortage, no legalized counterfeit from monetized government debt, no interest, and no misallocated bank credit. Producers would not be charged interest on money issued in this manner. The initial amount of money issued on the strength of any particular warehouse receipt would be based upon the price history, stability of supply and perishability of the commodity. The final total received by the producer would be determined by the eventual price which he received in the market. Producers' accounts would be updated periodically to bring them into line with the actual market results. An Example To illustrate how this might work, consider an example of a wheat farmer. Suppose the recent history of wheat prices shows them to be fairly stable at around $3 a bushel. Farmer brings in a crop of 20,000 bushels of wheat which he deposits in a bonded warehouse. Upon receiving his warehouse receipt, Farmer takes it to the local cooperative mercantile bank which credits his account or gives him currency at full parity with the recent average price of $3.00.(97) Farmer thus receives $60,000 in currency or credit ($3 x 20,000). Now since wheat is perishable, Farmer is not going to wait too long to market it, if he can help it. Wheat has a limited storage life and proper storage costs money. The longer he waits, the greater his costs and the more the wheat deteriorates. Unless there is an upward fluctuation in the market price sufficient to offset them, these costs will result in Farmer getting a lower eventual total return. Suppose Farmer sells his crop two weeks later for a price of $3.20 a bushel or a total of $64,000. His account will then be adjusted by adding the extra $4,000 which his crop proved to be worth over the $60,000 originally issued to him. In the unlikely event that the coop bank were to badly misjudge the market and Farmer could only get $2.60 for his wheat, his account would be debited for the difference of $8,000. If his account balance was insufficient to cover the debit it could be carried over and Farmer would receive that much less when his next crop was deposited. Now suppose Miller buys the wheat from Farmer for $3.20 a bushel or a total of $64,000. Miller must then take that amount of currency to the bank. Of that amount, $4,000 is credited to Farmer's account and the remaining $60,000 is used to redeem the warehouse receipt. Miller then takes the warehouse receipt to the warehouse, which allows him to withdraw the wheat. The warehouse receipt is then canceled. Since the bank no longer has the warehouse receipt, the $60,000 which Miller paid to redeem it must go out of circulation.(98) When both the warehouse receipt and the credits or notes which were issued on its basis have made the complete circuit, they are then retired. The process begins again when more wheat or other valuable commodities are deposited in the warehouse. Under this type of system, nobody has to go into debt to bring money into circulation, the amount of money and the amount of value are always in balance, and there is a natural incentive to expedite commerce and keep the money circulating rapidly. There are two reasons for this. First, it is to the farmer's advantage to sell his crop quickly to avoid storage costs and spoilage. Secondly, it is to his/her advantage to spend his/her money into circulation, giving others the means to buy his crop. All that one need do to issue money under such a system is to be productive. PREV NEXT TOC IC ... ORDER

10. Euroization In Bulgaria
currency alternatives for the Western Hemisphere, Conference organized by The NorthSouthInstitute (NSI) in collaboration with the Canadian Centre for Policy
http://www.geocities.com/euroize/
Euroisation in Bulgaria A website to stimulate and inform public discussion and debate on the issue of whether Bulgaria should adopt the euro as legal tender " So much of barbarism however still remains in the transactions of most civilised Nations, that almost all independent countries choose to assert their nationality by having, to their own inconvenience and that of their neighbours, a peculiar currency of their own."
John Stuart Mill , Principles of Political Economy We are economic researchers who believe that euroization in Bulgaria (the official adoption of the euro as legal tender and withdrawal of the lev from circulation) is not only possible, but may offer considerable benefits to the nation's economy. Specifically, it is our considered opinion that euroization would expedite Bulgaria's entry into European Monetary Union, boost foreign trade and investment and accordingly enhance prospects for economic growth.
The issues surrounding euroization, however, are both complex and divisive. By setting up this web-page, it is our intention to facilitate informed discussion and debate on this important and controversial proposal. Below you will find links to research on the costs and benefits of euroization, to web-sites featuring material on euroization and related issues, and to the "Euroize Bulgaria" message board, to which we encourage you to contribute.
We welcome your comments and feedback on our work; feel free to contact us by e-mail at:

11. FURTHER READING
currency alternatives for the Western Hemisphere, NorthSouth Institute (Ottawa),4-5 October 2000; Dollarization and Latin America, Florida International
http://users.erols.com/kurrency/further.htm
FURTHER READING ON CURRENCY BOARDS, DOLLARIZATION, AND RELATED TOPICS
Printed material on currency boards / Online material on currency boards / Web sites of currency boards and currency board-like systems / Printed material on dollarization / Online material on dollarization / Web sites of monetary authorities in dollarized countries / The International Monetary Stability Act / Material on other topics of interest After you have viewed this site, here are some suggestions for further reading on currency boards, dollarization, and related topics. Check your local university library for the printed material, or order through an online bookseller . The list is limited to what I consider the best recent material. The most important material is in books; the Internet has not yet replaced the library. I welcome suggestions for material to add to the list. Printed material on currency boards For a long list, see the currency board bibliography compiled by Matt Sekerke and me. Here's a short list: Steve H. Hanke, Lars Jonung, and Kurt Schuler, Russian Currency and Finance: A Currency Board Approach to Reform. London: Routledge, 1993, 222 pages. The most thorough recent work on currency boards. Discusses in some detail how to solve problems that may arise in a former socialist country establishing a currency board. An appendix contains a listing of historical episodes of currency boards. You can buy it from me, cheap.

12. Japanlink - Page: 1 Of 1
The markets are now seeing a flight from the US Dollar towards currency alternativessuch as the Yen that are in fact highly dependent on the US economy.
http://members.bellatlantic.net/~vze37p3a/japanlink_001.htm
Japan the Missing Economic Link to the War on Iraq
Warren Pollock and valued insights from
Contributing Financial Editor: John R. Mackenzie
Overview
Economic Conditions in Japan are the Missing Link to Expose the Weakness of the Global Economy and the Coming US War on Iraq
Analysis
The abysmal financial condition of Japanese Banks and their unwillingness over past decade to restructure bad debts and recover from poor investments will accelerate with the deteriorating quality currently visible in the US Dollar. The markets are now seeing a flight from the US Dollar towards currency alternatives such as the Yen that are in fact highly dependent on the US economy. This currency swap out will add to and delay but not prevent larger global economic dislocations.
Similar conditions in the Japanese economy occurred and contributed to the stock market crash of 1987 and the same technical patters for a similarly dramatic correction are now forming.
The Bank of Japan in its January 24th report seams to acknowledge the fact that the fundamentals of the Yen are highly dependent upon exports and thus the Yen should in no way be any stronger than the US Dollar. It sees sales and exports at static levels and it hopes that weaknesses in the US Dollar can be attributed to near-term geo-political concerns. The bank does not talk about operating margins or return on investment capital and for good reason.
The Japanese consumer pays much more for domestically produced products when compared to the same products exported to the United States. High prices in Japan finance the ability of that nation to "dump goods" and fix pricing in the US below cost. Corporate and bank debt also provides a subsidy to Japanese export goods. A full employment policy, which has recently come under pressure was the primary the justification for this public policy or government encouraged international inequity between domestic savers and international consumers.

13. Invest Avenue's Article Page
In these challenging markets, the currency alternatives will probablytake two steps forward and one step back! Such caution is
http://www.investavenue.com/article.html?ID=5238

14. Welcome To LETS.net
available. LETS.net is also maintained as a development platform forlowmaintenance solutions to national currency alternatives.
http://www.lets.net/welcome.html
Welcome to LETS.net
LETS.net is open to any group that calls itself a LETS. Please see our Draft Mission Statement below to learn more.
You may have noticed that there is space for another circle at the top of the front page, and more if needed. If there is another major link that you would like to see added, or any changes to the website, contact Steve or see the relevant section of the website for details. We encourage you to become involved with LETS.net as an Website Maintainer, Information Coordinator, or in any other way you'd like to contribute and work together with us.
Regards,
Steve
MISSION STATEMENT (Draft)
  • LETS.net exists to facilitate the global development of parallel currencies and the reconstitution of local economies. LETS.net is a macro-level response to the micro-level problems created by borderless economics.
  • LETS.net is open to any group that call itself a LETS.
  • Information and networking are first level services LETS.net provides. Web-space and email connectivity, Ftp and web-database structures are also available. LETS.net is also maintained as a development platform for low-maintenance solutions to national currency alternatives.
  • The original concept of LETS.net was to facilitate Internetworking of LETS by providing basic Internet service like name/domain registration, web service, network administration forums for software development/support/testing etc., and eventually to provide direct Internet access.

15. Alternatives: The Tobin Tax Initiative: Tax Currency Speculators Use The Revenue
Tobin Tax Initiative by Ruthanne Cecil The current global financial crisis has caused widespread human suffering in Asia, Russia and Brazil.
http://www.globalexchange.org/economy/alternatives/tobintax.html
Alternatives Corporations World Bank, IMF, WTO FTAA, Trade Global Economy 101 ... Alternatives
The Tobin Tax Initiative: Tax Currency Speculators Use the Revenue for Environmental and Economic Justice Tobin Tax Initiative
by Ruthanne Cecil The current global financial crisis has caused widespread human suffering in Asia, Russia and Brazil. When currency is devalued, the purchasing power of citizens plummets, food and other basic items become too expensive, national spending on environmental protection and on social safety nets is threatened, and jobs are lost. One of the principal causes of the financial crisis is the large volume of currency speculation occurring on a global basis. Foreign currency exchange has grown recently to over $1.5 trillion daily, much larger than the combined volume of all the world's stock exchanges. This market is so large and volatile that central banks can no longer protect their nation's currencies. The institutions that regulate national and international monetary systems have inadequate and sometimes destructive policies to deal with the crisis. For example, the austerity programs of the International Monetary Fund increase the suffering of those dependent on increasingly tattered safety-nets, while accelerating destructive volatility. Reform of these institutions is an essential part of any effective solution to the crisis. Reforms should include mechanisms to reduce the volume of destabilizing capital flows through a transaction tax on currency speculation. Commonly called the "Tobin Tax," after James Tobin, the Nobel laureate economist who originated the concept, this tax would deter short-term or overnight trades, and thus shrink the volume of daily currency trading from its present $1.5 trillion daily level. Such a shrinkage would restore each nation's ability to control its own currency, as well as generate revenue.

16. Royal Bank - Foreign Exchange Converter
currency rates for about 40 countries to and from Canadian and US dollars are available through this financial resource. Using Convenient Cash alternatives. Having Enough Local currency
http://www.royalbank.com/travel/fxconvert.html

17. All About Wigs - Alternatives 2000
COST IS IN MY currency FOR THE WIG I WANT? There is a website that will calculatethis for you. CLICK HERE. Click Here! Copyright 19992003 alternatives 2000 and
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18. All About Wigs - Alternatives 2000
Other Items of Interest ALOPECIA, info on CHEMOTHERAPY, INFO ON currency CONVERTERGLOSSARY OF Copyright 19992003 alternatives 2000 and/or Respective Companies
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19. Travel Alternatives
Travel alternatives. home essentials - money, members' entry. UCC I want to convert thisamount (enter any amount). of this currency USD United States Dollars
http://www.travelalternatives.org/inbound/info_pages/essentials/money.htm

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USD United States Dollars EUR Euro CAD Canada Dollars GBP United Kingdom Pounds DEM Germany Deutsche Marks FRF France Francs JPY Japan Yen NLG Netherlands Guilders ITL Italy Lira CHF Switzerland Francs DZD Algeria Dinars ARP Argentina Pesos AUD Australian Dollars ATS Austria Schillings BSD Bahamas Dollars BBD Barbados Dollars BEF Belgium Francs BMD Bermuda Dollars BRL Brazil Real BGL Bulgaria Lev CAD Canada Dollars CLP Chile Pesos CNY China Yuan Renmimbi CYP Cyprus Pounds CZK Czech Republic Koruna DKK Denmark Kroner NLG Dutch Guilders XCD Eastern Caribbean Dollars EGP Egypt Pounds EUR Euro FJD Fiji Dollars FIM Finland Markka FRF France Francs DEM Germany Deutsche Marks XAU Gold Ounces GRD Greece Drachmas HKD Hong Kong Dollars HUF Hungary Forint ISK Iceland Krona INR India Rupees IDR Indonesia Rupiah IEP Ireland Punt ILS Israel New Shekels ITL Italy Lira JMD Jamaica Dollars JPY Japan Yen JOD Jordan Dinar KRW Korea (South) Won LBP Lebanon Pounds LUF Luxembourg Francs MYR Malaysia Ringgit MXP Mexico Pesos NLG Netherlands Guilders NZD New Zealand Dollars NOK Norway Kroner PKR Pakistan Rupees XPD Palladium Ounces PHP Philippines Pesos XPT Platinum Ounces PLZ Poland Zloty PTE Portugal Escudo ROL Romania Leu RUR Russia Rubles SAR Saudi Arabia Riyal XAG Silver Ounces SGD Singapore Dollars SKK Slovakia Koruna

20. Currency Exchange
When you are finished, push the Perform currency Conversion button, and the resultsof your conversion will be displayed. Note Travel alternatives can make
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Currency Exchange did I just pay 30 dollars or 30 cents for that? Constantly converting from one currency to another when you travel can be a real drag, and mistakes can often cost you dearly. Trying to keep track of the ever changing exchange rates also makes things even harder as rates change constantly. The Universal Currency Converter™ allows you to perform interactive foreign exchange rate conversion on the Internet. Type the amount of source currency in the input box. You may include commas and a decimal point. Select the source and destination currencies using the scrolling selection boxes. Note that there are far more currencies available than the initial six displayed.
When you are finished, push the "Perform Currency Conversion" button, and the results of your conversion will be displayed. Note : Travel Alternatives can make no guarantees as to the accuracy of this information.

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