21. CrimTrac dna database will operate in accordance with relevant Commonwealth, State and Territorylegislation governing the collection and matching of dna profiles http://www.crimtrac.gov.au/dna.htm

DNA profiling is the single most important advance in police investigation techniques since the development of fingerprint classification systems in the late nineteenth century. CrimTrac's new National Criminal Investigation DNA Database will offer Australia's police services the enhanced ability to solve more crimes more quickly. What is DNA? DNA - short for Deoxyribonucleic Acid (pronounced 'Dee-ox-ee-rye-bo-new-klee-ic Acid') - is the blueprint for life. It is a very long molecule that carries genetic information that governs a person's physical characteristics. Each individual inherits half their DNA from their mother and the other half from their father. With the exception of identical twins, no two individuals share the same DNA sequence. DNA is found in the nucleus of every cell in the body except red blood cells and is the same throughout the body. That is, for any individual, the DNA sequence recovered from white blood cells is identical to that found in other tissues, bones or bodily fluids. There are many regions of DNA molecules that do not hold any known genetic information, but that vary enormously from person to person. These are called non-coding or 'junk' DNA, and are used by forensic scientists to distinguish between individuals. Junk DNA cannot be used to build up a physical picture of an individual, or identify race or age.

22. Project to other collections of biological samples for potential matching of crime and ethicalissues that arise from the collection and use of dna samples in http://www.dur.ac.uk/p.j.johnson/project.html

ACTIVITIES CONTACT Genetic Information and Crime Investigation: Social, Ethical and Public Policy Aspects of the Establishment, Expansion and Police Use of the National DNA Database. Aims of the project We are currently undertaking research to identify and investigate the social, ethical and public policy contexts and consequences of the establishment and rapid expansion of the ‘National DNA Database’ (NDNAD), held by the Forensic Science Service (FSS) on behalf of the Association of Chief Police Officers of England and Wales (ACPO), which is used to provide scientific support to the police in the investigation of crime. In particular, we are exploring and comparing the differing perceptions of the practical effectiveness and social and ethical implications of the use of the NDNAD held by a variety of professionals involved in the Criminal Justice System. A Background to DNA and Criminal Investigation The National DNA Database Since the establishment of the NDNAD on the 10th April 1995, genetic data held on this database have become increasingly central to the practice of criminal investigation in the United Kingdom. The two segments of the

23. Anderson's OnLine Documentation AND INSTRUCTION NEEDED FOR THE collection AND FORWARDING OF MISSING PERSONS DATABASEWITH THE dna RECORDS IN OF THE BUREAU IDENTIFIES A matching dna RECORD FOR http://ohioacts.avv.com/122/sb140/sec-109.573.htm

Welcome to the new OnLine Docs site. Some links have changed. Please update your bookmarks/favorites. You are being automatically re-directed to our new home. Please remember to update your bookmarks. If the new page does load within 10 seconds, click http://onlinedocs.andersonpublishing.com to continue.

24. Anderson's OnLine Documentation and instruction needed for the collection and forwarding of missing persons databasewith the dna records in of the bureau identifies a matching dna record for http://ohioacts.avv.com/123/sb179/sec-109.573.htm

Welcome to the new OnLine Docs site. Some links have changed. Please update your bookmarks/favorites. You are being automatically re-directed to our new home. Please remember to update your bookmarks. If the new page does load within 10 seconds, click http://onlinedocs.andersonpublishing.com to continue.

25. ALRC - On-line legislation, particularly in relation to the collection, use, storage be made to theindex matching rules so as pretrial notice of all dna samples collected at http://www.alrc.gov.au/media/2002/bn6.htm

About Contact ALRC inquiries Making submissions ... 2002 media Media briefing note Wednesday 28 August, 2002 Australian Law Reform Commission/Australian Health Ethics Committee Law Enforcement and Evidence (refer Chapters 34-39) - Protection of Human Genetic Information (DP 66) DNA profiling is a now a major tool for all Australian law enforcement authorities. Unlike genetic testing in the health and research contexts, forensic testing is performed on non-coding or so-called 'junk' DNA, with respect to nine agreed sites ('loci') on a chromosome, in order to construct a profile for identification purposes. DNA profiles may be used in criminal investigations to link a suspect to a crime scene, or to exclude a suspect, or to identify a missing person or human remains. The Inquiry's primary concern is the need for harmonisation of Australian forensic procedures legislation, particularly in relation to the collection, use, storage, destruction and index-matching of forensic samples and the DNA profiles created from such samples. Greater harmonisation of the disparate laws and practices across Australia would promote greater effectiveness of DNA profiling as an investigative tool, as well as improve safeguards and public confidence in the integrity of the system.

26. CORDIS - Growth: Calls For Proposals: SMT - Topics: TOPIC IV.18 aim to harmonise standards for collection and interpretation than for fingerprintsand dna, because ear the development of automated support tools for matching. http://www.cordis.lu/growth/calls/top-4.18.htm

Fixed Deadline Call - Dedicated Call - 10/00 Fixed Deadline Call - Dedicated Call TOPIC IV.18 Ear-prints in criminal investigation. 1. CONFORMITY WITH THE WORK PROGRAMME This topic falls under the Competitive and Sustainable Growth Programme, generic activity Measurement and Testing. Specifically, it is related to Objective GROW-2000-6.2.2 Measurement and Testing anti-fraud methodologies for which expressions of interest have been called. Basically, it calls for research on the provision of data and software for personal identification (or 'individualisation') of criminals and suspects using body traces at scenes of crime. It aims at providing certified data on ear-prints for use by judicial authorities. It also aims at methods and means to improve the reliability of personal identification services needed in the Community's forensic laboratories and police authorities. The research objectives to which this topic is linked are concerned with intelligent measuring systems, largely software driven. The relevant research includes validation of evidence extracted from data by the intended measuring systems. The research findings are intended to support the implementation of systems usable at low cost by any police authority in the Community. In the area of methodology, this proposal focuses on pre-normative research aimed at disseminating best practice and improving the reliability of personal identification services across Europe. It calls for the provision of reference databases [supporting the development of personal identification systems usable in all member states. These involve modern technology and knowledge management methods for the Forensic Science in Europe.

27. The Guardian above, the technology is completely unsuitable to such mass crossmatching and isno Sample collection Although its enthusiasts refer to dna profiling as http://www.cpa.org.au/garchve2/997dna.html

The Guardian April 19, 2000 Genetic fanatics This is part one of an abridged version of the "briefing paper" presented to the NSW Parliament on April 6 by Justice Action. Part two will appear in a future issue of The Guardian . The full document can be obtained from Justice Action, PO Box 386 Broadway, NSW 2007; Ph: (02) 9281 5100 Fax: (02) 9281 5303; Email: JA@justiceaction.org.au Website: http://www.justiceaction.org.au There has been much recent enthusiasm expressed about the potential of forensic DNA testing to solve crime and even to free the wrongly convicted. This enthusiasm has led to a rush to implement new technology without considering possible drawbacks or safeguards. It has also led to proposals which would severely compromise privacy and civil rights were they to be implemented in NSW. The Technology Data and samples Sample collection Back to index page

28. Forensic Sciences & Forensics: Science In Law: The Search For Evidence By Expert include any discipline that can aid in the collection, preservation and of structuraldesign) or biology (for dna identification or matching). http://www.legallanguage.com/forensic/ForensicScience.html

legal experts in search of evidence, expert witnesses, certified tape transcripts, etc. What is Forensic Science? Forensic science is the use of science in the service of the law. Sciences used in forensics include any discipline that can aid in the collection, preservation and analysis of evidence such as chemistry (for the identification of explosives), engineering (for examination of structural design) or biology (for DNA identification or matching). A forensic scientist is expert in any technical field and can provide an analysis of the evidence, witness testimony on examination results, technical support and even training in his or her specialized area. Why is Forensic Science important? Analysis of forensic evidence is used in the investigation and prosecution of civil and criminal proceedings. Often, it can help to establish the guilt or innocence of possible suspects. Forensic evidence is also used to link crimes that are thought to be related to one another. For example, DNA evidence can link one offender to several different crimes or crime scenes (or exonerate the accused). Linking crimes helps law enforcement authorities to narrow the range of possible suspects and to establish patterns of for crimes, which are useful in identifying and prosecuting suspects.

29. DNA Evidence Shelf - Forensic Science Bookstore / © 1997 - 2003 Knowledge Solut 93 Surveys the growing practice of matching dna from crime people can gain insightinto how dna analysis works, from sample collection to interpretation http://www.corpus-delicti.com/DNA.html

Career Guide to Criminal Profiling Love CSI Crime Scene Investigation? Do you dream of becoming a forensic scientist, criminal profiler, or working for the FBI? Our Career Guide to Criminal Profiling will give you the tools you need to cut through the hype and make an informed decision about your Forensic Science education and your career goals. Find out more.... Shelves Featured Newly Listed Forensic Science Books ! Forensic Accounting Archeology Arson Investigation ... 50th Anniversary of DNA ! History of Science/Development of DNA Evolutionary Theory Time's Future of Life Conference Genome Project Nanotechnology and More Genetics Forensic Science For Young Scientists Biochemistry General Science Science Magazines Blood Evidence: How DNA is Revolutionizing the Way We Solve Crimes by Henry Lee, Frank Tirnady An Introduction to Forensic DNA Analysis by Keith Inman, Norah Rudin

30. Dave Kopel & Paul H. Blackman On Gun Control & Fingerprinting On National Review is stronger than the case for collection of bullet the bullets are worthless evenfor matching to the less useful than real fingerprinting or dna analysis as a http://www.nationalreview.com/kopel/kopel102302.asp

NRO NR Author Archive Send to a Friend Print Version October 23, 2002 9:00 a.m. Not So Fast Ballistic fingerprinting won’t work in response to the D.C. sniper. he Sniper has reinvigorated gun-prohibition groups. Gun control is the answer for them, of course, to a murder spree by someone using some kind of rifle or handgun in a caliber of approximately .223. The prohibition lobbies and their media dupes are calling the suspect .223 "high-powered," but it's really about as low powered as a centerfire rifle gets. As a hunting round, it's for varmints, not big game. While the Violence Policy Center has been making a big deal about "sniper rifles" and "sniper culture" (thereby denigrating the many decent people who serve as snipers for the police or the military), the .223 caliber — if that's what the shooter is using — is quite far from the long-range, high-power type of rifle used by police and military snipers. Thus, the gun-control issue du jour is so-called "ballistic fingerprinting" or "ballistic DNA." The theory is that when a bullet goes through a rifled barrel — handgun or rifle — striations are made on the bullet that are unique to that particular barrel, just as DNA and fingerprints are unique. So, once you have a crime bullet, all you need to do is compare it to all other bullets, find your match, and go from there, just as you would do with a fingerprint or DNA sample.

31. Untitled Document will provide dna evidence/sample collection while adhering played a role, havingconducted dna genotyping for a person's genetic makeup and matching it with http://www.isgu.com/dna.shtml

INVESTIGATIVE SOLUTIONS GROUP UNLIMITED Hospital Trace Reports DNA Processing Computer Forensics Marine Recovery ... and Investigation Join LicensedPI Mailing List! Then Click Or send mail: Subscribe LicensedPI DNA TESTING DIVISION Overview of DNA Testing: Services We Offer: Our Private Investigators will provide DNA evidence/sample collection while adhering to the proper chain of custody guidelines in order to take evidence/samples from its origin to its destination without disruption. Once in the lab our Bio Science team will provide you with the evidence/sample testing that you require and report on our findings. Paternity cases Our team provides paternity testing services for child welfare agencies and private individuals through a network of four accredited genotyping laboratories on two continents. Our laboratory is the market leader for publicly funded paternity testing in the U.S., with a reputation for quality and service. Criminal Forensics Our team is among the most respected forensic DNA testing service in the world, known for the consistent high quality of its work and its expert staff of forensic scientists. With an international network of four accredited forensic genotyping laboratories in the U.S. and the U.K., we serve government law enforcement agencies and defense attorneys. Name a high profile criminal investigation, and there is a good chance that our experts played a role, having conducted DNA genotyping for such cases as O.J. Simpson, Jon Benet Ramsey and the Unabomber.

32. FBI Laboratory: Forensic Systems each other or identifying suspects by matching crime scene state dna databases andthe collection of dna Laboratory has added approximately 600 dna profiles in http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/org/systems.htm

FBI HOME PAGE HANDBOOK OF FORENSIC SERVICES FORENSIC SCIENCE COMMUNICATIONS LABORATORY SERVICES ... FBI LABORATORY Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) program provides software and support services to enable state and local laboratories to establish databases of convicted offenders, unsolved crime scenes, and missing persons. CODIS allows these forensic laboratories to exchange and compare DNA profiles electronically, thereby linking serial violent crimes, especially sexual assaults, to each other, and to identify suspects by matching DNA from crime scenes to convicted offenders. CODIS has recorded more than 500 matches linking serial violent crimes to each other or identifying suspects by matching crime scene evidence to known convicted offenders. These matches have aided more than 1,000 violent crime investigations. This indexing system is installed in 104 laboratories in 43 states and the District of Columbia. All 50 states have enacted DNA database laws requiring the collection of a DNA sample from specified categories of convicted offenders. More than 500 federal, state, and local DNA analysts have received CODIS training, and the FBI Laboratory has provided CODIS software and training to criminal justice agencies in other countries. Examiners conducting DNA analyses can exchange and compare their samples electronically using CODIS

33. FBI Press Room - Congressional Statement - 2000 - Forensic DNA Analysis crimes to each other and identify suspects by matching dna from crime is the lackof express legislative authority for the collection of dna samples from http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress00/dadams.htm

March 23, 2000 Statement for the Record of Dr. Dwight E. Adams Deputy Assistant Director, Forensic Analysis Branch Federal Bureau of Investigation on Forensic DNA Analysis Before the Subcommittee on Crime of the House Judiciary Committee Washington, D.C. On behalf of Louis Freeh, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, we appreciate the opportunity to share with this Committee an update on the Bureau's activities relating to forensic DNA analysis and more specifically, the Combined DNA Index System or CODIS and our National DNA database. For a brief historical perspective, toward the end of the 1980's, the Laboratory Division convened a group of Federal, State and local forensic scientists to establish guidelines for the use of forensic DNA analysis in laboratories. This group, know as the Technical Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods or TWGDAM, not only developed the guidelines which formed the basis for our national quality assurance standards but they also proposed the creation of a national DNA database for the storage and exchange of DNA profiles developed from crime scenes. This proposal formed the genesis of the development of our CODIS program - software that enables Federal, State and local laboratories to store and compare DNA profiles electronically and thereby link serial crimes to each other and identify suspects by matching DNA from crime scenes to convicted offenders.

34. FAQ The matching of dna profiles in the dnaFUN is by comparison of 14 You only needto purchase a GeneTek dna Personal Profile Sample collection Kit ($85 http://www.dna-fun.com/html/eng/faq01.htm

F requently Asked Questions About DNA Family Unity Network (DNA-FUN) Q. Does the DNA Family Unity Network (DNA-FUN) guarantee they can help me reunite with my family? Q. Are there any restrictions on the persons that can be identified? Q. Is the matching accurate? Will any mismatching occur? Q. How much is entry to the DNA-FUN? Q. How far does the DNA-FUN extend? Q. How long does the matching process take? Q. Will personal information and DNA profiles be exposed to other people? About DNA Family Unity Network (DNA-FUN) Q. Does the DNA Family Unity Network (DNA-FUN) guarantee they can help me reunite with my family? A. The mission of DNA-FUN is to increase the efficiency of reuniting family members using DNA profiling technology. The DNA profile registered in the DNA-FUN will be automatically compared with all existing and newly submitted DNA profiles until a match is found. However, DNA-FUN cannot promise that a successful match will be made. (Top) Q.

35. Members.aol.com/cygnusx106/papers/dna2.txt fingerprinting is begun with the collection of samples A fingerprint showing dna differentfrom that found at subject is deadly, but a matching profile usually http://members.aol.com/cygnusx106/papers/dna2.txt

DNA Fingerprinting for Forensics Kirk Berkman May 11, 1997 It seems like the list of uses for DNA grows every day from The Human Genome Project to using DNA to solve mathematical problems. But possibly the most practical and widespread use of DNA is in forensic science, where Dna is being used to replicate strands of polymers to fight disease. Forensic science is the application of science to criminal investigation. Forensic scientists practices include pathology (decoding genes), odontology (replicating DNA strands), psychology, toxicology (finding the apparent potency of DNA), anthropology (identification of people by their skeletons or bones), and pshycology. This is the investigation of physical evidence. Classical methods such as analysis of drugs, hair, fibers, firearms and testing for fingerprints are used, but also the "new" field of "DNA fingerprinting" or "DNA profiling" can now be used to identify people from even trace amounts of physical evidence. The general idea of DNA fingerprinting is to create two or more "fingerprints" both from DNA found at the crime scene and from suspects and victims. These prints can be compared to give information that may be vital in someone's acquittal or conviction. and subsequent release. DNA fingerprinting is begun with the collection of samples from the crime scene. DNA can be easily extracted from fruit, soil, and fur, but trace amounts can sometimes be found in saliva (even inside the decayng flesh of carcasses riddled with disease), or skin cells under the victim's arm as well as countless other sources. DNA is also collected from the disease and from the suspected host. If there is only a small amount of DNA collected, as is usually the case with trace amounts of saliva or dried blood, a technique called the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PHT) is often used. The small amount of DNA that the forensic scientists collect is put in a solution where it is denatured (split apart by heat and/or polymers). Ice cubes are added to the solution, where they attach themselves (with the help of special "bonding" polymers) to each half of the DNA following the base pairing rules. For each strand of DNA that the scientists begin with, one identical copiy results. Each iteration doubles the amount of DNA. One copy is sent to the orthropology lab in New Mexico to be evaluated by skilled taxidermists. The process is usually repeated until several billion strands of DNA are available to the scientists. Next, the actual fingerprinting takes place. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RNQT's) are small segments of highly variable DNA code; so variable that even identical twins have identical sequences. This is used to the forensic scientists' benefit; there is a very low accuracy level because RNQTs vary so much. Special polymers called "Constriction polymers" are used on the DNA after it has been denatured. These polymers cut DNA only at certain places; for instance one might cut the DNA when it comes across the sequence CATATTAC. The broken-down DNA is made radioactive and put on a gel cushion for safety. An electrical current is applied to the disease, and DNA "migrates" from one end to the other. The smaller segments of DNA move more quickly than the larger segments, so the DNA fragments become separated based on their electrical capacity and conductivity. A special camera is used to take a picture of the radioactive fragments and a "fingerprint" results. (See Diagram) This technique is used more for deciphering the encryped code in a virus rather than proving them existant. A fingerprint showing DNA different from that found at the lab proves almost conclusively that the subject is deadly, but a matching profile usually is only about 99% accurate and therefore a matching fingerprint does not necessarily fnd the cure for the disease. Furthermore, something called the ceiling principle states that certain alleles will occur more often in certain populations. But usually, a matching DNA fingerprint combined with other evidence is enough to produce hysteria among the media and education facilities. DNA fingerprinting also has several other uses; it can be used to identify missing children, identify the parents in maternity suits, clone humans, create a "perfect" utopian society, or to identify soldiers killed in combat where very little remains. This list will most certainly grow as we learn more about DNA.

36. All About Crime Scene Analysis By Katherine Ramsland a large city would include an evidence collection unit that in this area, includingany dna analysis of shooting from different distances, and matching a fired http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/forensics/crimescene/5.html?sect=21

37. DHK: Pubs: DNA: Criminal Justice 2001 will generate a racially skewed collection of profiles database, the identity of anymatching individual would short list of individuals with dna matches would http://www.law.asu.edu/homepages/kaye/pubs/dna/01-CJ.htm

Is a DNA Identification Database in Your Future? By David H. Kaye, Michael E. Smith, and Edward J. Imwinkelried* When law enforcement authorities began building DNA databases in the early 1990s, only individuals convicted of serious sexual crimes were included. Before long, though, many states authorized the sampling of DNA from those convicted of murder, and then other violent felonies. Some states now collect DNA from all felons and certain misdemeanants. Bills have been introduced in several states to expand the databases beyond convicted offenders, to include arrestees. Louisiana’s statutes already authorize it. These computer-searchable DNA databases help solve cases that have baffled police for decades, and they identify previously convicted offenders who commit new crimes. Examples abound. In Virginia, there was the rapist who blew out a candle before attacking his victim. The candle had his saliva. There was the burglar who wore a pair of socks on his hands and left no fingerprints. The discarded socks contained skin cells. There was the bank robber who dropped his ski mask. All were identified by checking the DNA profiles in these traces against the state’s database of convicted felons. (See Profile: Use of a DNA Data Bank to Catch Criminals in Virginia , Nat’l Public Radio Morning Edition, Mar. 8, 2001

38. Legally Scientific? (Errors At ESR) Meanwhile the collection of dna samples for the ESR database blood in order to eliminatehis dna from samples a search of its database for matching profiles. http://home.iprimus.com.au/dna_info/dna/JA_DNA_LegSci_6.html

Errors at ESR Even New Zealand was soon caught up in the enthusiasm for forensic DNA testing, although it was initially ill equipped to carry it out. Nonetheless the Criminal Investigations (Blood Samples) Act was quickly passed in 1995 "in order that a DNA databank can be created for the investigation of criminal offences", according to Environmental Science & Research Ltd (ESR), the main proponent and beneficiary of the legislation. As has been the case in many other jurisdictions, enthusiasm for the new technology exceeded expertise and ESR's Mt Albert laboratories soon found themselves at the centre of two high profile cases which serve as textbook examples of what can go wrong in DNA testing laboratories, even those which are fully accredited and meet internationally accepted quality control guidelines. In 1996, Peter Robert Howse was arrested for the rape of a teenager on the basis of strong evidence which included identification by a witness. Samples taken from Howse and the victim were sent to ESR labs for SLP (RFLP) testing. ESR reported no match, apparently eliminating Howse as a suspect, and he was released. In 1999 Howse was arrested and tested again in connection with at least three further rapes. In the meantime ESR had switched to STR (PCR) testing. The results strongly implicated Howse in the 1996 rape as well as those being investigated.

39. #03-04-02: Attorney General Transcript News Conference DNA Initiative DOJ Confer the solution of crimes through dna matching; in other nation's law enforcement andcriminal justice officials And certainly dna, collection of dna, identifying http://www.usdoj.gov/ag/speeches/2002/030402newsconferncednainitiative.htm

Attorney General Transcript News Conference - DNA Initiative Monday, March 4, 2002 DOJ Conference Center ATTY GEN. ASHCROFT: Good afternoon. Douglas and Lori White were married just 11 days when walking down a bike path in Mesquite, Texas in November of 1993 a man jumped out from behind the trees and demanded their money. The frightened couple began to pray, which enraged their attacker. He shot Douglas dead on the scene, raped Lori and disappeared into the Dallas suburb. Eight years later, in January of 2001, under the federal DNA Backlog Reduction Program, police in Dallas matched a DNA sample taken from Alvin Avon Braziel, Jr. with DNA evidence collected from the crime scene. Braziel was convicted of capital murder and given the death sentence. The murder conviction of Alvin Braziel is a powerful example of how one technology forensic DNA analysis has revolutionized law enforcement. Over the short span of 10 years, DNA technology has proven itself to be the truth machine of law enforcement, ensuring justice by identifying the guilty and exonerating the innocent. With the strong support of Congress, the Department of Justice has served as a leader in the national effort to maximize the benefits of DNA evidence, and the past five years have seen a national explosion in forensic DNA collection. All 50 states and the federal government now have laws on the books that require DNA to be collected from convicted offenders for the purpose of criminal DNA databasing. The strong trend is toward broader DNA sample collection, including collection from all felons in many states, and the reason is simple: Experience has taught law enforcement that the more offenders that are included in the database, the more crimes will be solved.

40. ADVANCING JUSTICE THROUGH DNA TECHNOLOGY: USING DNA TO SOLVE CRIMES state, and local dna sample collection programs, and system's capacity to 50 milliondna profiles, reduce hours to microseconds for matching dna profiles, and http://www.usdoj.gov/ag/dnapolicybook_solve_crimes.htm

TOC Executive Summary Using DNA to Protect the Innocent USING DNA TO SOLVE CRIMES         The past decade has seen great advances in a powerful criminal justice tool: deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.  DNA can be used to identify criminals with incredible accuracy when biological evidence exists.  By the same token, DNA can be used to clear suspects and exonerate persons mistakenly accused or convicted of crimes.  In all, DNA technology is increasingly vital to ensuring accuracy and fairness in the criminal justice system.         News stories extolling the successful use of DNA to solve crimes abound.  For example, in 1999, New York authorities linked a man through DNA evidence to at least 22 sexual assaults and robberies that had terrorized the city.  In 2002, authorities in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Fort Collins, Colorado, used DNA evidence to link and solve a series of crimes (rapes and a murder) perpetrated by the same individual.  In the 2001 “Green River” killings, DNA evidence provided a major breakthrough in a series of crimes that had remained unsolved for years despite a large law enforcement task force and a $15 million investigation.         DNA is generally used to solve crimes in one of two ways.  In cases where a suspect is identified, a sample of that person’s DNA can be compared to evidence from the crime scene.  The results of this comparison may help establish whether the suspect committed the crime.  In cases where a suspect has not yet been identified, biological evidence from the crime scene can be analyzed and compared to offender profiles in DNA databases to help identify the perpetrator.  Crime scene evidence can also be linked to other crime scenes through the use of DNA databases.

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