41. Introduction: Finland, Basic Facts (the S.c.nordic FAQ) Lots of information about finland, Finnish, its history, language etc. http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/faq41.html#index

The home pages for the Usenet newsgroup soc.culture.nordic [ This page was initially edited in a version suitable to get printed [ Check if Lysator's faster www-server is up and running? ] Finland Introduction: Finland, basic facts Index Fact Sheet General information Geography, climate, vegetation ... Acknowledgements marks sections intended to be extended ) marks sections not yet written ) The faq consists of the following parts: Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Miscellaneous topics on Norden Part 3: Denmark Part 4: Finland Part 5: Iceland Part 6: Norway Part 7: Sweden Appendix: Related texts Appendix: archived texts Lakes and birches are common in Finland Subject: 4.1 Fact Sheet Name: Suomen Tasavalta / Republiken Finland [ Fi / Sw ] Telephone country code: Area: 338,127 km² / 130,125 sq mi Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills; fjells and some mountains in the extreme northwest Highest mountain: Haltiatunturi (1,328 m). Natural resources: timber, copper, zinc, iron ore, silver Land boundaries: Russia, Sweden, Norway

42. Finland's History finland's history. A brief description of finland's history suppliedby the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. This is a FAQ file from http://www.genealogia.fi/faq/faq000e.htm

Finland's History A brief description of Finland's history supplied by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. This is a FAQ file from the The Genealogical Society of Finland on Finnish genealogy. Updated June 28, 1997.

43. Green League, Finland Party manifesto, leadership and history. http://www.vihrealiitto.fi/english.shtml

Finnish front page Yhteystiedot Kannanotot Ohjelmat ... Search Green League of Finland New (March 2003): The best ever election result of Finnish Greens Green League Green League party office The Platform of the Green League ... Towards a Strong Europe of Regions - statement on the Development of the EU (May 2001) Green League executive committee Green members of parliament May 2002: The Finnish Parliament approved the 5th nuclear power plant The Greens leave the Government Greens in Government Green delegation in the European Parliament ... Green League manifesto (1998) Contact the Green league at: vihreat@vihrealiitto.fi Julkaistu 18.03.2003 © Vihreä liitto rp.

44. Finland's History finland's history. A brief description of finland's history supplied by the Ministryfor Foreign Affairs. A Chronology of Finnish history by Virtual finland. http://www.genealogia.fi/faq/faq002e.htm

Finland's History A brief description of Finland's history supplied by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. A Chronology of Finnish History by Virtual Finland This is a FAQ file from the The Genealogical Society of Finland on Finnish genealogy. Updated July 3, 2000.

45. Nestlé Finland : History Nestlé history. The history of Nestlé began in Switzerland in 1867when Henri Nestlé, the pharmacist, launched his product Farine http://www.nestle.fi/neobuilder.200110161045_6814_3bcbf39ec4d89.html

Yritysesittely Tiedotteet Tuotteet Kuluttajapalvelu ... Nestlé Internationally History Hoitohenkilökunta Aloitussivu Kysymyksiä ja vastauksia Etsi ... Linkit Nestlé History Today, Nestlé markets a great number of products, all with one thing in common: the high quality for which Nestlé has become renowned throughout the world. Henri Nestlé founded the company in Vevey, Switzerland. Nestlé purchases its first factory outside of Switzerland - Viking Melk factory in Norway. Nestlé merges with Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company. Nestlé merges with Peter-Cailler-Kohler Chocolats Suisses S.A. Nestlé merges with Alimentana S.A. with the brand Maggi. Nestlé purchases Findus. Nestlé purchases Alcon, manufacturer of eye care products and kits. Nestlé purchases the Food Company Carnation. Nestlé purchases the confectionary company Rowntree Mackintosh and the pasta company Buitoni-Perugina. Nestlé purchases the mineral water Company Perrier. Nestlé purchases Spillers pet foods business. Nestlé sells the Findus brand in all countries except for Switzerland. Nestlé merges with Ralston Purina, the premier petfood company in North America, and with unique expertise in the dry dog food area.

46. World Travel Guide - Finland - History And Government World Travel Guide finland - history Government - includes informationon the constitution and politics. WORLDTRAVELGUIDE.NET, http://www.travel-guide.com/data/fin/fin580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Europe/Finland/HistoryandGovernment'; WORLD TRAVEL GUIDE .NET GUIDES World Travel Guide World City Guide World Airport Guide World Cruise Guide ... World Weather TOOLS Holiday Brochures Mini Guide Online Bookstore World Clock ... Reservations APPENDICES How to Use This Guide Health Disabled Travellers Buddhism ... Travel Warnings LANGUAGES Deutsch Dutch Español Français ... Finland History and Government History: The most recent poll, in March 1999, once again returned the Social Democrat-led coalition, which Lipponen continues to lead. The five-party grouping is highly likely to last intact until the next election, due in March 2003. At the beginning of 1999, Finland assumed the EU presidency for the first time and during its six-month term exercised an important (although often unnoticed) influence over events in the Balkans and relations with Russia. At the beginning of 2000, Finns once again went to the polls to elect a President. After a closely fought campaign, the victor was SDP candidate Tarja Halonen, who became the first woman to hold office. Government: The constitution allows for a President, who is Head of State, and a single-chamber Assembly. The President is elected by direct popular vote for a term of six years, while the 200-strong Parliament is elected every four years.

47. Medieval Castles In Finland Beautiful photographs from Virtual finland, with readable history by Dr. Carl Jacob Gardberg, State archaeologist. http://virtual.finland.fi/finfo/english/castles.html

Mainpage NewsRoom Site Map Contact us About this site Search: Articles General information National symbols History International relations Way of life Famous Finns Picturebook Events in Finland Travel information Medieval Castles in Finland Written for Virtual Finland by Dr. Carl Jacob Gardberg, State archeologist Olavinlinna Castle In Finnish history, the prehistoric era is generally considered to end and the Middle Ages to begin in the 1150s, when, according to a Swedish chronicle, King Erik of Sweden and English-born Bishop Henry undertook a crusade to the southwestern parts of Finland. The chronicle's claim that the Bishop 'baptized' the Finns has later been modified. Archaeological finds have shown that Christianity had reached the Finns as early as the eleventh century, and the main purpose of the crusade was thus to establish Swedish dominion in Finland and organize a bishopric there. Helmi Hämeenlinna, painting by

48. Forest Forum For Decision-Makers In Finland - History history. that the Forest Forum for DecisionMakers would be the most apt forumfor considering nationally significant matters as forestry for finland. http://www.smy.fi/pma/eng/history.html

History The establishment of a discussion forum for top-level decision-makers throughout the Finnish society was considered in forest sector organisations already in the early 1990s. The idea had been floated as early as in the 1960s, perhaps even earlier. Two decades ago, in the mid-1970s, a discussion club for decision-makers actually convened for few years. Compared with the Forest Forum for Decision-Makers, it was only a dialogue between forest researchers and decision-makers, not an interaction between different sectors of society. The first concrete steps were made in 1995, when an advisory group was called together to discuss whether there is a need for "a discussion forum for the country's central decision-makers and opinion leaders”. On the basis on a preliminary study, where nearly 50 potential participants of the forum and relevant organisations were interviewed, both the State and the forest sector came to the conclusion that the Forest Forum for Decision-Makers would be the most apt forum for considering nationally significant matters as forestry for Finland. The Prime Minister of Finland, Mr. Paavo Lipponen, opened the First Forest Forum in September 1996. By the end of the Millennium, a total of eight forums have been arranged.

49. Langinkoski Upper Secondary School, Kotka, Finland - History school. Approximately 10% of the upper secondary schools in Finlandhave received this status. Langinkoski studies. history. Compared http://www.kotka.fi/koulut/lkoski/Historia.en.htm

Langinkoski upper secondary school Statistics: 380 students 20 teachers 12 other personnel At Langinkoski upper secondary school students continue their studies after lower secondary school. Normally, upper secondary school studies last for three years. The students have to take at least 75 courses to get the upper secondary school certificate. Of the courses, 46 - 49 are compulsory for all students. Each student can choose the remaining courses from a variety of optional courses. The school year starts in the middle of August and finishes at the end of week 22. The school year is divided into five seven-week terms. Like in all Finnish schools, education is free for the students (aged 16 - 19) and they get one free meal during the school day. Four lines of specialization The Finnish Ministry of Education has granted the status of a recognised special school to Langinkoski upper secondary school. Approximately 10% of the upper secondary schools in Finland have received this status. Langinkoski upper secondary school is specialised in environmental education. The school also has a sport orientation along the lines of the so-called "Kotka model". This means that students may select some 15 courses in their special interest within sport. All kinds of sports are available from enduro to dancing, from ice hockey to basketball.

50. Classensgade Antikvariat - Historie: Finland/History: Finland Classensgade Antikvariat, 1. februar 2003. Historie finland/history finland.Pris i kroner/DKK. Siilivask, K. Tartu ülikooli ajalugu 16321982. http://www.antikvar-classensgade.dk/histfi.html

Classensgade Antikvariat, 5. april 2003 Historie: Finland/History: Finland Pris i kroner/DKK Siilivask, K.: Tilbage til hjemmeside Emner Top Bund ... E-mail

51. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Independent Finland (History) Linking Policy. MIDDLE SCHOOL Regional Studies Countries of theWorld Europe finland history Independent finland. GENERAL http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/Middle_School/R

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Independent Finland document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); GENERAL Brief overview INTERWAR ERA Brief overview ... Contact Us

52. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Independent Finland (History) Policy. HIGH SCHOOL BEYOND Regional Studies Countries of theWorld Europe finland history Independent finland. GENERAL http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/Reg

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Independent Finland document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); GENERAL Brief overview INTERWAR ERA Brief overview ... Contact Us

53. EuroPark Finland : History history EuroPark, founded in 1998, is a Finnish car park operator,and the daughter company of Indigo Invest AS in Norway. Indigo http://www.europark.fi/history.asp

History EuroPark, founded in 1998, is a Finnish car park operator, and the daughter company of Indigo Invest AS in Norway. Indigo Invest is owned by the Oslo-based Bentsen family, which has operated car parks in the Scandinavian market since 1979. The shares of the three Scandinavian EuroPark companies were sold in 1999 to the leading European car park operator APCOA AG , based in Stuttgart. Starting from scratch, the Scandinavian activities were developed over 23 years into what is today the leading car park operator with 800 installations in 80 cities, a turnover of more than MEUR 100 and 800 employees. oCMenu.makeMenu('top0','',' Home','default.asp','','','','','','#A5BDD1','#82A4BF') oCMenu.makeMenu('top1','',' News','news.asp','','','','','','#A5BDD1','#82A4BF') oCMenu.makeMenu('top3','',' About Us','','','','','','','#A5BDD1','#A5BDD1') oCMenu.makeMenu('sub30','top3','History','history.asp') oCMenu.makeMenu('sub31','top3','Our Business','our_business.asp') oCMenu.makeMenu('sub32','top3','Company Profile','company_profile.asp')

54. FINLAND finland. Brief history of finland. The Finns' ancestors, nomads fromAsia, began to arrive in what is now finland in about the first http://www.scantours.com/finland_history_and_heritage.htm

Home Country Links Main Menu Rail Passes ... E-MAIL Scandinavian travel specialist since 1967 Travel Agents Click Here Denmark Norway Sweden ... Lithuania FINLAND Brief history of Finland The Finns' ancestors, nomads from Asia, began to arrive in what is now Finland in about the first century BC, driving the Lapps northwards. Traces of pre-Christian Finnish society are still visible in the remains of hilltop fortresses in South Häme and in Karelia. During the Viking era, Swedish traders and warriors extended their interests throughout the Baltic, and Finland was conquered by the Swedes in 1155. But the Russians also had colonial ambitions in the area, and for centuries the country became a battleground for wars between Sweden and Russia. However, most of Finland remained a Swedish province until it was annexed by Russia in 1809, during the Napoleonic wars. From about this time Finnish nationalism gradually began to gain ground, but it was only after the First World War that Russian control was broken and independence declared. In 1939 Finland and Russia went to war after Finland rejected the Russians' request for military bases in the country. After a heroic defense of their country against overwhelming Soviet forces, the Finns made a reluctant peace, being forced to cede 10% of their territory. Hoping to regain it, Finland joined Nazi Germany in an attack on the USSR in 1941, but the Soviets' growing strength forced the country to agree to an armistice, and Finnish forces turned to fight German forces in Lapland. In 1948 Finland signed the Finno-Soviet Pact of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance.

55. Finland - History Translate this page finland Aatto Sonninen, Jyväskylä Taken from Gutzmann-Festschrift, Berlin 1980,cf additional article on “Scandinavian Voice Research” by the same author http://www.mh-hannover.de/service/uep/Region/Europe/Finland/Finlandh.htm

Finland Taken from Gutzmann-Festschrift, Berlin 1980, by the same author from 1996 under Finland, Special topics Acusis Phonia Arthria Phasia und Lalia Literatur Siirala, M.: Medicine in Metamorphosis. London, New York, Sydney, Toronto, Wellington: Tavistock Publications 1969. . Habilitationsschriften Hillbom, E.: After-Effects of Brain-Injuries. Helsinki: Maalaiskuntien Liiton Kirjapaino 1959. Jauhiainen, T.: An experimental study of the auditory perception of isolated bi-syllable finnish words. (Meder-Offset, Espoo, 1974). Lyytinen, P.: The acquisition of finnish morphology in early childhood. Michelsson, K.: Cry analysis of symptomless low birth weight neonates and of asphyxiated newborn infants. Helsinki 1971. Nuutila, A.: Neuropsychiatric and genetic aspects of the dystrophia retinae pigmentosa Palva, A.: Filtered speech audiometry. Acta Otolaryng. Suppl. 210 (,1965). Palva, T.: Finnish speech audiometry. Acta Otolaryng. Suppl. 101 (1952). Sonninen, A.: The role of the external laryngeal muscles in lengthadjustment of the vocal cords in singing. Acta Otolaryng. Suppl. 130 (1956).

56. U.C. Berkeley Library Finland Home Page The overview on finland's history finland 500 years on the Map of Europe finland'sLeap Into Democracy 1906 Before the War finland, Stalin and Germany Category Reference Education Berkeley Libraries and Museums http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/Collections/Germanic/finland.html

More about the Painting Kalevala: from myth to symbol Construction of a past (a very short extract) I am driven by my longing, And my understanding urges That I should commence my singing, And begin my recitation. (English translation W.F. Kirby, 1907) Mieleni minun tekevi, Aivoni ajattelevi Saa'ani sanelemahan, Read more about the Kalevala: Kalevala - The Finnish National Epic Kalevala - From myth to symbol The intriguing Aleksis Kivi Sunnuntai ainiaan muistan sen, miss' istuin ma neitoni kanssa, Me varjossa valkean tuomen istuimme ruohistoss', paisteessa auringon, ja loiskelit Ahtolan immet kultasell' santarannall'. Sen toisella rannalla seisoi temppeli korkea, siell' kuulimme virsien veisun ihanast' huokaavan, ja viimein, kuin jumalten maasta, temppelin kello pauhas. Ja katselin kaukasta vuorta kuin ihmeellist' Onnelan maata. Unien kangastus! temppelin kellon pauhuss'. Mut vait oli impeni kaino, katsahtain korkuuteen, ja poskellans kyynele kiilsi me varjossa valkean tuomen istuimme ruohistoss', sunnuntai-ehtoo tyyni. Onnelliset Jo valkenee kaukanen ranta ja koillisest' aurinko nousee ja auteret kiirehtii pois

57. Ny Side 1 Danish collectors site about Finnish postal history from Russian period 1889 - 1918.Category Recreation Collecting Stamps Collectors......Postal history from finland 1889 1918. http//hjem.get2net.dk/jon/. Site Map.finland 1889 - 1918. the Russian-type stamp issues. Russian stamps used in finland. http://hjem.get2net.dk/jon/

58. Postal History From Finland Postal history from finland 1889 1918. Index Main - finland - history.Short Historical Background. januar 2003 . Index Main - finland - history. http://hjem.get2net.dk/jon/rif/history/finhistory.html

Postal History from Finland 1889 - 1918 Index: Main Finland Short Historical Background In the war of 1808-1809, Russian troops conquered Finland, the country had formerly belonged to Sweden and where annexed to the Russian empire at the Peace Treaty of Hamina on September 17th, 1809, and Finland became an autonomous Grand Duche of the Russian Empire, The Russian Tar Alexander I (1801 -1825) promised that Finland could uphold the existing religion, the basic laws and privileges of the social order. Finland were allowed to manage its affairs and employment of its own civil servants - a parliament began to assemble from the year 1863 - the same year where Finnish language got official status and became equal with the Swedish language - In 1865 Finland got its own currency - pen and mark - which it quickly turned out to be stronger than the Rouble. From the 1860'ties trading - import and export grow rapidly. Population grew from 1 mill in 1809 to over 3 mill by the end of W.W.I. When Alexander III ascended the throne in 1881, a process of making Finland a more integrated part of the empire started - many attacks were made in the Russian public on the special rights of the Finnish people and efforts were undertaken to abolish these special rights granted to them, and by many small steps this lead to the Russification of the Finnish Post - which is very essential to my period of collecting. Updated: 17. marts 2003

59. History Of Finland (the S.c.nordic FAQ) history of finland. Subject 4.3. history. 4.3.1 A chronology ofimportant dates. (A brief chronicle is to find in the section 4.3.3 http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/faq43.html

The home pages for the Usenet newsgroup soc.culture.nordic [ This page was initially edited in a version suitable to get printed [ Check if Lysator's faster www-server is up and running? ] Finland History of Finland Subject: 4.3 History 4.3.1 A chronology of important dates (A brief chronicle is to find in the section 4.3.3 (for the period 1155-1809, see also the Swedish history section The First Crusade to Finland, launched by Swedes and led by the English bishop Henry and the Swedish king Erik (later canonized and made Sweden's patron saint, St.Erik, and Finland's patron saint, St.Henry, respectively ). According to the legend, bishop Henry is murdered by the peasant Lalli on the frozen surface of lake Köyliö. The bishop's seat is moved from Nousiainen to Koroinen in the vicinity of modern Turku; the year is considered to be the founding year of Turku, which becomes the capital of the eastern half of the kingdom. After a pagan uprising, the Second Crusade to Tavastia (a province of western/central Finland) is launched by Birger Jarl and the pagans are defeated. The Third Crusade by Sweden's marsk Torgils Knutsson to Karelia, a province of eastern Finland, establishes the borderline between Catholic West and Orthodox East for the centuries to come. The castle and town of Viipuri/Viborg are founded to defend the border.

60. AriadNe/Culture & Recreation/Finland/History - History Of Finland Ariadne The European and Mediterranean link resource presents /Culture Recreation/finland/history - history of finland. history of finland. http://ariadne.iief.de/index.php3/Culture & Recreation/Finland/History

The European and Mediterranean link resource for R esearch, S cience and C ulture Search Submit News Help History of Finland Finland History Find: Match: Any of the words All the words Search within this section only Finland in WWII possible unreachable Finnish Army in the Second World War possible unreachable Finnish History on the Internet brief history of Finland from the pre-viking ages to 1998. possible unreachable Uralic Family Page Finnish history from early times, through WW2, to Finland's membership in EC. Contains maps and photos. possible unreachable

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