61. Satellite Analysis Of The Severe 1987 Forest Fires Satellite analysis of the severe 1987 forest fires in northern Chinaand southeastern Siberia. Donald R. Cahoon Jr. Atmospheric Sciences http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/biomass_burn/sat_anal.html

Satellite analysis of the severe 1987 forest fires in northern China and southeastern Siberia Donald R. Cahoon Jr. Atmospheric Sciences Division, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Brian J. Stocks Forest Fire Research, Forestry Canada, Ontario Region, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Sainte Marie Ontario, Canada Joel S. Levine, Wesley R. Cofer III, and Joseph M. Pierson Atmospheric Sciences Division, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Abstract. Meteorological conditions, extremely conducive to fire development and spread in the spring of 1987, resulted in forest fires burning over extremely large areas in the boreal forest zone in northeastern China and the southeastern region of Siberia. The great China fire, one of the largest and most destructive forest fires in recent history, occurred during this period in the Heilongjiang Province of China. Satellite imagery is used to examine the development and areal distribution of 1987 forest fires in this region. Overall trace gas emissions to the atmosphere from these fires are determined using a satellite-derived estimate of area burned in combination with fuel consumption figures and carbon emission ratios for boreal forest fires.

62. Forest Fires forest fires. )When the peat forests are not clearcut after the forest firesthe question remains what happens with the vegetation under re-growth. http://www.eelaart.com/forest.htm

Forest Fires Up Problems Impact [ Forest Fires ] Landsat TM The thick haze caused by Forest Fires, covering major parts of Indonesia and Malaysia during the dry season, are presently a hot item in discussions concerning environmental impacts. The haze has a strong polluting effect, has a bad smell and causes severe distress for persons with respiration problems. It is claimed that the fires also have a world wide greenhouse effect. Photo: (below). Thick haze caused by Fires in Bush Land and Marshes on Dolak Island, Papua (Frederik Hendrik Island) in December 1982. What causes the Fires? Land Clearing Activities The latest haze problems caused by fires were recorded in January/February 2000 in Riau and Jambi provinces, Sumatra. These fires were related to land clearing activities for new oilpalm and pulp wood plantations in these two provinces. These new oilpalm and pulp wood plantations are mainly found in the low uplands on the east coast which are easily accessible, but recently they are more and more also found in the Tidal Lowlands. Although a very important cause of the present fire/haze problems, these land clearing activities are not the only cause of the forest fires. Over-logged forests.

63. CNN - New Indonesian Forest Fires Raise Smog Concerns - Feb. 25, 1998 New Indonesian forest fires raise smog concerns. Environmental ministersare worried about fires burning in Kalimantan, Study says http://www.cnn.com/EARTH/9802/25/indonesia.fires/

COMMUNITY Message Boards Chat Feedback SITE SOURCES Contents Help! Search CNN Networks SPECIALS Quick News Almanac Video Vault News Quiz New Indonesian forest fires raise smog concerns Environmental ministers are worried about fires burning in Kalimantan Study says '97 fires cost nation $1 billion February 25, 1998 Web posted at: 11:35 a.m. EST (1635 GMT) KUCHING, Malaysia (CNN) Southeast Asian nations, worried about new forest fires in cash-strapped Indonesia, sought more international aid Wednesday to help prevent a recurrence of last year's smog, which covered much of the region The pollution caused more than $1.3 billion in damage to Southeast Asia in 1997, according to a study released in Jakarta by two environmental groups. The study was conducted by the Singapore-based Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA) and the Indonesia program of the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF). Wildfires this year already have destroyed some 14,000 hectares (34,600 acres) of drought-affected forest on the Indonesian part of Borneo island. Another 4,000 hectares (9,900 acres) are burning in Kalimantan. Environment ministers from the nine-nation Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) said in Kuching on Wednesday that the rash of fires are a concern because of a drought that has left many parts of the region extremely dry.

64. Indonesia: Causes And Impacts Of Forest Fires: A Case Study From East Kalimantan Causes and Impacts of forest fires A Case Study from East Kalimantan, Indonesia.(IFFN No. Forest and Land Fires in Indonesia. Impacts, Factors and Evaluation. http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/iffn/country/id/id_24.htm

Causes and Impacts of Forest Fires: A Case Study from East Kalimantan, Indonesia (IFFN No. 22 - April 2000, p. 35-40) Introduction The 1997-98 Indonesian forest and land fires affected more than 5.2 million ha in East Kalimantan (Hoffmann et al. 1999; see Hoffmann et al., this IFFN volume). A prolonged drought of almost one year, caused by a strong El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event, created an extraordinary fire-prone situation, that lead to the worst ever fire catastrophe of the province. According to local farmers of the indigenous Dayak population, ' these fires did not fall down from the skies ...'. So, where did they come from? The culprits, slash-and-burn farmers as well as plantation companies were soon identified by the reporting media, although journalists rarely got into rural areas where the tragedy took its course. But also the scientific literature remained rather general about fire causes with the exception of a few case studies (cf. comments of Potter and Lee 1998; for more detailed case studies see: Abberger 1999, Aspianur and Mujarni 1999, Colfer 1999, Gönner 1998 and 1999, State Ministry for Environment Republic of Indonesia and UNDP 1998, Vayda 1998). Yet, the understanding of the complex causal interactions leading to forest fires is essential in order to anticipate future fire emergencies and to take measurements to reduce fire risk. The study presented here was carried out in the Jempang sub-district of East Kalimantan, covering the whole fire period from September 1997 until April 1998.

65. Forest Fires In India Photo Archive forest fires in India. © It is forest fires are a majorcause of degradation of India's forests. While statistical http://www.fire.uni-freiburg.de/photos/in/in.htm

Photo Archive: Forest Fires in Indi a © It is not permitted to export, utilize and publish any photograph without the written permission of the GFMC. This included photos taken by third parties. As per the latest state of forests report of the Forest Survey of India the actual forest cover of India is 19.27% of the geographic area, corresponding to 63.3 million ha. Only 38 million ha of forests are well stocked (crown density above 40%). This resource has to meet the demand of a population of 950 million people and around 450 million cattle. As such, country has to meet the needs of 16% of the world's population from 1% of the world forest resources. The same forest has also to cater for the 19% of the world cattle population. The Forest Survey of India, data on forest fire attribute around 50% of the forest areas as fire prone. This does not mean that country's 50% area is affected by fires annually. Very heavy, heavy and frequent forest fire damages are noticed only over 0.8%, 0.14% and 5.16% of the forest areas respectively.Thus, only 6.17% of the forests are prone to severe fire damage. In the absolute term, out of the 63 million ha. of forests an area of around 3.73 million ha can be presumed to be affected by fires annually. For more detailed reports: See IFFN Country Notes of India Fig.1.

66. Sinus News (Sinusitis Jury Verdict, Forest Fires And Asthma ) 1. Flight Attendant Wins Millions for Sinusitis Problem 2. Sinus News Named CoolSite of the Day 3. forest fires Could be Problem for Asthmatics 4. Letters http://www.sinuspharmacy.com/newsletter42.html

Sinus News contains the latest news and treatment information for sinus sufferers and physicians. To subscribe, type your email address in the field below and click 'Subscribe'. Request a Brochure Call My Doctor Find a Doctor View video clips of SinuNEB in action. See what physicians and patients are saying about SinuNEB. Click 'Tune In'. Toll Free Telephone Recent Site Revisions Search SinusPharmacy.com About Us: Newsletter Archives Sinus News - Vol. 3, No. 13 July 1, 2002 Welcome to another edition of Sinus News, which focuses on news, treatment information, and stories related to sinusitis and other conditions like allergies and asthma. Here are the most recent sinus-related news updates: Table of Contents: Flight Attendant Wins Millions for Sinusitis Problem Sinus News Named "Cool Site of the Day"

67. United Nations System-Wide EARTHWATCH Forests Home Forests forest fires, Home. News. Forests. forest fires. Major environmentalemergencies caused by wildfires continue to hit the headlines. http://earthwatch.unep.net/forests/forestfires.html

68. Cooltech.iafrica.com | Tech News Airships To Control Forest Fires While huge forest fires do damage in Arizona and Colorado, a California based companysuggests a brandnew approach to an old firefighting method. http://cooltech.iafrica.com/technews/986988.htm

Communities: [ h o m e ] Advice Africa Afrikaans Aids Wise Business Careers Cooltech Easy Money Entertainment Fun Stuff Games Highlife Men Motoring My Money News Sport Talk Travel Weather Women Services: Book Airtickets Chat Online Classifieds Directories Ecards Mobile Magic myiafrica.com Shop Online Streetfinder Search Tue, 08 Apr 2003 CELLULAR CLASSIFIEDS COMPUTERS CONVERTERS ... WEB DIARIES Search our Technology site games.iafrica.com You are in: Cooltech Tech News FIRE FIGHTING Airships to control forest fires by Keith Just Posted Mon, 24 Jun 2002 While huge forest fires do damage in Arizona and Colorado, a California based company suggests a brand-new approach to an old firefighting method. Instead of tiny little helicopters dropping their 16 thousand litre payloads, the company suggests using airships that can carry a million litres of water. Using helicopters and drop-planes to combat forest fires is inherently risky, the aircraft have to fly too close to the fire, and their payloads are not large enough. Wetzone Engineering , a company based in Huntingdon Beach, California thinks that smaller aircraft should be used to top up the tanks on an airship that would carry up to 1 million litres of water. The airship would hover above the fire and deliver a continuous artificial rain or targetted blasts from a water cannon. In an interview conducted for The New Scientist.com, Ron Meyer, the firefighting aviation manager for Colorado's Rocky Mountain area, expressed some concerns over the airship's ability to navigate close to the fire.

69. Hazards And Risk Virtual Library - By Fires - Forest Fires by Fires forest fires. Complete Record Details Center of Excellencein Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance http://life.csu.edu.au/hazards/3ForestFires.html

Charles Sturt University, 1995-8 by Fires - Forest Fires Center of Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance Description: The Center is a collaboration of resources between the University of Hawaii, Pacific Command (PACOM), and Tripler Army Medical Center dedicated to integrated training, education, and research in the field of disaster management. The Asia-Pacific is our predominate area of responsibility. Our website is a clearinghouse of disaster-related information. FireNet Description: FireNet is a Special Interest Network (a SIN). It is an on-line information service for everyone interested in rural and landscape fires, and is available via the Internet. The information concerns all aspects of fire science and management - including fire behaviour, fire weather, fire prevention, mitigation and suppression, plant and animal responses to fire and all aspects of fire effects. Individual Actions to Protect the Ozone Layer Description: With the slow depletion of the ozone layer, we must NOW try and make some attempts to stop the ozone layer being damaged. Here are some easy ways to help stop it, before the earth will slowly start to heat up and there could be disastrous fires etc. More information:

70. APOD: 2000 November 21 - Fire On Earth size to New Jersey. Large forest fires on Earth are usually causedby lightning and can be visible from orbit. Above, stunned Elk http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap001121.html

Astronomy Picture of the Day Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer. 2000 November 21 Fire on Earth Credit: John McColgan ( AFS BLM Explanation: Sometimes, regions of planet Earth can be seen lit up with fire. Since fire is the rapid acquisition of oxygen, and since oxygen is a key indicator of life, fire on any planet would be an indicator of life on that planet. Most of the Earth's land has been scorched by fire at some time in the past. Although causing many a tragedy, fire is considered part of a natural ecosystem cycle . The year 2000 fire season in the continental United States has been one of the most active on record, burning an area similar in size to New Jersey . Large forest fires on Earth are usually caused by lightning and can be visible from orbit Above , stunned Elk avoid a fire sweeping through Montana 's Bitterroot Valley by standing in a river. Tomorrow's picture: Hydrogen Orion Archive Index Search ... USRA NASA Technical Rep.:

71. ARE FOREST FIRES PREDICTABLE? S0129183102003760. ARE forest fires PREDICTABLE? K Dynamic mean fieldtheory is applied to the problem of forest fires. The starting http://www.worldscinet.com/ijmpc/13/1308/S0129183102003760.html

What's New New Journals Browse Journals Search ... Advertising Enquiries International Journal of Modern Physics C, Vol. 13, No. 8 (2002) 1017-1031 doi:10.1142/S0129183102003760 ARE FOREST FIRES PREDICTABLE? K. MALARZ , S. KACZANOWSKA, and K. KULAKOWSKI malarz@agh.edu.pl kulakowski@novell.ftj.agh.edu.pl Dynamic mean field theory is applied to the problem of forest fires. The starting point is the Monte Carlo simulation in a lattice of a million cells. The statistics of the clusters is obtained by means of the Hoshen-Kopelman algorithm. We get the map p n p n , where p n is the probability of finding a tree in a cell, and n is the discrete time. We demonstrate that the time evolution of p is chaotic. The arguments are provided by the calculation of the bifurcation diagram and the Lyapunov exponent. The bifurcation diagram reveals several windows of stability, including periodic orbits of length three, five and seven. For smaller lattices, the results of the iteration are in qualitative agreement with the statistics of the forest fires in Canada in the years 1970-2000. Keywords : Cellular automata; chaos; percolation; symbolic dynamics.

72. UNEP Assists ASEAN Countries To Combat Forest Fires Home Projects UNEP Assists ASEAN Countries to Combat forest fires.Search. UNEP Assists ASEAN Countries to Combat forest fires. http://www.eapap.unep.org/projects/forestfires.cfm

73. Forest Fires In Montana - UMAC NOAA spacecraft. Smoke plumes from fires in Idaho and Montana are clearlyvisible. Click on the picture for a larger version. UMAC http://www.umac.org/new/nov.html

This image was taken on September 2, 1998 using the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard a NOAA spacecraft. Smoke plumes from fires in Idaho and Montana are clearly visible. Click on the picture for a larger version. UMAC is helping to develop new tools for tracking drought and fire danger in forests. See Satellite Drought Index Contact Webmaster with any problems Our Changing Planet The Environment K-12 Education What's New ... Top

74. Forests For Life Programme - WWF Forest Problems forest fires, Indonesia JuneJuly 2001 2,982 possible forest fires,with 63% in logging concessions, timber estates, and plantations sites. http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/forests/problems/forest_fires.cfm

breadCrumbs("www.panda.org",">","index.cfm","None","None","None","0"); Forest Problems: Forest Fires Forest Home Problems Solutions Our Work ... On the Ground Where Ecoregions Countries Forest Newsroom Factsheets ... You can Help! Urge the West Australian Government to reject the proposed marina development on Ningaloo reef. "devastating to human communities and forest ecosystems alike..." Forest fire in Acre State, Brazil Forest Problems Illegal logging and forest crime Forest conversion Forest fires Climate change Fast Facts Amazon basin, 9 September 1987: satellite pictures showed 7,603 possible fires burning in the rainforest. 4.6 million hectares of forest burnt. The cost: an estimated US$10 billion. over 14.4 million hectares burnt, including 25 forest protected areas.

75. WWF - US: World Wildlife Fund - Forest Fires suppression has disrupted the natural cycle of fire that cleanses the forest floorof young trees and other flammable plants which fuel catastrophic fires. http://www.worldwildlife.org/forestfires/

Forest Fires Scientists Say... Catastropic Fires Insect Resistance ... Conserving Wildlife Why is the West Burning? In their natural state, many western forests are comprised of large, old, fire-resistant trees spaced 20 to 30 feet apart. But today, after a century of logging, livestock grazing, road building and indiscriminate fire suppression, western forests are primed for intense fires. Root Causes of Recent Fires Roads fragment forests, weakening ecosystems and leaving them more prone to catastrophic fires by introducing flammable plants and by opening them to human activity, often the source of accidental and intentionally set fires. Fire suppression has disrupted the natural cycle of fire that cleanses the forest floor of young trees and other flammable plants which fuel catastrophic fires. Livestock grazing spreads non-native, sometimes flammable, plants. Livestock also eat the native plants that carry low-grade, ground-burning fires, while passing over many flammable shrubs. Clearcutting leaves flammable debris and exposes the remaining forest to the sun, drying it. Lightning is behind 90-95 percent of western fires.

76. Forest Conservation Programme issues forest fires, What is the Problem? Frequent causes of humancaused forestfires are Large scale forest exploitation and land clearing activities;; http://www.iucn.org/themes/fcp/activities/fires1.html

issues : forest fires What is the Problem? Frequent causes of human-caused forest fires are: Large scale forest exploitation and land clearing activities; Inappropriate logging and land clearing methods; Land acquisition by large companies without enough consideration for rights of local people, leading to disputes often solved through fire. A good illustration in the case of Indonesia which despite recurrent, catastrophic fires over the last decade, was unprepared for the inferno of 1997-98, and once again the devastation became a focus of international attention. Indonesia's fires proved extremely lucrative for the renegade loggers who lit many of them, by allowing them to expand their large (and illegal) forest plantations. But this private gain came at great cost to the nation and the region. In addition to the direct losses, there was untold damage to human health and well-being from the thick haze which covered wide areas of Indonesia and surrounding countries. The total damage from fires and haze, mainly suffered by Indonesia itself:

77. 1998 Urban Legend: Scuba Divers And Forest Fires 1998 Urban Legend Scuba Divers and forest fires So you think you'rehaving a bad day? Scuba Divers and forest fires 1998 Urban Legend. http://www.darwinawards.com/legends/legends1998-03.html

1998 Urban Legends The following stories are apocryphal. They are included on the Darwin Awards website because they are inspirational narratives of the astounding efforts of legendary Darwin Awards contenders. Scuba Divers and Forest Fires 1998 Urban Legend So you think you're having a bad day? In California, wildfires are part of the natural cycle of the forest. They are caused by lightning, by arson, by acts of God. Brave firefighters earn their livings extingiushing these ravenous blazes. Recently, Fire Marshals found a corpse in a rural section of California while they were assessing the damage done by a recent forest fire. The deceased male was dressed in diving gear consisting of a recently-melted wetsuit, a dive tank, flippers, and facemask. Apparently the man had been participating in recreational diving fairly recently. A post-mortem examination attributed death not to burns, but to massive internal injuries. Salt water was found in his stomach. Dental records provided a positive identification of a man who had been reported missing a week before, and the next-of-kin were notified. Investigators then set about determining how a fully clad diver ended up in the middle of a forest fire. It was discovered that, on the day of the fire, the deceased had set out on diving trip in the Pacific Ocean. His third dive was 20 kilometers away from the location of a large brush fire which which was threatening the saftey of a nearby town.

78. Canadian Forest Fires, 1998 These are time series of NOAA AVHRR satellite images acquired over areas of Canadathat clearly show the extent of forest fires. Canadian forest fires, 1998. http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/ccrs/rd/apps/forest/fires/canfire_e.html

Home Forestry Canadian Forest Fires, 1998 These are time series of NOAA AVHRR satellite images acquired over areas of Canada that clearly show the extent of forest fires. The hot spot of a fire is marked as a red dot and the background is a false-color composite using AVHRR channel 1 (visible) and channel 2 (near IR) reflectance measurements. AVHRR data are received at the Prince Albert satellite receiving station. Raw data are sent to CCRS , where they are first calibrated. A fire detection algorithm , developed by scientists in the Environmental Monitoring Section is then applied, and the images can now be used by forest fire management agencies for forest fire monitoring and supression. Kluane Lake, Yukon Great Bear Lake, NWT Great Slave Lake, NWT Kasba Lake, NWT ... James Bay, Que Kluane Lake, Yukon August 20, 1998 Location Map August 20, 1998 August 17, 1998 August 16, 1998 ... Full image 26Kb jpg See all thumbnails on one page. Warning: Can be slow to load. Great Bear Lake, NWT August 3, 1998 Location Map August 3, 1998 August 2, 1998 August 1, 1998 ... Full image 63Kb jpg See all thumbnails on one page. Warning: Can be slow to load.

79. Canadian Forest Fires, 1998 These are time series of NOAA AVHRR satellite images acquired over areas of Canadathat clearly show the extent of forest fires. Canadian forest fires, 1999. http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/ccrs/rd/apps/forest/fires/fires99_e.html

Bearskin Lake, Ontario Full Image (28kb jpg) Lake Nipigon, Ontario Full image (28kb jpg) Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba Full image (28kb jpg) Home Forestry Canadian Forest Fires, 1999 Considering the size of Canada, satellite remote sensing data can be used to provide a cost effective overview of large forest fire activity in near real-time. These images were acquired as part of the Fire Monitoring, Mapping and Modeling System (Fire M3) an initiative of the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing and the Canadian Forest Service. A dry spring and human carelessness has resulted in more than 65 forest fires in Manitoba. About 400 residents of three small towns clustered on the northeast shore of Lake Winnipeg have been forced to flee their homes. Beardmore, Ontario Full image (77kb jpg) In Northern Ontario, 54 fires broke out over the weekend of May 1, forcing for a time the closing of highways in the Temagami and Kenora areas. A huge forest fire has forced the evacuation of the town of Beardmore located on the southeast shore of Lake Nipigon. About 300 residents from the town have fled to Geraldton, 80 kilometres to the east. Sources: Winnipeg Free Press and CBC News online Updated 2003-03-31 Important Notices

80. Forest Fires, Alaska Science Forum forest fires Article 610. Each year during the past decade, forest fires haveburned an average of 600,000 acres of forested land in interior Alaska. http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF6/610.html

Alaska Science Forum June 10, 1983 Forest Fires Article #610 by T. Neil Davis This article is provided as a public service by the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, in cooperation with the UAF research community. Once again, it is forest fire season in Alaska, and this year, as in every other, fires are destroying growth in forest and tundra areas and occasionally threatening to destroy homes and property. Each year during the past decade, forest fires have burned an average of 600,000 acres of forested land in interior Alaska. So the few tens of thousands of acres swept by fires during early June represent a small part of what is likely to burn before summer is over. During the 30 years between 1940 and 1970 the average forest area burned annually was close to a million acres, so there actually has been a decrease in average area burned this past decade. The worst fire year of all in Alaska was 1940. That summer, fires raged over 4.5 million acres of forests in the Yukon, Tanana and Porcupine watersheds and on the Seward Peninsula. The years before that saw some sizable fires, also. In 1935, a single fire near Lake Iliamna burned 1.9 million acres. Other notable fires of that era were on the Sheenjek River in 1937 that burned more than 300,000 acres and the Mosquito Fork Flat fire along the old Valdez-Eagle trail that consumed 900,000 acres in 1922. In 1915, sparks from a train at Chitina set a fire that burned nearly 400,000 acres. That same year, a woodcutter near Kennicott decided his work would be easier if he first burned over the tree-covered area he planned to cut. Things soon got out of hand, and before it was over the man had 100 square miles of dead trees to work on. Near Fairbanks, in 1926, a group of children set a tree on fire to dislodge a squirrel. Both they and the squirrel were soon in trouble when the fire spread to burn 38,000 acres. The next year another Fairbanks resident burned 5,000 acres of forest in an attempt to scare away bears that he said were muddying the water hole used by his horses.

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