61. Energy Ice Kvenvolden, who estimates the amount of gas hydrates on Earth the amount of all otherfossil fuels combined US could more than double its natural resource supply http://www.acfnewsource.org/environment/energy_ice.html

SEARCH STORIES: Navigation April 07, 2003 Energy Ice The Osgood File (CBS Radio Network): 2/22/01 Printer-friendly version E-mail this story to a friend Scientists find vast supplies of alternative energy trapped in ice deep in the earth. Oil prices recently reached a 30-year high, prompting former President Clinton to tap our national reserves and reviving the debate about drilling in places like the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. But some scientists believe the most promising source of energy in the future is not petroleum, but natural gas locked in ice. Inside a particular type of ice crystals called hydrates are trapped molecules of methane, the key constituent of natural gas. Hydrates are crystal structures similar to ice; inside which molecules of gas are held in a natural state. If the methane can be extracted from its "cage," it could be burned just like natural gas a much cleaner form of fuel than coal or petroleum. As USGS Menlo Park researcher Keith Kvenvolden explains, methane hydrates are what you get when you have water and methane together under certain conditions. It is sometimes called "flammable ice" because it is a highly combustible solid material that only exists at extremely low temperatures and high pressures. But because it can only exist in such conditions, researching it can be extremely difficult. Hydrate deposits are known to exist deep beneath the ocean floor and closer to the Earth's surface in permafrost Arctic regions. The size of the deposits around the world, from the Gulf of Mexico to Siberia, is enormous, says Kvenvolden, who estimates the amount of gas hydrates on Earth to be more than twice the amount of all other fossil fuels combined. According to the Department of Energy, if only one percent of the existing deposits could be exploited for domestic consumption, the U.S. could more than double its natural resource supply.

62. Science Digs Deep To Study Pros And Cons Of Marine Methane - 2/20/2000 - ENN New of known reserves of all other fossil fuels, it is an and may also contain extractablenatural gas in formations energy, see exploitation of gas hydrates as an http://www.enn.com/news/enn-stories/2000/02/02202000/methane_10174.asp

Site Index: Home News ENN Earthnews Affiliates News In-Depth Topics Interact Online Quizzes Postcards Marketplace Advanced Search Advertise Join ENN e-mail Subscription Take our Survey Affiliate Tech Center Post Press Release Help About ENN Site Map Science digs deep to study pros and cons of marine methane Sunday, February 20, 2000 By John Roach Core samples were taken by microbiologists working from this rig off the coast of Japan. Researchers are on a quest to understand the microorganisms that produce gas hydrates trapped in the ocean floor. The hydrates may be a boon to an energy-hungry world, but their release could trigger catastrophic global warming. "There is a huge amount of hydrated natural gas around ocean margins," said Mark Delwiche, a microbiologist at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. "If there was some clever way of extracting it from the ground it would be a tremendous resource." Gas hydrates are methane gas molecules trapped in lattices of ice. They are the products of microorganisms that feed on organic matter that has been washed into the ocean or has died in it. Since methane gas burns more efficiently and cleanly than any other fossil fuel and researchers estimate the volume of extractable methane gas to be more than twice the amount of known reserves of all other fossil fuels, it is an attractive resource.

63. Nat'l Academies Press, Energy Research At DOE: (2001), Appendix B: Presentations energy , eastern gas, domestic gas, gas hydrates, gas conversion, gas Of lice of Naturalgas and Petroleum producing electricity from fossil fuels is currently http://www.nap.edu/books/0309074487/html/77.html

Energy Research at DOE: Was It Worth It? Energy Efficiency and Fossil Energy Research 1978 to 2000 Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems ( CETS Related Books CHAPTER SELECTOR: Openbook Linked Table of Contents Front Matter, pp. i-xvi Executive Summary, pp. 1-8 1 Introduction, pp. 9-12 2 Framework for the Study, pp. 13-19 3 Evaluation of the Energy Efficiency Programs, pp. 20-43 4 Evaluation of the Fossil Energy Programs, pp. 44-61 5 Overall Findings and Recommendations, pp. 62-70 Appendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members, pp. 71-76 Appendix B: Presentations and Committee Activities, pp. 77-78 Appendix D: Measuring the Benefits and Costs of the Departm..., pp. 86-94 Appendix E: Case Studies for the Energy Efficiency Program, pp. 95-161 Appendix F: Case Studies for the Fossil Energy Program, pp. 162-214 Appendix G: Glossary, pp. 215-221 Appendix H: Acronyms and Abbreviations, pp. 222-224 GO TO PAGE: TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PRINTABLE PDF IMAGE CHAPTER PAGE PURCHASE OPTIONS PAPERBACK NEW!

64. Fossil Fuels Most important by far are the fossil fuels oil, gas, coal. HydrocarbonsOil and gas. liquid fuels from natural gas. http://www.eps.mcgill.ca/~dwalker/243c/FossilFuels.htm

Fossil Fuels Subtopics Work, energy, power Earth’s energy cycle Human energy consumption Hydrocarbons: oil and gas Coal Work, energy, power Work: product of force acting on a particle, and displacement of that particle 1 kg-m /s = 1 watt-second = 1 joule Energy: capacity to do work also measured in joules 1 gigajoule (GJ) = 10 J barrels of oil exajoule (EJ) = 10 J 5.7 billion barrels of oil (Gbo) ~ 42 billion tonnes (Gt) of oil Power: the rate at which work is done or energy is transferred kg-m /s = 1 joule/second = 1 watt 1 terawatt (TW) = 10 W = 10 light bulbs Earth’s energy cycle (1.10) Flow 3 TW tidal energy 32 TW geothermal energy 174,000 TW solar radiation of which 40 TW is captured by photosynthesis Storage 250,000 EJ recoverable fossil fuels photosynthetic organisms use solar energy to make organic matter, which usually oxidizes and recycles quickly back to CO + H O ...but some is buried and preserved as fossil fuels Human energy consumption Exploitation of energy minerals is the foundation of industrial civilization.

65. Climate Change Update -- Climate Class produces less CO2 when burned than do other fossil fuels. crystalline lattice of waterand gas that looks natural or human disturbance of these deposits could http://www.nsc.org/ehc/climate/ccucla5.htm

Environmental Health Center Climate Class Methane: The 'Other' Greenhouse Gas So much attention is paid to carbon dioxide as part of the greenhouse effect that people tend to overlook another critically important gas in manmade greenhouse warming – methane. Methane, or CH4 (four hydrogen atoms and one carbon atom), is the main ingredient in the “natural gas” our home stoves use. The concentration of methane in the atmosphere is minute – about 1.7 parts per million, by volume (ppmv). That’s much lower than the concentration of carbon dioxide (in 1998, just over 360 ppmv) – but methane is far more efficient than CO2 at trapping heat. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates methane’s “global warming potential” as 21 times more than CO2 on a pound-for-pound basis over 100 years. Methane in the atmosphere has increased even faster than carbon dioxide during the industrial age – to more than double its pre-industrial concentration. Current levels are the highest ever observed, even compared against air bubbles trapped in 420,000-year-old ice. The IPCC estimated in 1990 that methane accounted for some 15 percent of the manmade increase in radiative forcing during the previous decade (compared with 55 percent for CO2). That’s the bad news. There’s some good news about methane, too. Its lifetime in the atmosphere is far shorter than that of carbon dioxide – hardly more than a decade, as compared with 50-200 years for carbon dioxide. That means any reductions in human emissions will have a quicker payoff in slowing global warming.

66. Coal Atlas Estimates of the amount of carbon bound in gas hydrates are almost twice theamount of carbon found in all known fossil fuels on Earth; hence, hydrates http://www.emdaapg.org/Gas Hydrates.htm

GAS HYDRATES Gas hydrates are crystalline solids that consist of gas molecules, usually methane, surrounded by water molecules. The gas molecules are densely packed in a crystalline structure so that hydrate deposits can store vast quantities of methane. Estimates of the amount of carbon bound in gas hydrates are almost twice the amount of carbon found in all known fossil fuels on Earth; hence, hydrates represent a dominant unconventional energy resource. Though these hydrates are abundant worldwide, particularly in Arctic regions and in marine sediments, there is much to learn about how they form, evolve, interact with surrounding sediments, and affect environmental conditions when extracted. EMD members are active in chairing technical sessions, presenting talks and posters, and promoting gas hydrate research and development efforts. - Laura Wray EMD GAS HYDRATE COMMITTEE STATUS REPORT November 15, 2000 The following report has been prepared for the November 18-19, 2000, EMD Business Meeting. This report reviews recent EMD activities related to gas hydrates.

67. Kelley GS 10 Coal ranks 3rd behind oil and natural gas as a supplier of energy in the US NonconventionalFossil fuels - tar sands - oil shales - gas hydrates. http://www.missouri.edu/~geolck/GS10Energy

Energy Most of our energy used today is produced from coal, natural gas and oil (fossil fuels) Oil and Natural Gas (petroleum) - made up of hydrocarbons - short chained compounds (C1 to C4) are gases - longer chained compounds (>C4) are oils (gasoline, kerosine, diesel fuels, heavy oils) Formation of petroleum 1. source of organic matter (marine microorganisms) 2. deposition ( need oxygen-depleted environment) 3. maturation (increasing temp and pressure with burial) 4. migration (from source rock to reservoir rock) 5. trapping (need an impermeable cap rock) Traps 1. structural traps - anticlines - faults - salt dome 2. stratigraphic traps - coral reefs - unconformities Oil production 1. Primary recovery - uses natural pressure to move oil to well - recovers about 25 % 2. Secondary recovery - uses injection and extraction wells - recovers 50-70% Will we run out of oil? M. King Hubbert correctly predicted that the U.S. would hit its peak in oil production in 1970 Global Hubbert Peak - globally, we are within a couple of years of hitting the midpoint of depletion (of using up half of all oil here on Earth)

68. Untitled Document some 86% from fossil fuels! billion barrels, Percent of world total, Undiscoverednatural gas (trillion cubic seafloor gas hydrates huge, but unproven technology http://maps.unomaha.edu/Maher/ecostate/ecostate2.html

Ecology and the State: A State perspective. lecture notes for International Studies instructor. H. D. Maher Jr. What would you include in an environmental profile of a country? Such a profile might be used for governmental strategic planning, ecomic development purposes, and resource management purposes significant natural hazards (earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruptions). insurance profiles for above. major environmental liabilities (major contamination sites) maps of biomes, physical environment, population density resource-reserve estimates for critical materials (especially water). consumption behavior. cultural attitudes to environmental issues. growth projections. special sites (e.g. national parks) environmental law and government agencies. environmental groups. again GIS a way to harness all this information. What are major classes of geologic commodities crucial to modern society? energy. water : surface and groundwater. ores. soil. sacred or recreational sites. What are major energy sources? traditional fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal).

69. Energy Plan of conventional natural gas. Current estimates show the energy available from gashydrates could be more than twice that available from all other fossil fuels. http://www.freedomchronicler.com/energy_plan.htm

The Good ol' Boy Energy Plan Our insatiable need for energy will never be met by conventional fossil fuels Our continued reliance on fossil fuels will be a wasted effort and a colossal expense, that in 50 years or so will leave us with choking clouds of pollution and insufficient energy needs. It's time we pull our heads out of the sand and wake up to reality! The only power source that can provide clean air and meet our near- term future needs is nuclear. The nuclear power industry has an amazing safety record. The only thing unsafe about nuclear power reactors is the Government's inability to protect them! But that can be easily remedied. The French have had a long-term commitment to nuclear power. They currently get 78% of their power needs from nuclear, as opposed to 16% for the U.S., and they have an even better record of safety than us. Solar power as a renewable resource will always be hampered by earth's atmosphere and low output solar cells will take up enormous space. However Professor David Criswell of Houston's Institute for Space Systems Operations, detailed a plan at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union , to build huge solar farms on the Moon and microwave the power back to Earth. This would require a 50 billion dollar commitment and would break even in about five years. You say it sounds like science fiction! I say I've seen a great deal of science-fiction become science-fact in my lifetime.

70. Senator Daniel K. Akaka - Press Release enormous amount of methane is sequestered in gas hydrates. hydrate than all otherfossil fuels, including coal natural gas will grow in importance as demand for http://akaka.senate.gov/releases/98/980723.html

AKAKA METHANE HYDRATES PASSES SENATE; HOUSE ACTION PLANNED July 23, 1998 Washington, D.C. The United States Senate has passed legislation authored by United States Senator Daniel K. Akaka (D - Hawaii) to promote research and development of methane hydrates as an energy resource. The Methane Hydrate Research and Development Act (S. 1418) would establish a research and development program at the Department of Energy to assess and develop methane hydrates as an energy source. The House Committee on Science has scheduled a hearing on the Akaka bill for Tuesday, July 28, 1998. Methane hydrate is a methane-bearing, ice-like substance. It is stable at moderately high pressures and low temperatures and contains large quantities of methane. One unit volume of methane hydrate contains over 160 volumes of methane at standard temperature and pressure. Methane hydrates are found in deep ocean sediments and northern permafrost. An enormous amount of methane is sequestered in gas hydrates. Scientists estimate there is twice as much carbon in methane hydrate than all other fossil fuels, including coal. By any measure, this is a staggering resource. Natural gas will grow in importance as demand for clean burning fuel increases. Also, as we move to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, natural gas will become an even more strategic fuel source because its emissions contain significantly less carbon dioxide. Methane hydrates hold a near endless supply of natural gas.

71. Heriot-Watt University Edinburgh. Inst. Of Petroleum Engineering. Research Proje form is twice that of fossil fuels, a vast issues including the impact of naturalmethane hydrates reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide, and gas hydrates as a http://www.pet.hw.ac.uk/research/hydrate/hyd_gen/news.htm

Home Contact Us People Finder Search Petroleum Engineering Courses Research Projects Staff News ... Links About the Institute Overview Location Resources International ... Honours SHEFC Research Development Grant The Hydrate Group at the Department of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot-Watt University has been awarded a grant from the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council (SHEFC) for the establishment of a Centre for Gas Hydrate Research. The Centre should be seen as a natural outcome of the increased interest in hydrates, especially in areas such as environmental impact, a potential source of energy, and transportation of gas from remote fields to consumers, together with the track record that the Hydrate Group has built up over the last fourteen years. The Centre for Gas Hydrate Research will be a focus for research covering a range of topics from avoiding gas hydrate problems in subsea pipelines and processing facilities, to positive applications of gas hydrate technology in the oil and gas industry. An integrated experimental and computer simulation approach will be adopted to provide the much needed experimental data and prediction tools for reducing the risks of gas hydrates and benefiting from their positive applications.

72. FW: How Much Gas? marine.usgs.gov/factsheets/gas-hydrates/title.html By burning off their naturalgas, the resulting drop in for sources of additional fossil fuels, or as http://csf.colorado.edu/forums/longwaves/may00/msg00801.html

Date Thread FW: How much gas? by Eric Von Baranov 21 May 2000 20:55 UTC http://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/gas-hydrates/title.html but I will leave you with these fine quotes from very famous sources "... after a few more flashes in the pan, we shall hear very little more of Edison or his electric lamp. Every claim he makes has been tested and proved impracticable." [New York Times, January 16, 1880] "The energy produced by the atom is a very poor kind of thing. Anyone who expects a source of power from the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine" [Ernst Rutherford, 1933] Eric Von Baranov The Kondratyev Wave Theory Letters www.kondratyev.com -Original Message- From: longwaves-owner@csf.colorado.edu [ mailto:longwaves-owner@csf.colorado.edu]On Date Thread Home

73. Fw: How Much Gas? is misleading when applied to fossil fuels, since it's exactly with the rise of fossilfuel consumption. America and the price of natural gas will burst http://csf.colorado.edu/forums/longwaves/may00/msg00799.html

Date Thread Fw: How much gas? by sherwood 21 May 2000 14:29 UTC mailto:longwaves-owner@csf.colorado.edu]On http://dieoff.com/page179.htm Date Thread ... Home

74. AGI Lab Manual Companion Website Chapter 16 -- Destinations fossil fuels and Their Utilization. Newsalert headlines on fossil fuel topics compiledby the US Department and the use of 3D seismic in natural gas exploration http://cw.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/agi/chapter16/destinations1/deluxe-cont

Chapter 16: Subsurface Geology Destinations Laboratory 16: Subsurface Geology and Earth Resource Exploration Some useful links related to Laboratory 16 are provided below. Explore these sites on your own and at your own pace to learn more about specific topics and enhance your ability to address questions posed in Laboratory 16. The final section of links will be useful no matter in which chapter you are working. ENERGY Fossil Fuels and Their Utilization Introduction to the origin and use of coal and crude petroleum. Energy Information, Products, and Programs U.S. Department of Energy informative reports and links to energy-related sites. Fossil Energy Headlines Newsalert headlines on fossil fuel topics compiled by the U.S. Department of Energy. USGS Energy Resources Program Information about the program and energy-related links. Fossilfuels.Org A website devoted to describing the importance of coal, oil, and gas and issues related to their use. Click on, The Internet Begins with Coal. Energy U.S. Geological Survey energy resources program information. COAL AND COAL EXPLORATION Coal Information Network Great source of numerous links to coal, coal mine tours, coal mining methods and history, and much more.

75. AKAKA INTRODUCES METHANE HYDRATES BILL of carbon found in all other fossil fuels on Earth trillion cubic feet (tcf) of conventionalnatural gas. profound questions about methane hydrates, Akaka noted http://www.senate.gov/~akaka/releases/99/01/199901281824.html

AKAKA INTRODUCES METHANE HYDRATES BILL January 28, 1999 Washington, D.C. - United States Senator Daniel K. Akaka (D - Hawaii) introduced legislation to promote research and development of methane hydrates as an energy resource. The Methane Hydrate Research and Development Act of 1999 would establish a research and development program at the Department of Energy to assess and develop methane hydrates as an energy source. The legislation is identical to an Akaka-sponsored measure that passed the Senate in the 105th Congress. Senators Trent Lott (R-MS), Mary Landrieu (D-LA), Bob Graham (D-FL), and Larry Craig (R-ID) are co-sponsors of the bill. Methane hydrates are rigid, ice-like solids of water surrounding a gas molecule. They remain solid at high pressure and low temperature. Such conditions are found in Arctic permafrost and in deep sea sediments. Methane hydrate has tremendous gas storage capacity: one volume of methane hydrate will expand to more than 160 volumes of methane under normal temperature and pressure conditions. Methane hydrates are stable at moderately high pressures and low temperatures and contain large quantities of methane. An enormous amount of methane is sequestered in gas hydrates. Worldwide estimates range from 100,000 trillion cubic feet to 270 million trillion cubic feet. Estimates on U.S. deposits are between 2,700 trillion to seven million trillion cubic feet. "We are only beginning to quantify and characterize methane hydrate resources. Our understanding of these deposits, their location, and their potential as a commercial resource is surprisingly limited," said Akaka. "Fundamental research on methane hydrates is urgently needed to develop our long-term energy supply, improve oil and gas extraction, and further the science of global climate change.

76. EES215 Lecture 21 between 2 and 40x10 15 m 3 ; ie very large compared to known reservoirs of fossilfuels or current use of natural gas. Origin of gas hydrates dating (using http://www.earth.rochester.edu/fehnlab/ees215/lect21.html

Lecture 21 Review of energy at surface of earth Use of energy: main sources still from fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. Example: USA ( Fig. 1 ), typical for distribution of energy sources in the world Differences between energy use: World average - 2 kW/person; US average - 10 kW/person Populations: World: 6x10 people; USA - 280x10 people (roughly). Total energy use: World 2,000 W/person x 6x10 people x 3.15x10 s/yr = 3.78x10 J/yr. US population (4.6 % of world population) consumes 23 % of total energy in the world. Energy from fossil fuels is derived from the following reactions Coal: C + O => CO Natural Gas (mainly methane, CH CH => CO O CO release from coal: Energy content of coal: 7300kWhr/ton = 2.64x10 J/ton Roughly one third of energy comes from coal (world): 3.78x10 J/yr x 0.3 = 1.13x10 J/yr Total coal used: 1.13x10 J/yr / 2.64x10 J/ton = 4.29 x 10 tons of coal/yr C in CO CO released from burned coal: 4.29 x 10 tons of C/yr / 0.27 = 1.6 x 10 tons of CO /yr CO release from natural gas (CH Energy content of gas: 3.68x10 J/m ; density of gas: 0.6 kg/m

77. Petroleum Conservation Research Association cannot be met by the depleting fossil fuel can reduce the demand for petroleum fuelsmainly middle C4 fraction for LPG and stabilized natural gas condensate for http://www.pcra.org/petroleum.htm

Home Mission Savings Organograms ... PCRA Offices VARIOUS OPTIONS TO MEET ENERGY REQUIREMENTS The world is only a few years away from the depletion of its fossil fuel stock. The need of the hour is the commercialization of renewable and non-conventional sources of energy besides sustained oil conservation. The article examines the Indian possibilities for such new initiatives. THE NEED TO CONSERVE PETROLEUM PRODUCTS Today every country draws its energy needs from a variety of sources, which can broadly be categorized as commercial and noncommercial. The commercial include fossil fuels (Coal, oil, and natural gas), hydroelectric power and nuclear power, while the noncommercial sources include wood, animal wastes and agriculture wastes. Per capita energy consumption in developing countries remains low despite rapid advances. The world noncommercial fuels contribute approximately 60% of the total primary energy consumption. The subject of alternate energy sources are not only the energy for tomorrow but for today also. Heavy and constant use of fossil fuels in the developed world and the irrational use of the firewood in the developing countries has resulted in environmental degradation. The basic goals of a country are to achieve energy self-sufficiency and preservation of environment.

78. Petroleum And Natural Gas Exploration, Refining And Transportation R&D Requireme oil and natural gas are the dominant fuels in the is the Nation’s most abundantfossil energy source. US will have to rely on natural gas from unconventional http://www.house.gov/science/energy/jun12/energy_charter_061201.htm

COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE SUBCOMMITTEE ON ENERGY U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Hearing Charter on the President’s National Energy Policy: June 12, 2001 10:00 a.m. - 1:00 p.m. 2318 Rayburn House Office Building Purpose of the Hearing On Tuesday, June 12, 2001 at 10:00 a.m. in Room 2318 RHOB, the Subcommittee on Energy will hold a hearing on the “President’s National Energy Policy: The President’s National Energy Policy developed by the National Energy Policy Development (NEPD) Group chaired by Vice President Cheney recommended that: (1) the Department of Energy (DOE) invest $2 billion to fund research in clean coal technology; (2) DOE and the Department of the Interior promote enhanced oil and gas recovery from existing wells through new technology; and (3) DOE improve oil and gas exploration technology through continued partnership with public and private entities. The hearing will consist of two panels. The first panel will consider clean coal technology. Witnesses will include: (1) Robert S. Kripowicz, Acting Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy at the U.S. Department of Energy (Mr. Kripowicz will also appear on Panel 2); (2) Ben Yamagata, Executive Director of the Coal Utilization Research Council (CURC), Washington, DC; (3) James E. Wells, Director of Natural Resources and Environment at the U.S. General Accounting Office; (4) Katherine Abend, Global Warming Associate at the U.S. Public Interest Research Group (US PIRG); and (5) John S. Mead, Director of the Coal Research Center at Southern Illinois University-Carbondale.

79. Fossil Fuels fossil fuels energy sources formed from remains of _ oilgas-coal-fuels from. GeopressurizedNatural gas Thousands of m below surface = gas dissolved http://www.arches.uga.edu/~mapatino/Fosfu13.htm

CHAPTER 13: Energy - Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels: oil-gas-coal-fuels from ( different starting mat.; different processes) oil shale and tar sand Nature: oil (petroleum) natural gas (CH4) = hydrocarbons (HC) Formation: 1: large accumulation of organic matter 2: quick burial o o C 4: Repetition of 3: brings maturation of hydrocarbon: asphalt oil-gasoline gas Crude oil: of different type HC compounds Refining: Cracking : to obtain lighter ones (gasoline) Oil and gas Migration Low permeability oil displaces water needs to be trapped by impermeable rock suitable structure (trap) Time factor : no oil/gas younger than 1-2 my World Reserves 1 trillion barrels; 400 b.barrels used in the last two decades.

80. ONGC :: Print where it is a powerful greenhouse gas (CK Paull twice the amount of all fossil fuelson Earth to very highenergy resource potential, natural gas hydrate is a http://www.ongcindia.com/print.asp?d=techpaper&cat=techpaper5.txt

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