81. File Moved Thomas Hayden Citation May 27, 2002 p 6062 Section Science Technology SubjectsFOSSIL fuels; ARCTIC; CANADA; OIL FIELDS; natural gas; GEOLOGY Word Count http://www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/020527/misc/27gas.htm

82. Describing Petroleum Reservoirs Of The Future The nature of the natural fractures and other command a premium price over other fossilfuels because it and tar sands, coalbed gas, and gas hydrates will also http://energy.usgs.gov/factsheets/Petroleum/reservoir.html

U.S. Geological Survey Energy Resource Surveys Program USGS Fact Sheet FS-020-97 Describing Petroleum Reservoirs of the Future "Future energy resources of the United States, particularly gas, will be found in what we consider today to be unconventional reservoirs, especially low-permeability reservoirs in shales, siltstones, fine-grained sands, and carbonates. These are not, in fact, undiscovered resources, since their occurrences are fairly well-known. However, we do not have adequate geologic data to evaluate the contribution such reservoirs will make to the National energy endowment in the future. The U.S. Geological Survey has a significant role in conducting basic and applied research on the characteristics of these important resources." Charles W. Spencer, U.S. Geological Survey Unconventional resources are probably very large, but their character and distribution are not yet well understood. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) research on reservoir characterization involves modeling the geometry and distribution of porosity and permeability, as well as determining the chemical and physical sensitivity of hydrocarbon reservoirs. An important focus of this research is on very low-permeability (tight) gas reservoirs, tar and heavy oil deposits, coalbed gas (especially methane), and gas hydrates. The USGS has conducted geologic research in reservoir characterization for nearly two decades.

83. Project-elaina a sea level drop, therefore allow the gas to dissociate is due in part to less fossilfuels containing carbon This pressure would retard the natural release of http://oceanography.asu.edu/project-elaina.html

Burning Issues on the Usage of Methane Hydrates J. Elaina Abbassian As the oil and gas industry continue to explore deeper beneath the ocean floor, there are growing concerns about safety issues, particularly about drilling through hydrate zones. Foundations for platforms and production wells can destabilize, and in turn collapse causing millions of dollars in damage as well as jeopardize the safety of many people. This disruption to the ocean floor may result in surface slumping or faulting, which could endanger work crews and the environment. Undersea ocean cables and many other ocean-dependent installations could be irrevocably damaged if the sea floor is caught in catastrophic landslides. These issues are just in the beginning stages of exploration and will take quite some time to analyze thoroughly. Methods of harvesting methane hydrates still need to be developed even when and if scientists do find answers to these dilemmas. The United States consumes about 21 trillion cubic feet of natural gas per year, 3 of which is imported. However, the demand is expected to grow to 32 trillion cubic feet by 2020. As the demand for natural gas continues, methane hydrates may be our best bet. REFERENCES http://www.cnie.org

84. Clathrates - Little Known Components Of The Global Carbon Cycle potential equal to more than twice that of all fossil fuels combined. natural gashydrates searching for the longterm climatic and slope-stability records. http://ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu/ees123/clathrate.htm

Clathrates: little known components of the global carbon cycle What are clathrates? Clathrates are also called gas hydrates Hydrates were discovered in 1810 by Sir Humphrey Davy, and were considered to be a laboratory curiosity. In the 1930s clathrate formation turned out to be a major problem, clogging pipelines during transportation of gas under cold conditions. Gas hydrates, also called clathrates, are crystalline solids which look like ice, and which occur when water molecules form a cage-like structure ). 5.75(H of methane gas at standard conditions of temperature and pressure. In nature, one cubic meter of hydrate turns out to contain up to 164 m of methane. Recently clathrates have received attention as a possible energy source, and as playing a role in large undersea slumps which could result in dangerous tsunamis, as well as in climate variability. What is the origin of the methane in clathrates? The methane in gas hydrates is dominantly generated by bacterial degradation of organic matter in low oxygen environments. Organic matter in the uppermost few cm of sediments is first attacked by aerobic bacteria, generating CO d Where do clathrates occur naturally?

85. Scott Tinker Addresses Rocky Mountain Section, AAPG http://www.beg.utexas.edu/news-events/news-archive/tinker_09-09-02.htm

There's Gas in Them Thar Hills Dr. Scott W. Tinker and Dr. Eugene M. Kim Bureau of Economic Geology The University of Texas at Austin ABSTRACT

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