21. The End Of Fossil Fuels in pockets within such formations, suggesting a common origin of coal and petroleum. Notonly should we stop calling hydrocarbons fossil fuels , but we should http://www.borderlands.com/archives/arch/endfos.html

The End of Fossil Fuels 1998 by Thomas J Brown "To the writers of books upon meteorites, it would be as wickedby which we mean departure from the characters of an established speciesquasi-established, of courseto say that coal has fallen from the sky, as would be to something in a barnyard, a temptation that it climb a tree and catch a bird. Domestic things in a barnyard: and how wild things from forests outside seem to them. Or the homeopathistbut we shall shovel data of coal." Charles Fort, The Book of the Damned The End With a title like The End of Fossil Fuels you may think that this is an article about alternative energy or "free" energy, but alas, it is not. It is an attempt to describe the inadequacy of the term "fossil fuel" and to prevent its further usage in the English language through education in the mysteries of the hydrocarbon structures in the earth. I can't blame people for having used this misleading phrase, being guilty myself. We are regularly taught such misconceptions in school. But one should always be ready to learn new ideas and concepts, especially once the evidence is investigated. The term "fossil fuel" is a standard phrase used in reference to hydrocarbons in their various permutations as petroleum, coals, and natural gas. The argument to be presented here is that hydrocarbon deposits are not "fossilized carbon" at all in the sense implied in the modern usage of that term, that there is a larger "carbon dynamic" eventuating in the earth process. The standard response to this is "well, they FIND fossils in the deposits". This is scientific fact and will not be disputed, fossils certainly are found in SOME deposits, many of them being quite curiouscoal balls and roof ballsand will be discussed in turn as they will further our argument. There are also serious fossil anomalies, evidences of human intelligence which crop up in various coal beds supposedly laid down hundreds of millions of years before humans are supposed to have existed. But we will first look at the hydrocarbon structures themselves.

22. Fossil Fuels fuels. Liquid fossil fuels, like petroleum, is formed in areas thatgeologists believe were once covered by oceans or seas. These http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/sciber00/8th/energy/sciber/fuel.htm

Petroleum, natural gas, and coal are the main sources of energy for modern use. All of these fuels are classified as fossil fuels . The reason they are called fossil fuels is because they are all made from decayed plants and animals that have been preserved in the earth's crust by pressure, bacterial processes and heat. It takes millions of years for these organisms to chemically change into fossil fuels. Liquid fossil fuels, like petroleum , is formed in areas that geologists believe were once covered by oceans or seas. These fuels were formed when dead plants and animals sank to the bottom of the ocean and were covered by sediments. Over long periods of time (millions of years), pressure, bacterial processes, and heat changed the sediments into sedimentary rocks and the plant and animal remains into oil. Eventually underground pools of oil formed when oil migrated through the pores and cracks of rocks and eventually filled these empty spaces. Geolgists search in areas which may contain oil traps. Oil traps include fault lines where porous rock is aligned next to non-porous rock. These traps are also found among folded rock layers. This is an example of a folded-rock-layer oil trap being drilled for petroleum. Oil drills are known as a oil derricks in the petroleum industry.

23. Fossil Fuels And Their Utilization fossil fuels are fuels that result from the fossilization process of living tissueafter millions of years. Coal and crude petroleum are the fossil fuel sources http://members.aol.com/profchm/fossil.html

What are the Fossil Fuels and how are they utilized in Our Society? It so happens that this is one of my favorite topics. Fossil fuels are fuels that result from the fossilization process of living tissue after millions of years. Coal and crude petroleum are the fossil fuel sources. Evolutionary Stages of Coal Development Coal comes in several developmental stages , peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite forms of coal. The first two stages are very inefficient producing a small amount of energy per mass of fuel. Lignite can be gasified to natural gas which is a particularly clean burning fuel in itself. Lignite has also been liquefied to produce liquid petroleum fractions. But the gasification and liquefaction process are very expensive and are not cost effective unless the cost of crude petroleum reaches 60.00 a barrel or more. Bituminous (soft coal) and Anthracite (hard coal) are the stages of coal most often mined, processed , and used as fuel. Disadvantages In The Utilization of Coal There are problems with the use of this form of fossil fuel. First, the extraction of the coal from the ground can be very expensive. Most coal deposits lie well below the surface of the earth which means that special drilling , the creation of mine shafts, and the shoring up of these shafts must be paid for. In addition, there is the danger of mine explosions when deposits of natural gas or finely powered coal dust undergoes combustion resulting in an explosion. Breathing of coal dust by the miners leads to a condition known as "black lung". This adds to the cost of the

24. Imported Fossil Fuels: Crude Oil, Refined Petroleum Products, And Coal As you know, Hawaii has no fossil fuels. Oil and coal must be imported. Petroleumcomes into the state as either as crude oil or as refined products. http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/icw/kaya/sld005.htm

Publications Proceedings of the Interconnection Workshop M. Kaya, Energy for Hawaii Slide 5 of 21 Notes: As you know, Hawaii has no fossil fuels. Oil and coal must be imported. Petroleum comes into the state as either as crude oil or as refined products. The crude oil is refined at the two refineries on Oahu, which produce most of the oil products used in Hawaii. They obtained 30.7% of their crude oil from U.S. sources, principally Alaska, in 2000. The rest (approximately 70%) came mostly from Asia. The refined oil products brought into Hawaii also came from a variety of sources – about 40% from the U.S. and the remainder (about 60%) principally from Asia. Coal met about 5% of Hawaii’s energy needs in 2000. Most of the imported coal was used by AES Hawaii on Oahu. AES Hawaii brings its coal in from Indonesia under a long-term contract. Hilo Coast Power Company on Hawaii, and Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar on Maui import smaller amounts from Australia. The table shows amounts used in 2000. As you can see, only a small amount of the refined product came from the volatile Middle East. However, Indonesia, a prime supplier of both oil and coal, has had recent internal political instability.

25. Imported Fossil Fuels: Crude Oil, Refined Petroleum Products, And Coal Imported fossil fuels Crude Oil, Refined petroleum Products,and Coal. Sources Refiner Reports to EIA. http://www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/icw/kaya/tsld005.htm

Publications Proceedings of the Interconnection Workshop M. Kaya, Energy for Hawaii Imported Fossil Fuels: Crude Oil, Refined Petroleum Products, and Coal Sources: Refiner Reports to EIA Previous slide Next slide Back to first slide View graphic version Notes: As you know, Hawaii has no fossil fuels. Oil and coal must be imported. Petroleum comes into the state as either as crude oil or as refined products. The crude oil is refined at the two refineries on Oahu, which produce most of the oil products used in Hawaii. They obtained 30.7% of their crude oil from U.S. sources, principally Alaska, in 2000. The rest (approximately 70%) came mostly from Asia. The refined oil products brought into Hawaii also came from a variety of sources – about 40% from the U.S. and the remainder (about 60%) principally from Asia. Coal met about 5% of Hawaii’s energy needs in 2000. Most of the imported coal was used by AES Hawaii on Oahu. AES Hawaii brings its coal in from Indonesia under a long-term contract. Hilo Coast Power Company on Hawaii, and Hawaiian Commercial and Sugar on Maui import smaller amounts from Australia. The table shows amounts used in 2000. As you can see, only a small amount of the refined product came from the volatile Middle East. However, Indonesia, a prime supplier of both oil and coal, has had recent internal political instability.

26. The Environmental Literacy Council - Fossil Fuels fossil fuels currently account for about 90 percent of world energy consumption.petroleum leads with a share of about 40 percent of total world energy http://www.enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/21.html

Home About ELC Site Map Contact Us ... Food Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels currently account for about 90 percent of world energy consumption. Petroleum leads with a share of about 40 percent of total world energy consumption, followed by coal (24 percent) and natural gas (22 percent). Fossil fuels are currently the most economically exploitable sources of power for both personal and commercial use. There are environmental problems associated with extracting, transporting, and using fossil fuels. In particular, in the process of burning fossil fuels, carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is emitted, which raises concerns about the potential of human-induced global warming. These links provide an introduction to fossil fuels, their use, available supplies, and prospects for the future. Printer Friendly Version Send this Page to a Friend Fossil Fuels Coal Geopolitics of Oil Natural Gas Oil in the Ocean ... Petroleum Related Pages Energy Laws and Treaties Mineral Resources Earth's Lithosphere This page was last updated on May 9, 2002. Please send questions and comments to info@enviroliteracy.org

27. Fossil Fuels: The Non-renewable Resources would deny that the consumption of fossil fuels will eventually how and when thevarious fuels will decline in the prices of US petroleum products including http://www.wri.org/wri/climate/jm_oil_003.html

Home Global topics Climate change and energy Climate change and energy ... SaveClimate.net Fossil fuels: The non-renewable resources Source: James J. MacKenzie . March 1996, Updated March 2000. Oil as a finite resource: When is global production likely to peak? Oil makes the single largest contribution to world energy supply, at 40 percent. In 1998, fossil fuels were used to meet about 90 percent of global commercial-energy demand. (See World commercial energy supply In energy terms, oil makes the single largest contribution to world energy supply, at 40 percent, followed by coal at 26 percent and natural gas at about 24 percent. Non-renewable, fossil fuels take millions of years to form, so for all intents and purposes they are finite and, ultimately, exhaustible energy resources. While few would deny that the consumption of fossil fuels will eventually lead to their exhaustion, how and when the various fuels will decline remain uncertain. The debate over conventional crude oil is of especially great interest because of its dominant role in global energy supply. (a) World crude oil prices shows the trend, in constant dollars, in global crude oil prices between 1970 and 1999. The 20-year gradual price decline beginning in 1980 was at least partly the cause of OPEC's cut in oil production with a subsequent rise in the price of crude oil that began in 1999 and led to major jumps in the prices of US petroleum products including gasoline, diesel fuel, and jet fuel.

28. Beyond Fossil Fuels: The Evolution Of Energy fossil fuels will run out later rather than sooner, but it is greenery (The forgreen issues), not scarcity, that is unsettling the petroleum industry today. http://www.pwcglobal.com/extweb/newcolth.nsf/docid/0D7A58A9CC7AB24685256C3100624

document.write(clickpath); Please enable JavaScript to view this page properly. Beyond Fossil Fuels: The Evolution of Energy by Dennis Jennings and John Fillo According to Roy McAlister, a research professor at Arizona State University, since the Industrial Revolution humanity has annually consumed about a million years' worth of fossil fuel resources, from reserves that took 100 million years to accumulate. Such levels of demand on a finite supply of fossilized organisms are unsustainable in the long-term. Fossil fuels will run out later rather than sooner, but it is "greenery" ( The Economist 's new term for green issues), not scarcity, that is unsettling the petroleum industry today. Erratic weather patterns, volatile business climate: the scramble is on to develop new energy sources and economies. But technology offers wildcard after wildcard as a possible solution. How are petroleum companies adapting during this boom-or-bust transitional period? Greenery Incorporated Prophets of doom have been predicting that existing reserves will become inadequate to fuel the world's energy needs since the 1970s. But advances in exploration and production technology have in fact increased the amount of petroleum available to such a degree that even squeezing petroleum out of previously unattractive tar sands has become reasonably economic.

29. Fossil Fuels Research & Technology In Ohio At OhioTechNet.org fossil fuels petroleum (3). New Items There are no new items in the databasePrivacy Legal Powered by Fathom Database by Thunderstone Design BS Co. http://www.ohiotechnet.org/texis/vortex/otn/viewSubCat.html?mainCat=Fossil Fuels

30. OhioTechNet: Search Results Links and Resources. Help. Contact Us. Username Password. 3 Search Results for FossilFuelspetroleum Use wildcard characters to increase search results, ex. liq*. http://www.ohiotechnet.org/texis/vortex/otn/search.html?qc=Fossil Fuels - Petrol

31. Teaching - Fossil Fuels fossil fuels This course examines the geological, geophysical and geochemicalprinciples used to explore for petroleum (crude oil, gas and coal). http://www.es.usyd.edu.au/geology/people/staff/Adriana/Teaching/FossilFuels.html

FOSSIL FUELS Texts Books Hunt, J.M., 1996. Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York. North, F.K., 1985. Petroleum Geology. Allen and Unwin, London. Tissot, B.P. and Welte, D.H., 1984. Petroleum Formation and Occurrence. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg. Ward, C.R., 1984. Coal geology and coal technology. Blackwell Scientific, Melbourne. Lectures Week 1 MondayTuesday Introduction to Petroleum Resources (definitions, history of petroleum exploration, statistical information, composition).Oil and Gas Formation (primary productivity, anoxia, source rocks). Week 2 MondayTuesday Types of organic matter (van Krevelen diagrams, pyrolysis, maturity indicators).Reservoirs rocks, seals and traps (porosity, permeability, capillary pressure). Week 3 MondayTuesday Hydrocarbon migration and accumulation (the principles and case histories).Coal Formation (types of coal, formation, properties, occurrence). PETROLEUM LINKS Australian Petroleum Institute APPEA American Petroleum Institute American Association of Petroleum Geologists ... Back to Adriana's home page.

32. ENERGY FACTS: PETROLEUM Crude oil, also called petroleum, is a complex mixture of carbon and hydrogen FIGURE3 Economically recoverable fossil fuels are not distributed evenly. http://www.iclei.org/efacts/petro.htm

PETROLEUM Since "rock oil" was discovered near Titusville, Pennsylvania, in 1859, by a man drilling for water, crude oil, also called Petroleum, has become the world's foremost source of energy, and the backbone of our industrial society. Oil accounts for 38% of energy use worldwide. Oil's liquid form, high energy density, and relatively clean burning nature make it the most versatile of all fuels. When oil was first discovered, it was primarily used in the form of kerosene for lamps and stoves. Since that time, inventors have developed hundreds of new uses for oil, with the most prominent being the internal combustion engine. Oil was plentiful and cheap throughout most of the twentieth century, resulting in patterns of transportation and land use based upon the private automobile. Oil was also extensively used for heating homes and generating electricity; and since oil was so cheap, it was not used very efficiently. The world's romance with oil came to a crashing halt in 1973, when OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) unilaterally raised prices and cut production. Oil prices skyrocketed, there were huge lineups for gasoline in the U.S., and oil suddenly became a political issue. More recently, dwindling supplies in the industrial world and concerns over global warming are also beginning to change the world's oil consumption patterns. Crude oil, also called petroleum, is a complex mixture of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons), which exist as a liquid in the earth's crust. On average, crude oil is made up of 83% carbon (C) and 12% hydrogen (H), with the remainder being sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen. Crude oil found in different locations is never exactly the same. Some is black, thick and tar like, while other crude oils are lighter in colour, thinner and more volatile. The carbon and hydrogen in crude oil are thought to have originated from the remains of microscopic marine organisms that were deposited at the bottom of seas and oceans. After having been buried under huge layers of other sediments, the organic material is transformed at high temperature and pressure into crude oil and natural gas. The oil and gas are then squeezed out of the marine shales in which they were deposited, and make their way into porous sedimentary rocks such as sandstones and limestones.

33. Conserving Fossil Fules DoDEA Science DRAFT. Conserving fossil fuels. Chemistry Community Objectives, Writea story that predicts what life would be like in 20 years without petroleum. http://www.odedodea.edu/instruction/curriculum/science/chemcom/chemcomlessons/co

DoDEA Science DRAFT Conserving Fossil Fuels Chemistry Community Grade Level Standards Physical Science Concepts Students will explain the conservation of energy and the increase in disorder Students will compare forms of energy found in the Earth Science in Personal And Social Perspectives Students will participate in conserving natural resources Students will describe factors that influence environmental quality History And Nature Of Science Students will understand that science is a human endeavor Objectives Write a story that predicts what life would be like in 20 years without petroleum. Propose actions that could be taken to reduce petroleum consumption. Identify alternatives to using petroleum as an energy source. Materials and Activities Materials Engage Bring a bicycle to school and leave it in the room. When asked about it explain that you had to ride the bike, because you did not have enough gasoline in the car to make it to school. Ask the question, what other means of transport could I have used to get to work today? Have the students identify which ones depend on petroleum.

34. Energy Generation (Chapter 7): Fossil Fuels And Nuclear Power Three forms of fossil fuel coal. petroleum. natural gas. You've read thatfossil fuels are nonrenewable. Are fossil fuels really non-renewable? http://ripley.wo.sbc.edu/departmental/env-studies/geo/energy.htm

Home Up Aerial Photos Global Positioning Systems (GPS) [ Energy Generation (Chapter 7): Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Power ] Energy Generation: Energy From Renewable Resources Biomes Biogeography Biodiversity ... Managing the Environment Energy Generation This topic can be divided up into three sections: fossil fuels and nuclear power "alternative" energy energy conservation Start off with some important points 1) Even though chapter seven in your book is called "Energy Generation," we can't in fact generate energy. We can only harvest it, and transform it from a less useable to a more useable form. This image shows this transformation for crude oil and coal, two kinds of fossil fuel. 2) Where does our energy come from? The main source, by far, is the sun. Minor sources include geothermal energy, nuclear fission, energy from volcanos. 3) When we harvest and use energy, much is lost during the process. Our efficiency of transformation is not great. Energy is lost during the harvesting process, refinement, transportation, and when it is actually used. At each step, we lose energy. 4) The use of energy is critical for our well-being and to maintain our standard of living. Therefore, energy production is tightly linked to economics and to our national security. Protection of our sources of energy is critical.

35. 12.05.2002 - Researchers Say Fossil Fuels For Cooking And Heating May Be Best Fo 2 billion of the world's poor to liquefied petroleum gas for household use wouldadd a scant 2 percent to the global greenhouse gas emissions of fossil fuels. http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2002/12/05_fuels.html

UC Berkeley NEWS SEARCH NEWS HOME ARCHIVES EXTRAS MEDIA RELATIONS Press Releases Image Downloads Contacts Researchers say fossil fuels for cooking and heating may be best for world's 2 billion poor 05 December 2002 By Sarah Yang, Media Relations Berkeley - Contrary to conventional wisdom, the use of fossil fuels for household cooking and heating may make more environmental sense for the estimated 2 billion rural poor in the world, according to a researcher from the University of California, Berkeley. Because they contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuels have been largely dismissed as a viable alternative for the one-third of the world's population who now use coal and local biomass - including wood, crop residues and dung - for cooking and heating, said Kirk R. Smith, professor and chair of environmental health sciences at UC Berkeley's School of Public Health. Efforts have been focused on equipping the rural poor with renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. But in an editorial appearing this week in the journal Science, Smith argues that switching all 2 billion of the world's poor to liquefied petroleum gas for household use would add a scant 2 percent to the global greenhouse gas emissions of fossil fuels. At the same time, using gas fuel would decrease the environmental impact on local biomass resources.

36. Energy Technologies / Fossil Fuels fossil fuels include oil, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. All ofthese fuels are found by drilling wells deep into the ground. http://www.eere.energy.gov/bro/neen/technologies/energytech_fossil.html

Northeast Energy Education NetCenter Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels have been produced over millions of years by the breakdown of mono-carbons. Fossil fuels include oil, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. All of these fuels are found by drilling wells deep into the ground. When a deposit of the fuels is found, the natural gas is extracted first, followed by the crude oil. From refining this oil we derive all the gasoline and oils used in everyday use. Coal, which once was widely used as a fuel, has now been virtually eliminated as a heating fuel in the U.S. because of the toxic smog it produces. It is, however, still used to produce electricity. New technology, including "scrubbers," makes the smoke less toxic. Recent concerns about pollutants produced by the combustion of heating oil and automobile gas has prompted the industry to produce much safer, cleaner fuels. As a result, the amount of toxins in the air has dropped. Web Sites on Fossil Fuels Fossil Energy - This site offers an introduction to energy for students by providing lessons on the basics of energy, coal, gas, and oil. International Petroleum Museum and Exposition - This site gathers, preserves, and interprets artifacts and information in order to educate others concerning the impact and significance of the offshore petroleum industry. This site includes photos, stories, and a history of oil and the industry.

37. Fossil Fuels And Environmental Pollution TOPICS Introduction to fossil fuels Natural gas, petroleum and coal technologiesfossil fuel conversion, conservation Pollution prevention and remediation http://www.uic.edu/classes/hon/hon201gam/

HONORS SEMINAR (HON 201) Fossil Fuels and Environmental Pollution Instructor: G.A. Mansoori, Professor Department: Chemical Engineering Office: 202 CEB Phone: (312) 996-5592 E-Mail: Mansoori@UIC.edu Home page: http://www.uic.edu/~mansoori/TRL_html Seminar Description: Fossil fuel sources, conversion, conservation. Advances in natural gas, petroleum and coal utilization. Green-house gases, global warming and other environmental effects. Pollution prevention and remediation. TOPICS Introduction to fossil fuels Natural gas, petroleum and coal technologies Fossil fuel conversion, conservation Pollution prevention and remediation Global warming, green-house gases Socioeconomic aspects of fossil fuel use Concluding remarks Sources of Information and Reference Texts: 1. Materials included on the following websites: ARTERIAL BLOCKAGE / FOULING in the PETROLEUM and NATURAL GAS INDUSTRIES / UIC Fossil Energy / Department of Energy INRESC 1998 INRESC 1993 Global Warming / Environmental Protection Agency FTEC 2000 FTEC 1997 FTEC 1994 Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change / NAS Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming: Mitigation, Adaptation, and the Science Base

38. Heavy Organics Deposition And Fouling In Petroleum Related Web Sites Joel Escobedo's virtual home of heavy Organics; Diamondoids and Their Role inPetroleum and Natural Gas Production Fouling; fossil fuels and Environmental http://www.uic.edu/~mansoori/Heavy.Organics.Related.Sites.html

Heavy Organic Deposition and Fouling Related or Interesting Web Sites to Visit UIC/TRL 's ARTERIAL BLOCKAGE / FOULING in the PETROLEUM and NATURAL GAS INDUSTRIES Project Commercial and Industrial Sites: Akzo Nobel Asphalt Applications ARCO ChevronTexaco Oil Company Corrosion Inhibitors and Treatment Chemicals for Petroleum Industry ... Petroleum Internet Resources by Schlumberger Refining Technolog Online Educational: A CATALOGUE OF CRUDE OIL AND OIL PRODUCT PROPERTIES / Environment Canada A Statistical Mechanical Model of Asphaltene Flocculation and Collapse From Petroleum Systems / UIC Analysis of Heavy Organics Deposits / UIC API Educational Materials Asphaltene and Resin Asphaltene and Other Heavy-Organic Particle Deposition During Transfer and Production Operations / UIC Asphaltene Deposition and Its Control C7+ Fraction Characterization / Amazon Dr. Joel Escobedo's virtual home of heavy Organics Diamondoids and Their Role in Petroleum and Natural Gas Production Fouling Fossil Fuels and Environmental Pollution Heavy.Organics.Deposition.Courses ... Remediation of Heavy Organic Deposits Using Aromatic Solvents / UIC Mechanism of Mousse Formation / PAJ IUPAC Nomenclature ; ii.

39. Eco-Portal: Climate/Causes/Fossil Fuels the major national trade association representing the petroleum industry; provides worldusing historical carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel consumption http://www.climateark.org/links/Causes/Fossil_Fuels/

Home Climate Causes : Fossil Fuels More search options only this Climate category entire Climate section entire Eco-Portal site Links: Drive for America - the Alliance to Save Energy allows you to sign a petition encouraging America's automakers to improve fuel efficiency and promote hybrid vehicles as a means to lessen dependence on foreign oil and address climate change (Added: Mon Mar 31 2003 Hits: 3 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It 2001 Fuel Economy Site - find and compare the fuel efficiency of cars and trucks; as well as gas mileage tips and information on advanced technology (Added: Thu May 24 2001 Hits: 502 Rating: 8.40 Votes: 5) Rate It Transport Campaign Friends of the Earth UK - highlights the damage caused by air pollution, the threat of road-building and the implications of traffic growth for carbon dioxide emissions and global warming (Added: Fri May 11 2001 Hits: 417 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It American Petroleum Institute - the major national trade association representing the petroleum industry; provides a forum for the oil and natural gas industry to pursue priority public policy objectives and advance the interests of the industry (Added: Tue May 22 2001 Hits: 92 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0)

40. Applied Sections Of CA This section includes the geochemistry, prospecting, recovery, refining, and usesof fossil fuels, petroleum and coal; refining, treatment, and uses of fossil http://www.cas.org/PRINTED/applsc.html

Applied Sections of Chemical Abstracts 47 Apparatus and Plant Equipment This section includes laboratory apparatus for research and development, industrial apparatus and equipment for carrying out any of the unit operations (involving physical change) and unit processes (involving chemical change), when the equipment has a multipurpose application. Apparatus and equipment having a singular use, identifiable with a specific section, are placed in that appropriate section. Included also in this section are high- and low-temperature apparatus (e.g., furnaces, Dewars), material-handling apparatus (e.g., conveyors, vessels), and general construction materials for the equipment. Apparatus and equipment undefinable as to specific area of application or for multiple areas of application are placed here. 48 Unit Operations and Processes This section includes general multipurpose unit operations (physical change involved) and unit processes (chemical change involved). Unit operations and processes identifiable with a specific section are placed in that appropriate section. Included are experimental and theoretical studies of chemical engineering subjects (e.g., transport processes, material handling, separation and mixing processes, size reduction and enlargement, process control, optimization, and mathematical modeling). Design fundamentals and automation are also included. Flame propagation and flame stability of unspecified materials are placed here, but flame studies of specific materials are placed in the appropriate section, e.g., propellants in Section 50, fossil fuels and blends in Section 51, fireproofing of textiles in Section 40.

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