41. Nuteeriat: The Origins Of Fossil Fuels the conversion of plant remains under the surface to coal and petroleum. would becomeanaerobic and foster the conversion of organic material to fossil fuels. http://www.aoi.com.au/matrix/Nut03.html

CHAPTER 13 THE ORIGINS OF FOSSIL FUELS "Science when well digested is nothing but good sense and reason" - Stanislaus, King of Poland: Maxims, No.43. By now we have set the scene for a more detailed look at the origin of fossil fuels. Of course, the main fossil fuels are coal, mineral oil, and natural gas, with a few less important sources such as lignite, bitumen, and tar sands. The outstanding feature of all fossil fuels is that they contain a lot of carbon. Coal is especially rich, with up to 95%. The others are mainly hydrocarbons, compounds of carbon with hydrogen, sometimes with other elements present, but even in these the proportion of carbon is high, around 82-87% by weight. About Coal Coal was one of the earliest minerals to be be developed in today's technological society, in fact it was one of the main props for the Industrial Revolution, which started in Britain. Britain has considerable coal deposits and a long history of geological discovery, so the nature of coal deposits in that country have become known in great detail. Figure 13.1 (taken from the 1875 Encyclopaedia Britannica) shows the various geological strata found in conjunction with the Coal Measures of different parts of Britain. The actual coal seams vary in thickness from a mere film to as much as 15 metres. In other parts of the world even thicker seams have been found, as in the south of France and in India, up to 60m thick or more.

42. NonProfit Pathfinder: Innovations: Transportation: Fossil Fuels Policy Action In goods and people and promote local economies without use of petroleum. that the technofixtendency to focus solely on replacing fossil fuels with renewable http://www.independentsector.org/pathfinder/innovations/transport/ffpai.html

Transportation Fossil Fuels Policy Action Institute Arcata, CA Mission According to founder Jan Lundberg, the mission of the Fossil Fuels Policy Action Institute (FFPAI) is two-pronged: first, FFPAI aims to "get the word out" about the necessity for and means of making an immediate, fundamental shift away from oil dependence and toward sustainable modes of transportation and production, such as sail transport and organic farming. Second, FFPAI seeks to "fill the void" that currently exists with regard to the information the public needs in order to make rational decisions about auto use, road building, food production, and other environmental issues. Program Description Prior to founding FFPAI, Jan Lundberg was an influential oil analyst and published The Lundberg Letter, a publication on trends in the oil industry. Lundberg's expertise in the field is now applied to FFPAI's goals of preventing "the spread of pavement" and finding new ways to transport goods and people and promote local economies without use of petroleum. Underlying FFPAI's programs is the position that a consumerist economy is, in itself, unsustainable. FFPAI further holds that the "technofix tendency" to focus solely on replacing fossil fuels with renewable energy (such as fuel derived from soybeans or solar power) at the same level of consumption as current fossil fuel use only obscures the need for radical economic as well as ecological change. In order to address these concerns, FFPAI conducts four programs, described below.

43. DIE OFF - Energy Synopsis Abstract petroleum geologists have known for 50 years that global oil productionwould than a tiny fraction of the power now being generated by fossil fuels. http://dieoff.com/synopsis.htm

Home (Permission to reprint expressly granted!) Petroleum geologists have known for 50 years that global oil production would "peak" and begin its inevitable decline within a decade of the year 2000. Moreover, no renewable energy systems have the potential to generate more than a tiny fraction of the power now being generated by fossil fuels. In short, the end of oil signals the end of civilization, as we know it. For an explanation of the above graphic, see http://dieoff.com/page224.htm SYNOPSIS by Jay Hanson, Mar, 8, 2001 http://www.dieoff.org What becomes of the surplus of human life? It is either, 1st. destroyed by infanticide, as among the Chinese and Lacedemonians; or 2d. it is stifled or starved, as among other nations whose population is commensurate to its food; or 3d. it is consumed by wars and endemic diseases; or 4th. it overflows, by emigration, to places where a surplus of food is attainable." James Madison, 1791 ENERGY IS the capacity to do work (no energy = no work). Thus, the global economy is 100 percent dependent on energy it always has been, and it always will be. THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS tells us that neither capital nor labor nor technology can "create" energy. Instead, available energy must be spent to transform existing matter (e.g., oil), or to divert an existing energy flow (e.g., wind) into more available energy.

44. Eco-Portal: Climate/Causes/Fossil Fuels the major national trade association representing the petroleum industry; providesa Technology Laboratory (NETL) assuring that US fossil energy resources http://www.eco-portal.com/Climate/Causes/Fossil_Fuels/welcome.asp

Home Climate Causes : Fossil Fuels More search options only this Climate category entire Climate section entire Eco-Portal site Links: Drive for America - the Alliance to Save Energy allows you to sign a petition encouraging America's automakers to improve fuel efficiency and promote hybrid vehicles as a means to lessen dependence on foreign oil and address climate change (Added: Mon Mar 31 2003 Hits: 3 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It 2001 Fuel Economy Site - find and compare the fuel efficiency of cars and trucks; as well as gas mileage tips and information on advanced technology (Added: Thu May 24 2001 Hits: 502 Rating: 8.40 Votes: 5) Rate It Transport Campaign Friends of the Earth UK - highlights the damage caused by air pollution, the threat of road-building and the implications of traffic growth for carbon dioxide emissions and global warming (Added: Fri May 11 2001 Hits: 417 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It American Petroleum Institute - the major national trade association representing the petroleum industry; provides a forum for the oil and natural gas industry to pursue priority public policy objectives and advance the interests of the industry (Added: Tue May 22 2001 Hits: 92 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0)

45. Eco-Portal: Climate/Causes/Fossil Fuels trade association representing the petroleum industry; provides a NETL) assuringthat US fossil energy resources 19/3-Traffic Law Reform fuels Debate Over http://www.eco-portal.com/climate/Causes/Fossil_Fuels/

Home Climate Causes : Fossil Fuels More search options only this Climate category entire Climate section entire Eco-Portal site Links: Drive for America - the Alliance to Save Energy allows you to sign a petition encouraging America's automakers to improve fuel efficiency and promote hybrid vehicles as a means to lessen dependence on foreign oil and address climate change (Added: Mon Mar 31 2003 Hits: 3 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It 2001 Fuel Economy Site - find and compare the fuel efficiency of cars and trucks; as well as gas mileage tips and information on advanced technology (Added: Thu May 24 2001 Hits: 502 Rating: 8.40 Votes: 5) Rate It Transport Campaign Friends of the Earth UK - highlights the damage caused by air pollution, the threat of road-building and the implications of traffic growth for carbon dioxide emissions and global warming (Added: Fri May 11 2001 Hits: 417 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It American Petroleum Institute - the major national trade association representing the petroleum industry; provides a forum for the oil and natural gas industry to pursue priority public policy objectives and advance the interests of the industry (Added: Tue May 22 2001 Hits: 92 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0)

46. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Fossil Fuels (Environmental Studies) What Are the fossil fuels How are They Utilized In Our Society? World BookOnline Article on petroleum; World Book Online Article on petroleum COKE; http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/Sci

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Fossil Fuels document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); INTRODUCTION World Book Online Article on GAS [fuel] Characteristics of Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuel Resources ... Contact Us

47. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Petroleum (Earth Materials & Structures) Lesson Plan Archives Science Earth Science Geology Middle School EarthMaterials Structures petroleum. Formation of fossil fuels (.pdf); fossil http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/Lesson_Plan/Res

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Petroleum document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); Formation of Fossil Fuels (.pdf) Privacy Policy Site Map Contact Us

48. FOSSIL FUELS - LECTURE TWO fossil fuels LECTURE TWO. GOAL estimate reserves of fossil fuels left to produce. Todayneed subsurface geology studies to locate petroleum reservoirs. http://www.phys.cwru.edu/courses/p196/docs/Saylor2.htm

FOSSIL FUELS - LECTURE TWO GOAL: estimate reserves of fossil fuels left to produce RESOURCE BASE is total amount of resource present on Earth. Only a small part of that considered a reserve. Historical examples of estimates: 1920Õs consensus US oil depleted by end of decade 1939 predicted US depletion within 13 years Actuality: 1930Õs peak in US crudeoil discoveries 1967 peak single year for oil discovery due to Prudoe Bay Alaska 1950Õs peak in US natural gas discoveries 1930Õs-1970Õs new discoveries offshore California, Gulf of Mexico, North Slope Alaska US oil production peaked in 1972 World estimates Warman (1972) predicted a peak in world oil production in 1990Õs. Odell and Rosing (1983) predicted peak in 2017, possibly not until 2080. DIFFICULTY: what is findable and produceable depends on several factors. - Technology - Politcs - Economics TECHNOLOGY Exploration Techniques In early days looked for oil seeping to the surface. Drake well in Pennsylvania, 1859, noted that these seeps tend to occur on top of anticlines. Most "easy" oil now found. Today need subsurface geology studies to locate petroleum reservoirs.

49. Fossilfuelformation fossil fuels. Hydrocarbons derived from the decay and chemical alteration of buriedorganisms. Includes oil, natural gas, and coal. I. Origin of petroleum A http://www.geosc.psu.edu/People/Faculty/FacultyPages/Kubicki/fossilfuelforms.htm

50. Ear100spring2000 2/26. 4th Student Debate Ozone Particles. 2/28. pp. 302-316. fossil fuels- petroleum. Chapter 15 Review Questions. 3/3. pp. 302-316. fossil fuels - Coal. http://www.geosc.psu.edu/People/Faculty/FacultyPages/Kubicki/ear100.html

51. Petroleum Use In regard to continuing dependency on fossil fuels, especially petroleum,what is the major implication of shrinking net energy? http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/courses/geog100/PetroleumUse.htm

Petroleum Use "The program of the devotees of fossil-fuel is a formula for further concentration of wealth and power: keep society hooked on petroleum and uranium; delay the solar transition until the oil and gas are too costly to recover; then burn up the coal and slap a meter on the sun." Daniel M. Berman and John T. O'Connor, 1996, Who Owns the Sun Assigned outside reading Miller, pp. 96-99; 121-126 As sign ed online reading Read for the main ideas: "The End of Cheap Oil," by Colin J. Campbell and Jean H. Laherrère, Scientific American , March 1998 "Within the next decade, the supply of conventional oil will be unable to keep up with demand. This conclusion contradicts the picture one gets from oil industry reports..." [3,900 words] Optional update by Colin J. Campbell: "The Imminent Peak of World Oil Production," Presentation to a House of Commons All-Party Committee on July 7th 1999. Shrinking Net Energy from Fossil Fuels (tutorial by T. Detwyler) [800 words] Some Solutions to Petroleum Use OPTIONAL lecture material Editorial comment by Thomas Detwyler on Exxon's takeover of Mobil: Rockefeller's Ghost Returns to Prove the "Law of Concentration of Capital"

52. Petroleum Use: Shrinking Net Energy petroleum use. Shrinking Net Energy from fossil fuels The key to understandingenergy issues is to look at the 'energy price' of energy. http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/courses/geog100/Petrol-ShrinkNetE.htm

Petroleum use Shrinking Net Energy from Fossil Fuels "The key to understanding energy issues is to look at the 'energy price' of energy. Energy resources that consume more energy than they produce are worthless as sources of energy. This thermodynamic law applies no matter how high the 'money price' of energy goes. For example, if it takes more energy to search for and mine a barrel of oil than the energy recovered, then it makes no energy sense look for that barrel—no matter how high the money price of oil goes." Jay Hanson, 1998, Titanic Sinks Note: The following material, slightly revised and updated, is drawn from "Energy, Environment and Social Change," by Thomas Detwyler, 1979, pp. 42-76 in Current Issues V: The Yearbook of Environmental Education and Environmental Studies , ed. by Arthur B. Sacks and C.B. Davis, publ. by ERIC, Columbus, Ohio.) In the past, energy-intensive practices generally were successful in solving at least temporarily the problems to which they were applied. But yesterday's solution has become today's problem. Without cheap, safe, and abundant energy, most of the proposed technological solutions to the problems of growth evaporate. Resource scarcity, together with factors inherent in corporate capitalism, will increase energy prices; and increased environmental stress, associated with high energy use, has reduced both environmental tolerance and the amount of work that Nature does for "free" (Odum and Odum, 1976). An example of the latter is the reduction (by the early 1970s) of forest productivity in New England by 10 percent, because of acid rain resulting from combustion of vast amounts of sulfurous fuels upwind from the region (Woodwell, 1974). Thus, energy-intensive "solutions" become more costly both economically and environmentally.

53. Fossil Fuels b. Hydrocarbonchemical compounds of various combination of C and H. c.What are fossil fuels. i. Coal, Oil (petroleum) and Natural gas. ii. http://jove.geol.niu.edu/faculty/lenczewski/fossilfuel.htm

Fossil Fuels I. Origin of Fossil Fuels a. Fossil fuel-made from organic matter from ancient plant and animals b. Hydrocarbon-chemical compounds of various combination of C and H c. What are fossil fuels i. Coal, Oil (Petroleum) and Natural gas ii. Formed over geological time by remains of plants and animals buried under sed rks iii. 90% of all commercial energy by burning fossil fuel d. Coal- i. What is it? Dead plants in which microorganisms breakdown the organic matter, in swamps plants grow and die so quickly that plant material accumulates which stops oxygen from getting in and without oxygen decay stops ii. Types of coal (increasing grade) Peat-partially decayed plant material, can be burned but not very well Lignite-next stage, as peat gets more buried (increase temperature and pressure) so that removes more H and O Bituminous coal-soft coal, closer to pure C but still contains many impurties (Sox) Anthracite coal-hard coal, 95% pure Carbon, few impurities, highest heat value iii. When formed Carboniferious period-360 to 285 million years ago Acts as a long term sink for carbon e.

54. MARKAL Results MATTER Project: Table From Case E200 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 = Total Imports of fossil fuels 40801.7 44616.1 36069.4 31925.029912.8 28953.7 29310.9 *** Exports of fossil fuels *** petroleum coke GJ http://www.ecn.nl/unit_bs/etsap/markal/matter/cases/e200/t03.html

MATTER Case e200 Table t03 ECN homepage ECN Policy Studies MATTER Cases ... Case e200 [Table t03 ] 19 Nov 99 The examples linked to this page contain MARKAL output files for the MATTER 4.2 model. Information regarding the model input is available from ECN, Dolf Gielen ( gielen@ecn.nl ). More background on this project can be found in a number of recent publications ECN Homepage ECN activity report New at ECN-WWW ... Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), P.O. Box 1, 1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands Last update: 19 November 1999 Information: gielen@ecn.nl

55. MARKAL Results MATTER Project: Table From Case E100 0.0 0.0 0.0 = Total Imports of fossil fuels 40842.7 44547.6 40312.8 37024.4 38598.338331.7 40439.0 *** Exports of fossil fuels *** Liquified petroleum Gas GJ http://www.ecn.nl/unit_bs/etsap/markal/matter/cases/e100/t03.html

MATTER Case e100 Table t03 ECN homepage ECN Policy Studies MATTER Cases ... Case e100 [Table t03 ] 19 Nov 99 The examples linked to this page contain MARKAL output files for the MATTER 4.2 model. Information regarding the model input is available from ECN, Dolf Gielen ( gielen@ecn.nl ). More background on this project can be found in a number of recent publications ECN Homepage ECN activity report New at ECN-WWW ... Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), P.O. Box 1, 1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands Last update: 19 November 1999 Information: gielen@ecn.nl

56. Important Fossil Fuels In The United States (Geobopological Survey) Mineral Industry Facts Statistics fossil fuels Minerals Home States Minerals fossil fuels. 1) A list of the 33 petroleum producing states, ranked in http://www.geobop.com/World/NA/Topics/Industry/Minerals/Fuels/

Kid-Friendly MiningStats Fossil Fuels Minerals Home States Minerals Fossil Fuels ... Special Topics Geobopological Survey Geography History Industry Names ... Weather Islands Surrounded by Water? Idaho Moon Craters? Weird Geography! Search this site This site features the following resources: 1) A list of the 33 petroleum producing states, ranked in order of production. 2) Similar statistics, along with maps, for coal The table below is adapted from a similar table from the Energy Information Administration Production of Crude Oil by PAD District and State, 1999 Rank State Total Daily Average Texas a Alaska a North Slope California a Louisiana a Oklahoma New Mexico Wyoming North Dakota Kansas Colorado Mississippi Utah Montana Illinois Alabama South Alaska Michigan Arkansas Ohio Florida Kentucky Nebraska Indiana Pennsylvania West Virginia South Dakota Nevada Tennessee New York Missouri (s) Arizona (s) Virginia (s) Federal Offshore PAD District III Federal Offshore PAD District V U.S. Total

57. ENC: Curriculum Resources: Fossil Fuels, Future Fuels (ENC-020374, Full Record) being pursued by DOE's Office of fossil Energy in the areas of coal and gas powersystems, coal derived fuels, natural gas and petroleum recovery and processing http://www.enc.org/resources/records/full/0,1240,020374,00.shtm

Skip Navigation You Are Here ENC Home Curriculum Resources Advanced Search ... Ask ENC Explore online lesson plans, student activities, and teacher learning tools. Search Browse About Curriculum Resources Read articles about inquiry, equity, and other key topics for educators and parents. Create your learning plan, read the standards, and find tips for getting grants. Fossil fuels, future fuels: an energy education site URL: http://www.fe.doe.gov/education/index.html ENC#: ENC-020374 Publisher: United States Department of Energy (USDOE). Office of Fossil Energy. Date: Grades: Abstract: The site features four major sections that discuss an overview of fossil fuels, cleaning up coal, new methods being developed to explore for and pump oil from underground reservoirs, and new ways to free natural gas from dense, underground rock formations. Most of our energy today comes from what we call fossil fuels. Fossil fuels come in three major forms: coal, oil and natural gas. In the introduction section, students learn about the role energy plays in our lives and some of the common characteristics of fossil fuels. In the coal section, students explore how coal was formed and mined, and about clean coal technologies that can make fossil fuels future fuels. This section traces the route coal follows from the mine to a power plant of the future. The site provides a link to the Office of Fossil Energy homepage. A glossary is included. Abstracted 01/01. (Author/YK) User Comments: None currently available.

58. Another Protocol been summoned to brief the committee on the chemistry of fossil fuels, their combustion LouisianaYou have three children, and reductions in petroleum use may http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/faces/env/activity/anothe.htm

< Back Home Teacher's Guide A Senate Debate WebQuest Introduction The Task The Process Resources ... Evaluation Introduction To deal with the problem of ozone depletion the nations of the world drafted the Montreal Protocol in 1987. The treaty has been periodically revised so that now it calls for the eventual elimination of chlorofluorocarbons worldwide. This will save the ozone layer, but maybe even more important the Montreal Protocol served as a model for future international treaties to deal with global environmental problems. The Task You are going to be involved in a committee hearing of the United States Senate. Your class will be divided into teams. Each team will research one role, and a member of your team will "testify" at the hearing. You will be part of a team assigned to research one aspect of the Kyoto Protocol debate. Other students in your class will be assigned different roles. The roles are listed below. No matter what your role, be sure to familiarize yourself with the actual terms of the Kyoto Protocol. An atmospheric scientist working for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: You have been summoned to brief the committee on the chemistry of fossil fuels, their combustion to produce greenhouse gases, how the interaction of greenhouse gases with infrared radiation might lead to global warming, and the consensus among scientists concerning the validity of current theories on the greenhouse effect.

59. Energy Today, and for the next 2030 years, the dominant sources of deliverable energy arethe fossil fuels (petroleum, coal, natural gas, oil shale, and tar sands). http://energy.che.uc.edu/

Energy and Environment Group Perhaps one of the greatest dilemmas facing the world is the problem of how to provide society with sufficient useable energy to maintain a healthy economic base, and at the same time, to do so in an environmentally acceptable fashion. Today, and for the next 20-30 years, the dominant sources of deliverable energy are the fossil fuels (petroleum, coal, natural gas, oil shale, and tar sands). In the United States, currently, we derive about 85-90% of our energy from the fossil fuels. However, combustion of these fuels can lead to the formation of acid rain, and all yield CO , a leading culprit in the "greenhouse effect". If we look to the other fossil fuels to fill the gap, then we find that coal is certainly the most abundant resource. It would be inconceivable that we would ignore this source of energy, specially in the absence of real, deliverable alternatives. On a local note, we are all aware that Ohio s most abundant indigenous fuel is coal. Likewise, we are also cognizant that coal combustion can cause serious air-quality problems if not dealt with properly. The majority of the coal research being conducted at UC is aimed specifically at addressing the problems of SOx and NOx in coal utilization. The role of the Advanced Fossil Fuel Research Institute is to expand greatly that effort into some of the other, important issues facing the use of coal, and the other fossil fuels. The institute is interdisciplinary in nature with faculty members from Chemical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Aerospace Engineering. The Center recently received several research awards from the Ohio Coal Development Office, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Department of Energy. In Chemical Engineering, the faculty members involved are Professors

60. Farewell Fossil Fuels : Renewing America's Energy Policy fossil fuelspetroleum, natural gas, and coal-are finite. They will runout and are not restorable. This obviously carries significant http://hallsciences.com/technology/134.shtml

Farewell Fossil Fuels : Renewing America's Energy Policy Home Technology by Sidney Borowitz See More Details Paperback - 225 pages (January 1999) Insight Books; ISBN: 0306457814 ; Dimensions (in inches): 0.60 x 8.95 x 5.95 Other Editions: Hardcover Editorial Reviews Book Description Energy has become America's forgotten crisis. For more than a decade, Americans have become stridently complacent toward the use and especially the availability of energy to fuel most aspects of our economic and recreational lives. Memories of the oil shocks of the 1970s have grown very dim. Long lines at gas stations have been replaced by people at auto dealers buying gas-guzzling sports-utility vehicles. The United States now imports more oil (over 50% more) than it did prior to the first oil crisis in 1973-74. Yet our reliance on fossil fuels has not been tempered by history. The threat of global warming from greenhouse gases is real and significant. Fossil fuels-petroleum, natural gas, and coal-are finite. They will run out and are not restorable. This obviously carries significant political and environmental implications for our future. However, we do have alternatives. In Farewell Fossil Fuels: Reviewing America's Energy Policy (Perseus Books, June 15, 1999), noted scientist and businessman Sidney Borowitz presents a concise, coherent narrative of the major sources of energy currently in use throughout the world, and explains in a cogent, jargon-free manner how these sources of energy can be developed. Borowitz places these nonfossil fuel sources in an economic and scientific context so that the case for conservation and growth is thoroughly grounded in reality.

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