61. JHMN:MEDICAL UPDATES: The Psychological Side Of Gene Testing The Psychological Side of gene testing. hile the hum of (dna) sequencer machinesand their promise to pinpoint the genetic profile of every major cancer fills http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/hmn/F99/mu_6.html

The Psychological Side of Gene Testing hile the hum of DNA sequencer machines and their promise to pinpoint the genetic profile of every major cancer fills labs across the country, what to do with the ensuing information at the interface of physician and patient is a mostly unexplored issue. One genetic test, for instance, can pick up any of five mutated genes that confer a lifetime risk of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) approaching 80 percent. But given that HNPCC accounts for just 5 percent or less of all colorectal cancer, who should get the genetic test? Family history is obviously important. Underlying psychological factors are equally important but more subtle, says Ann-Marie Codori, Ph.D., a psychologist in the Department of Psychiatry. Using one of 10 ethics-related grants from the National Human Genome Research Institute, Codori and colleagues are exploring people’s reactions to genetic testing. “We want to know if genetic testing will scare people away from screening,” Codori says. “It’s well-established that there’s a subgroup of patients who, given unfavorable medical information, have extreme psychological distress. Those people tend not to follow up with the next screening step.” Codori and colleagues offered free HNPCC gene tests to people with significant family histories of colorectal cancer, then tracked what factors relate to accepting or declining the test. They found four significant correlations, all psychological.

62. Ara Parseghian Medical Research Foundation - About NPC is possible to analyze the patient's NPC1 gene for mutations Clinic genetic Counselingand Carrier testing Center for the patient, and then the (dna), or genetic http://www.parseghian.org/apmrfweb/anpcdiag.html

Carrier Testing Drug Trials Related Diseases Cause ... Treatment (The following information is reprinted from the Mayo Clinic brochure "Niemann-Pick Disease, Type C: Information for Patients and Families") Cause In 1997, researchers identified the location of a gene, called NPC1, that is abnormal in Niemann-Pick disease, type C patients. The NPC1 gene is on chromosome 18 and is normally present in two copies in each cell of the body. However, alterations or mutations in this gene cause about 95 percent of cases of NP-C. In a second smaller group of patients with NP-C, alternations in NPC1 do not cause the disease. Researchers suspect a second gene, called , may be responsible. NP-C is known as an autosomal recessive inherited condition. This means that each parent of an affected child has one functional NPC1 gene, plus one non-functional NPC1 (or more rarely, NPC2) gene. These parents are called carriers, or heterozygotes, and exhibit no signs or symptoms of the disease. It is estimated that about 1 in 200 individuals is a carrier of a single copy of a non-functional gene for NP-C. Affected children have two non-functional NP-C genes. In each pregnancy of a carrier couple, there is a one in four (25 percent) chance that they will both pass their non-functional NP-C genes to a child who would then be affected. There is a one in two (50 percent) chance that only one of them would pass a non-functional gene. The child would then be a carrier like the parents. There is a 25 percent chance that both functional genes would be passed and the child would neither be a carrier nor affected.

63. Official Plymouth County District Attorney's Office Web Site of (dna) testing Procedures...... known as loci. Loci that vary greatly among people are known as polymorphisms. If a gene is polymorphic 24, 1995). http://www.state.ma.us/da/plymouth/forensics/dnades.htm

HOME OUR OFFICE APPEALS PRESS RELEASES ... LINKS YOUTH SENIORS FAMILY PROTECTION PUBLIC SAFETY COMMUNITY ED An Introduction to the Structure of DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is the genetic material found in our cells. As the building blocks of our genetic makeup, DNA determines who we are and what we look like. As a forensic tool, DNA has proven to be a valuable instrument in the courtroom as a means of identifying and excluding suspects from crime scenes. The above description has been compiled using the following sources: Trial court opinions in People of the State of Colorado v. Shreck and State of Vermont v. Pfenning "Basic Biology" a lecture by Pablo Perhacs, J.D. given at the American Prosecutors Research Institute’s seminar entitled DNA 101: Unraveling the Mystery (Nov. 2-4, 1995). Description of DNA Testing Procedures Forensics Home DNA Testing 1999 Cases ... 2001 Cases

64. DNA Archive/title> how common or rare that particular gene is in the in population databases made upof the (dna) profiles of the conclusions that can be reached from this testing. http://www.genelex.com/genomicshtmls/hillblom8337.html

REPORT OF RESULTS OF SIBSHIP TESTING OF FOUR ANONYMOUS MOTHER-CHILD PAIRS DNA Archive REPORT OF RESULTS OF SIBSHIP TESTING OF FOUR ANONYMOUS MOTHER-CHILD PAIRS GENELEX FILE NO. GL 8337 July 28, 1997 Prepared by GeneLex Corporation 12277 134th Ct. NE Redmond, Wa 98052 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SIBSHIP TESTING OF FOUR ANONYMOUS MOTHER-CHILD PAIRS Draft July 16, 1997 We have completed RFLP DNA testing using generally accepted methods on four pairs of mothers and children. This testing was performed in order to determine how many, if any, of the children might have the same father or fathers. The samples were provided to us by the DNA Diagnostics Laboratory at the Oregon Health Sciences University, and identified to us by number and relationship only. The testing that was performed demonstrates that the children of pairs one, three and four have the same father, and that the child of pair two has a different father. The probability that this interpretation of these test results is correct exceeds 99.99%. The analysis consisted of using DNA probes to examine the DNA profiles of the test subjects at twelve different genetic locations (loci). These particular loci were chosen because they vary a great deal from person to person and have been widely used in forensic and paternity DNA testing. Following the production of the primary data consisting of autoRADS (autoradiographs), generally accepted genetic, statistical and population genetic techniques were used to generate a series of analyses which are reported here.

65. Genelex: The Paternity DNA Testing Site that the alleged father has the obligate gene and so In effect, what paternity testingdoes is examine a In (dna) testing, this can be accomplished by testing as http://www.genelex.com/paternitytesting/paternitybook4.html

Paternity Testing Consultation, call 800 523-3080 M-F 7:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. PST, e-mail info@genelex.com Paternity Testing Home How to Order Paternity Test Accuracy ... Recommended Resources Chapter 4: DNA IN PARENTAGE TESTING UPDATED FOR THE WEB EDITION April 2000 Introduction to Parentage Testing. In the United States, establishing paternity has become a major industry. Government efforts to recover child support funds bring in over five billion dollars a year at a cost of one-and-a-half billion dollars. State and local child support agencies, working under Title IVD of the federal Social Security Act, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, administer these programs for the benefit of unsupported children. This statute requires that when a woman obtains public assistance for her children, she MUST name the possible fathers. These programs generate the bulk of more than 220,000 paternity tests performed annually. In a country where 30% of births are to single mothers, and 15% of fathers of record are not the biological father, the large number of tests is not surprising. Most paternity testing is done for financial reasons, i.e., to establish legal responsibility and provide for child support. Even more important are the emotional and social issues. When testing can demonstrate conclusively to a man that he is the father of a child, then he is more likely to provide not only financial support, but emotional support as well. He may bond with the child and take an active part in its life. The importance of establishing paternity early is nowhere more clearly shown than in the testing of adult children, some of whom are in middle age. "Who is my father?" is a question that may have haunted them their entire lives.

66. PCR Seed Testing Services - Mid-West Seed Services, Inc. PCR testing Services (Qualitative Quantitative) times so that this particular sectionof (dna) sequence can that controls the expression of the gene, the gene http://www.mwseed.com/pcr.htm

Click Link To Login PCR Testing Services Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique replicates a particular section of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence numerous times so that this particular section of DNA sequence can be identified with electrophoresis. A transgenic trait is made up of a promoter that controls the expression of the gene, the gene, and a terminator that assists in the insertion of a gene. PCR detects the transgenic trait by replicating a particular portion (promoter, gene, or terminator) of the trait that is present. How PCR Works The PCR process requires that DNA be extracted from the sample, usually the seed, root, or leaf tissue. This is usually done by breaking the cell walls and nuclear membrane through chemical or physical treatment without destroying the DNA. The DNA material is held in a buffer solution that will prevent it from degrading. The PCR process amplifies a targeted section of the extracted DNA. In addition to the extracted DNA, a specific set of primers that will begin synthesizing DNA, an enzyme that is able to withstand the DNA denaturation temperature (Taq Polymerase – produced from

67. Today's Breeder Magazine - Issue 24 - DNA Profiling And Testing go forward, we hope to emphasize the breeding of pups whose phenotypes are most similarto the original. (dna) testing FOr genetic Diseases Imagine a gene as a http://www.purina.com/breeders/magazine.asp?article=263

68. Genetic Testing have heard about genetic testing, and (dna), but what is really involved in findinga mutation, and what do the results of the test mean? What is a gene? http://www.magmacom.com/~kaitlin/diversity/dnatest.html

The Canine Diversity Project Genetic Testing: A Guide for Breeders by Mary Whiteley, Ph.D. By now today's breeders have heard about genetic testing, and DNA, but what is really involved in finding a mutation, and what do the results of the test mean? What is a gene? DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a large molecule comprised of four basic units linked together in a long strand. If we assign each unit a letter, then we can envision the chromosome as a long string of letters. Genes can be thought of as long words scattered along the chromosome. These words have special meaning to the worker molecules in the cell, and encode a set of instructions as to what they are to build. Any mistake in a word scrambles the instructions, and either the workers in the cell make no product or a defective one is made. These mistakes in genes are known as mutations There are basically two kinds of mutations, dominant and recessive. Every cell in the body (except sperm and eggs) has two copies of each gene (one from the sire, and one from the dam). A dominant mutation is where one defective copy of a gene is enough to affect the individual, whereas a recessive mutation requires that both copies of the gene carry a mutation for the individual to be affected. How do scientists go about finding a mutation?

69. Genetic Testing, S7 where (dna) testing is performed to check for the expanded CAG repeat (To learn moreabout expansions and mutations, click here.) within the Huntington gene. http://www.stanford.edu/group/hopes/diagnsis/gentest/s7.html

Genetic Testing Part 7 The science and practice of testing for Huntington's disease What does the actual test entail? The genetic test itself is simply a blood test, in which a small sample of blood is drawn from the individual being tested. Technically, it is unnecessary to obtain blood samples from other family members , (except in the case of the non-disclosing prenatal test discussed in Part 4). However, testing centers may request a blood sample, genetic test results, or the medical records of a family member who has HD in order to confirm the diagnosis of HD in the family. In prenatal testing, DNA samples are obtained from the fetus by chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis The blood sample is then sent to a laboratory where DNA testing is performed to check for the expanded CAG repeat (To learn more about expansions and mutations, click here .) within the Huntington gene . DNA is isolated from the blood sample and amplified through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , a technique for rapidly producing millions of copies of a particular stretch of DNA. In this case, PCR is used to amplify the region of DNA containing the Huntington gene, allowing for closer study. The size of the CAG repeat can then be assessed through gel electrophoresis . First

70. BBC News | SCI/TECH | The Complexity Of DNA Testing 26 GMT 1826 UK The complexity of (dna) testing Pearl was (dna) tests on a body exhumednear the Pakistani are looking for specific variations in the gene sequence. http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1994000/1994195.stm

CATEGORIES TV RADIO COMMUNICATE ... INDEX SEARCH You are in: Sci/Tech Front Page World UK ... AudioVideo SERVICES Daily E-mail News Ticker Mobiles/PDAs Feedback ... Low Graphics Friday, 17 May, 2002, 17:26 GMT 18:26 UK The complexity of DNA testing Pearl was abducted in Karachi last January By Corinne Podger BBC science correspondent DNA tests on a body exhumed near the Pakistani city of Karachi may show it belonged to the murdered American journalist Daniel Pearl. But local police say the tests could take days, if not weeks, to yield conclusive results. The tests are looking for specific variations in the gene sequence DNA is one long sequence of biochemical "code" and contains many thousands of genes. Our genes are located at intermittent points along the DNA, which is neatly packaged into structures called chromosomes. While we all share some gene sequences - for example, the sequences that tell our bodies to develop feet, instead of hooves or fins - other sequences vary, and it is these variations that make each of us unique. The aim of a DNA test is to find these variations, which have specific "locations" on our chromosomes.

71. BBC NEWS | In Depth | Leicester 2002 | Bringing The Genetic Lab To You 02 Science/Nature Row over gene testing kit Internet Leicester Human genetics CommissionLGC gene Stories (BBC DIY' Privacy fears over (dna) database Privateers http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/sci_tech/2002/leicester_2002/2255846.stm

CATEGORIES TV RADIO COMMUNICATE ... INDEX SEARCH You are in: In Depth: Leicester 2002 News Front Page World ... Programmes SERVICES Daily E-mail News Ticker Mobile/PDAs Text Only ... Help EDITIONS Change to World Friday, 13 September, 2002, 14:00 GMT 15:00 UK Bringing the genetic lab to you Genetic test results could be available in minutes By Helen Briggs BBC News Online science reporter in Leicester Going to a high street chemist for an instant genetic test could become a reality in the next year. Scientists are developing a cheaper, quicker genetic testing system that gives results in half an hour. It's not DIY genetics Dr Paul Debenham A person would be able to find out about their health and genetic profile, by simply providing a saliva sample. It should be able to diagnose the strain of microbe responsible for an infection or find out whether someone is likely to have an adverse reaction to a prescribed medication. In the future, the kit might even be able to tell whether someone has a gene that predisposes them to breast cancer or whether they are genetically susceptible to getting a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) on long flights. On-the-spot diagnosis Current genetic tests rely on extracting DNA from blood. The sample has to be sent away to a lab and the results take days.

72. Olympus Development Of World's First DNA Computer For Gene Analysis latest results of the performance testing at DNA8 the 8th International Meeting onDNA Based Computers Main Features gene expression profiling realized with high http://www.olympus.co.jp/Special/Olp/Info/n020128E.html

Profile LineUp Special What's New ... HomePage January 28, 2002 Development of World's First DNA Computer for Gene Analysis High-speed fully-automated process from sample injection to reaction enables quantitative gene expression profiling DNA computer for gene analysis (development prototype) This news release is only for the Japanese market. Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. (President Tsuyoshi Kikukawa) has announced the successful development of the world's first functional DNA computer for gene analysis, an area with enormous projected research- and analysis-related demand. By taking advantage of the computational abilities of DNA (which derive from the highly specific, base sequence-dependent chemical reactions between different strands), this computer achieves the practical combination of huge computing power and massively parallel processing. The research has been conducted jointly with Associate Professor Akira Suyama from the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at the University of Tokyo and NovusGene Inc. (Head Office: Hachioji, Tokyo; President and Representative Director: Toshio Sofuni). After the development prototype has undergone performance testing for gene expression profiling

73. CHAUSA: The Catholic Health Association Of The United States Covers many issues discussed in gene testing, but pertaining to Laws governing genepatenting. Forensics Uses of (dna) forensic identification and (dna) databases http://www.chausa.org/TRANSFORM/HARNESSWEB.ASP

Member Strategy Sessions Report "The Ministry Engaged" (.pdf) "The Ministry Gathered" (.pdf) "Ministry-Wide Environmental Assessment" (.pdf) Harnessing the Promise of Genetics CHA seeks to provide leadership in health care delivery, the church, and the public arena to harness the power of genetics to serve ethical goals for the common good. Resources: Websites Human Genome Project (DOE HGP) Sponsored by U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Human Genome Program Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues (ELSI) Privacy and Legislation Fairness in the use of genetic information by insurers, employers, courts, schools, adoption agencies, and the military, among others. Privacy and confidentiality. Federal policy and federal legislation. Gene Testing What is gene testing? For what diseases is gene testing available, pros and cons. Psychological impact and stigmatization due to an individual's genetic information and society's perceptions of that individual. Clinical issues, education of doctors and other health service providers, issues concerning patients and the general public in genetic capabilities, scientific limitations, and social risks; implementation of standards and quality-control measures in testing procedures. Uncertainties associated with gene tests for susceptibilities and complex conditions. Gene Therapy Definition of gene therapy; hurdles and ethical issues. Covers many issues discussed in gene testing, but pertaining to gene therapy.

74. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) By testing the (dna) of prospective parents, their genotype apply the same techniquesto the (dna) of a different mutations in the cystic fibrosis gene can cause http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/R/RFLPs.html

Index to this page Screening for the sickle-cell gene Screening for a RFLP "marker" DNA "fingerprinting" Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) Restriction enzymes cut DNA at precise points producing a collection of DNA fragments of precisely defined length these can be separated by electrophoresis , with the smaller fragments migrating farther than the larger fragments one or more of the fragments can be visualized with a "probe", a molecule of single-stranded DNA that is complementary to a run of nucleotides in one or more of the restriction fragments and is radioactive (or fluorescent) If probes encounter a complementary sequence of nucleotides in a test sample of DNA, they bind to it by Watson-Crick base pairing and thus identify it. Polymorphisms are inherited differences found among the individuals in a population. RFLPs have provided valuable information in many areas of biology, including: screening human DNA for the presence of potentially deleterious genes ("Case 1") providing evidence to establish the innocence of, or a probability of the guilt of, a crime suspect by DNA "fingerprinting" (

75. An Introduction To Genetics And Genetic Testing Sometimes, an error in just one gene can result along the length of human (dna), neatlypackaged An Introduction to genetics and genetic testing genetic Problems http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/medical/genetics.html

KidsHealth Parents What do you know about your family tree? Have any of your relatives had health problems that tend to run in families? Which of these problems affected your parents or grandparents? Which ones affect you or your brothers or sisters now? Which problems might you pass on to your children? Thanks to advances in genetics, doctors now have the tools to understand how certain illnesses, or increased risks for certain illnesses, pass from generation to generation. According to some health experts, the definition of an inherited or genetic illness should be expanded beyond the classic inherited disorders (like hemophilia and sickle cell anemia ) to include many types of cancer , Alzheimer's disease, and other illnesses. They look toward a future where genetic test results are an important part of every healthy person's medical file. Genes and Chromosomes Each person has a unique set of chemical blueprints that determines how his or her body looks and functions. These blueprints are contained in a complex chemical called deoxy-ribonucleic acid (DNA), a long, spiral-shaped molecule that is found inside each body cell. DNA carries the codes for genetic information and is made of linked subunits called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate molecule, a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), and one of four coding molecules called bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine). The sequence of these four bases determines the genetic code.

76. Huntington's Disease Center At Columbia University While the HD gene discovery alters some aspects of the test, the personal Laboratoriesare advised not to accept anonymous (dna) samples for testing. http://www.hdny.org/genetic.html

On This Site: Main Page Clinical Research including Clinical Trials Treatment and Services HD Summer Camp Genetic Testing Staff ... HDSA Genetic Testing For Huntington’s Disease Introduction As a recognized HDSA Center of Excellence, our goal is to provide comprehensive clinical services to our patients and their family members in the New York City Metropolitan area. One aspect of those clinical services includes genetic counseling and testing services. The mission of the genetic counseling and testing program is to provide an environment with the necessary support and information such that individuals may make an informed decision regarding presymptomatic genetic testing for Huntington’s disease. In addition, it is our aim to facilitate the follow-up care of individuals who complete the testing process by referring them to the resources available in the Huntington’s Disease Center at Columbia University. Columbia University HD Testing Faculty and Staff Neurology Karen Marder, MD, MPH

77. DNA.com - Family Genetics Full Story (dna) Basics, genetic testing, What is genetic testing?gene Talk Listen Now! AUDIOCAST A Crystal Ball and a Magic Wand? http://www.dna.com/sectionHome/sectionHome.jsp?site=dna&link=FamilyGenetics.htm

78. Whitaker News: Color-Coded Quantum Dots For Fast DNA Testing ColorCoded Quantum Dots for Fast (dna) testing technique works like a bar code witheach color and intensity combination corresponding to an individual gene. http://www.whitaker.org/news/nie.html

Color-Coded Quantum Dots for Fast DNA Testing ARLINGTON, Va., July 16, 2001 - Indiana University researchers have shown how to identify tens of thousands of genes all at once by using tiny semiconductor crystals that dazzle in ultraviolet light. The technique works like a bar code with each color and intensity combination corresponding to an individual gene. The researchers predict that up to 40,000 genes or proteins could be studied in as little as 10 minutes. Competing technologies include the lab-on-a-chip, or biochip, in which miniature DNA-decoding troughs are etched onto flat surfaces. These devices can take as long as 24 hours to identify a group of genes. Researchers have tried for years to use tiny crystals, called quantum dots, as glowing labels for genes, proteins, and other biological molecules. Quantum dots promise faster, more flexible, less costly tests for on-the-spot biological analysis or patient diagnosis. But they have been difficult to collect and manipulate with enough precision to be useful. "We solved all of the technical problems," said biomedical engineer

79. Fetal Lung Maturity determine the methylation status of the fragileX gene. Direct testing of amnioticfluid (AF) is not offered RF-SBH, which requires higher quality (dna) than is http://www.aruplab.com/guides/clt/tests/clt_a225.htm

ARUP's Guide to Clinical Laboratory Testing (CLT) A B C D ... Search Note: Test code links throughout this Guide refer to the corresponding test in the User's Guide. Fetal Lung Maturity See: Fluorescence Polarization (Fetal Lung Maturity) Lamellar Body Counts (LBC) Lecithin-Sphingomyelin Ratio , and Phosphatidylglycerol

80. St. Louis Science Center - DNA Zone According to the article, Using (dna) testing is faster and more piece of paper foruse as a (dna) sample in gene THERAPY UPDATE A little something for everyone http://www.slsc.org/docs/galleries/dnazone/watt/Genetic_Archive/intro_1999.shtml

Information Digest Produced by Ruth Watt, December 1998 - January 1999 Transgenic Insects ("The Fly" with a twist) Stem Cells get the OK for Federal Funds On a Related Note... DNA Testing"In the Sewer" ... Applying the Technology: Robotics Meets DNA Transgenic Insects ("The Fly" with a twist) Reported in Scientific American , December 1998 Scientists have now successfully used "jumping genes" to change the eye color of medflies and mosquitoes. Scientists are hoping to actually apply the technology to hamper insects ability to transmit disease, making it more difficult for pathogens to reproduce within insect carriers. In the agricultural field, transgenic insect pests carrying male-sterility genes or genes which would be lethal under certain environmental conditions could be "the next wave of insect-control weapons". Of course, risk analysis and management issues abound and need to be considered "in decisions about development and deployment". Return to Top Stem Cells get the OK for Federal Funds Reported in St. Louis Post-Dispatch

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