61. Introducing GEOINDICATORS For park staff, the scoping meetings foster a better understandingof the physical resources and geological processes in the park. http://www.lgt.lt:8080/geoin/doc/nps_usage

International Union of Geological Sciences Geoindicators GEOIN Publications Events ... Email this Page Introducing GEOINDICATORS In the following, the US National Park Service (NPS) explains the use of geoindicators in dealing with rapid geological changes in park ecosystems. It describes the "scoping" process being used to identify relevant geoindicators, and the key questions asked, including which human actions influence geological processes and phenomena. The US National Park Service through its Geologic Division is currently developing a systematic plan for applying geoindicators in US Nationl Parks and Monuments. Several of their working documents are reproduced here, with permission. What are Geoindicators? Geoindicators constitute an approach for identifying rapid changes in the natural environment. An international Working Group of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) developed geoindicators in order to access common geological processes occurring at or near Earth's surface that may undergo significant change in magnitude, frequency, trend, or rates, over periods of 100 years or less. Geoindicators measure both catastrophic events and those that are more gradual but evident within a human lifespan. Some geoindicators can provide a record of natural events through time. The 27 geoindicators are: 1. Coral chemistry and growth patterns

62. CHL - USM Schedule - Spring 1999 An introduction to the physical properties and processes of the A study of inshoreand nearshore geological processes, sedimentation patterns and http://www.chl.state.ms.us/fall/usmsched.htm

Semester Class Schedules USM CLASS SCHEDULE Fall 2002 Course List Course Title Day Time MAR 441 / 541 Marine Chemistry Mon - Wed MAR 461 / 561 Physical Oceanography Mon - Wed MAR 482 / 582 Coastal Marine Geology Tuesday MAR 441L / 541L Marine Chemistry Lab Mon - Wed MAR 461L / 561L Physical Oceanography Lab Wed MAR 602 Remote Sensing of the Ocean Tues - Thurs MAR 664 Turbulence Tues - Thurs MAR 682 Special Topics in Biological Oceanography "Fisheries Oceanography" Wed MAR 684-01 Special Topics in Geological Oceanography "Paleoceanography" Wed MAR 684-02 Special Topics in Geological Oceanography "Marine Sedimentology" Thurs MAR 689-01 Seminar in Marine Science Friday MAR 689-02 Seminar in Marine Science Friday MAR 701 Marine Bio-Optics Tuesday CSC 101 Computer Science I Mon - Wed CSC 102 Computer Science II Mon - Wed CS 616 Mon - Wed CSS 331 Visual Basic Tues - Thurs MBA 605 Problems in Marketing Management Tuesday MBA 645 Communication Skills for Managers Thursday Course Descriptions MAR 441 / 541 Marine Chemistry Instructor: Alan Shiller 3 hrs. Prerequisites: BSC 111, CHE 352, MAT 179 or permission of instructor. Sea water chemistry and cycles and their impact on the marine environment.

63. Science and examine the operation of its internal chemical and physical processes. and continentaldrift; the formation and identification of geological materials, the http://www.adelaide.edu.au/headstart/courses/science/

The University of Adelaide Home Departments Search ... Science For further information Prospective Students Office Karen Hughes Telephone: +61 8 8303 3225 Email ENV BIOL 1000A/B Biology I 6 units, full year 3 lectures, 1 tutorial per week, equivalent of 3 hours practical work per fortnight The course introduces the major fields of biology and provides an introduction to further studies in all areas of biological science. It does not assume previous biological knowledge. Topics include cell structure and function; biochemical concepts - respiration, photo-synthesis, enzymes, energy flow; membranes, DNA, RNA, protein synthesis; introductory genetics; plant biology, including germination, growth, transport systems; plant diversity and evolution; the structure and physiology of vertebrates; major invertebrate phyla; evolution including natural selection, the origin of species, human evolution and ecology. Assessment: semester exams, laboratory practical work, essay, tutorial participation CHEM 1000A/B Chemistry I 6 units, full year

64. National Geographic Channel: Educator Field Trip Resources Discussion Questions What is the physical or natural What types of geological formations,plants, animals, and been influenced by natural processes, such as http://www.nationalgeographic.com/channel/geotrips/study_guide_3.html

Home Site Index MAGAZINES: National Traveler Adventure NG Kids NG Explorer TV AND FILM: Channel (U.S.) Channel (Intl) Explorer More TV SUBJECTS: About National Adventure Animals Education History and Kids Maps and News Photography Science and Travel Shop Customer Service Complete Site Site Index Subscribe Shop See if you get the Channel Enter your zip to find out Program Preview Play streaming video. Free Newsletter New programs. Special offers. Inside stories. Shop Online Our award-winning films are available on VHS and DVD. GeoTrips Home Tips For Your Trips Study Guide ... More to Explore Discussion Questions and Activities for the Six Essential Elements of the National Geography Standards 3. Physical Systems The standards under this essential element address the physical processes that shape the patterns of earth's surface and the characteristics and spatial distribution of ecosystems. Jump to any section. Before the Trip During the Trip After the Trip Related Links ... Related Products 3. Physical Systems Before the Trip Discussion Questions: What is the physical or natural setting of the place you're going to visit? What types of geological formations, plants, animals, and climate/weather patterns characterize this place? (If students are visiting an outdoor location, this may be a relatively easy question. If they're visiting an urban location, encourage them to think about what the natural setting would have been like before the city was developed).

65. FSU-Department Of Geological Sciences Graduate Courses An introductory treatment of the physical processes and geological constraintsthat govern the occurrence and movement of subsurface waters. http://www.gly.fsu.edu/grad/gcourse.html

GLY 5021r. Current Topics in Earth Science An overview of recent advances in earth sciences, for secondary school earth science teachers. May be repeated once for credit to a maximum of six (6) semester hours. May not be taken for major credit in earth science. GLY 5031. Environmental Geology I An application of geologic and geochemical principles to environmental issues. Topics include: evaluation of contaminants in surface water and ground water; hydrocarbon geochemistry and petroleum storage tank problems; waste management, including solid, toxic and nuclear waster; air quality issues, including radon and asbestos; geologic hazards in upland and coastal area; environmental geologic methods and instrumentation; quality assurance and quality control in environmental analysis; principles of toxicology; risk assessment and risk management; and environmental assessments. GLY 5231C. X-Ray Crystallography Prerequisite: GLY 3200C or equivalent. Application of X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence techniques to the study of minerals. GLY 5261.

66. EAB geological processes on planetary surfaces (Jansma, Mattioli, Marston, Benoit, newhire). We model the physical processes likely to occur in gas and dust-rich http://www.uark.edu/misc/csaps/gradschool/degree_prog/passresearch.html

Arkansas-Oklahoma Center for Space and Planetary Science Research Areas T he Andromeda Planetary Environmental Chamber (Sears, Benoit, Jansma, Mattioli, Kral, Stites, Roe, new hire). Many of the projects described here utilize a unique facility called the Andromeda planetary environmental chamber recently donated to the University of Arkansas by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. The chamber is a vertical cylinder inside a 4 m tall and 2 m x 2 m cabinet with heating elements, cooling coils and thermal insulation in between. A meter-sized sample container, containing asteroid, comet or martian analog materials, is lowered into the chamber from above. Attached to the top of the chamber are Xe lamps and radiation sources, a high-powered laser, gas chromatograph, a quadrapole mass spectrometer, and dust collectors and detectors, and visible and IR spectrometers. The chamber can be evacuated to 10-6 torr, sufficient to simulate the vacuum in space, and atmospheric composition can be adjusted via a large vacuum reservoir to which a bank of gas cylinders are attached. The Andromeda chamber was recently the subject of an invited paper at the EGS meeting and is described in a technical publication. M G eological processes on planetary surfaces A stronomical processes S I nstruments and Engineering for possible use on Mars W hile planetary and space science constitutes a new scientific and engineering challenge for gaining new knowledge and skills, the space environment also presents us with new opportunities for creating materials using integrative approaches. We are investigating manufacturing techniques for high technology items for use in space and on other planets that take advantage of the space environment and avoid launch costs. We are also exploring the chemistry of making new polymers from minerals unique to the martian surface that can be used for a wide variety of applications.

67. Geological Sciences At ASU: Laurie A. Leshin fluidrock interaction on asteroids, one of the first geological processes inthe stable isotopes of H, C, O and to track physical processes involving the http://geology.asu.edu/people/faculty/leshin/

Faculty HOME UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM GRADUATE PROGRAM COURSES ... ALUMNI NEWS Laurie A. Leshin, Dee and John Whiteman Dean's Distinguished Professor and Director, Center for Meteorite Studies Ph.D 1994, California Institute of Technology Department of Geological Sciences Box 871404 Tempe, AZ 85287-1404 Office: PSF-628 Voice: 480-965-0796 FAX: 480-965-8102 Email: laurie.leshin@asu.edu Publications SIMS ), also known as the ion microprobe, which allows isotopic analysis to be made in tiny spots in petrographic thin sections, or other well characterized samples. We have recently installed a new ion microprobe in my lab for this purpose. This instrument, a Cameca IMS 6f, is the first of its kind in a North American University-based geological sciences lab. We have access to ~1500 different meteorite samples for study through ASU's Center for Meteorite Studies , the largest University-based meteorite collection in the world. I was also on the main science team for the ill-fated

68. Environmental Science Part IIB Modules the geological processes that have influenced the evolution of the Earth. Water Supply.This course presents the physical and management processes underpinning http://courses.es.lancs.ac.uk/es/2bcourse.htm

B.Sc. Environmental Science Part IIB Modules Part IIB Modules Comparative Planetary Science This course is an introduction to the investigation of the history of the Solar System, emphasising what we can learn from other planets about the geological processes that have influenced the evolution of the Earth. Water Supply This course presents the physical and management processes underpinning the development, operation and protection of water supply systems. The course applies understanding of hydrological processes gained from other Environmental Science courses to the management of water supply. Emphasis is given to the activities of the British water industry, given that many students gain employment within water-related commercial/research institutions Modelling Environmental Processes This module aims to introduce the major stages of computer-aided modelling of environmental processes, with application to real environmental problems, such as pollution dispersal in rivers and estuaries, climate change models, temperature changes in the northern hemisphere and rainfall flow processes. The mathematical and statistical aspects of modelling and data analysis are kept to a minimum and the emphasis is on the use of computer-based methods and practical examples. Project Appraisal for Environmental Management This module aims to set environmental assessment in perspective with respect to environmental management in general. Present business tools for environmental assessment and management.

69. New Mexico Tech An introduction to the oceans, including aspects of physical, geological, and biological andsea level; beaches, shorelines, and coastal processes; marine life http://www.nmt.edu/mainpage/catalog/courses/geol100.html

100-Level Geology Courses GEOL 101 , Earth Processes, 3 cr, 3 cl hrs Offered in fall semester A study of the physical processes that operate on and within the Earth and determine its evolution through geologic time. Students are encouraged to enroll concurrently in GEOL 101L or GEOL 103L GEOL 101L , Earth Processes Laboratory, 1 cr, 3 lab hrs Corequisite: GEOL 101 For students majoring in earth sciences. Identification of rocks and minerals, maps and map reading, and measurement and interpretation of geologic features. Field trips. GEOL 102 , Earth History, 3 cr, 3 cl hrs Prerequisite: GEOL 101 Offered in spring semester Evolution of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere in the context of plate tectonic theory. Application of geological/biological processes and products to the formation and evolution of the Earth. GEOL 102L , Earth History, 1 cr, 3 lab hrs Prerequisite: GEOL 101L or Corequisite: GEOL 102 Laboratory intended to accompany GEOL 102 for students majoring in the earth sciences and related engineering fields; involves field exercises which illustrate the evolution of the Earth, development of geochronology, geologic mapping, and interpretation of crustal history. Field trips. GEOL 103L , Earth Processes Laboratory for Non-Majors, 1 cr, 3 lab hrs Corequisite: GEOL 101 Laboratory to accompany GEOL 101 for students not majoring in the earth sciences. Identification of rocks and minerals, maps and map reading, and measurement and interpretation of geologic features.

70. Marine Science | The University Of Sydney knowledge of the fundamental concepts in physical and geological oceanography, and factorsare introduced in terms of the main physical processes (geology, sea http://www.usyd.edu.au/su/marine/courses/ugradintermediate.htm

SECOND YEAR COURSES IN MARINE SCIENCE MARS 2001 - Introductory Marine Science A MARS 2002 - Introductory Marine Science B MARS 2003 - Marine Science Field School MARS 2004 - Marine Techniques Lectures: 9.00am, Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, Semesters 1 and 2 (see timetable for location). Please consult the 'Marine Sciences' Noticeboard on Level 2, Edgeworth David Building (School of Geosciences), for exam results and course details through the year. Assignments will be arranged by the individual lecturers and will vary in nature. In some cases marks will be given to assignment work. Excursions: Semester 1 One day - to be announced Semester 2 Half day - to be held in October Examinations: Examinations will be of 2 hours duration and be held during the examination period at the end of each semester. The time and location of the examination will be arranged by the Registrar. If you miss an examination for any reason please notify the Director as soon as possible so that we can discuss future action. Textbooks: To be recommended by each lecturer. Usually housed in Badham and Geoscience branch libraries.

71. Untitled Document engaging, human and modest account. David Pyle, geological Magazine Paper FROMMAGMA TO TEPHRA Modelling physical processes of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions http://www.sveurop.org/gb/documents/informations.htm

NEW VOLCANIC BOOKS ( In English ) Geological Society Memoir no. 19 - October 1999 - ISBN: 1-86239-048-7 176 pages Hardback Fran Clarke, Marketing Executive Geological Society Publishing House Online Bookshop: http://bookshop.geolsoc.org.uk Out of the Crater - Chronicles of a Volcanologist http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/6390.html FROM MAGMA TO TEPHRA Modelling Physical Processes of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions Edited by A. Freundt, GEOMAR, Forschungszentrum für Marine Geowissenschaften, Kiel, Germany. M. Rosi, Università di Pisa, Dipart. di Scienze della Terra, Pisa, Italy http://www.elsevier.com/locate/isbn/0-444-82959-8 October 2000 - "Volcanoes in America's National Parks " by Robert Decker and Barbara Decker, Published by Odyssey, Distributed in the U.S. by WW Norton, $24.95, 256 pages, 225 color photos, 28 maps, ISBN 962-217-677-1, listed by Amazon and BarnesandNoble. October 2000 -Volcanoes' by David A. Rothery Volcanoes in Human History : The Far-Reaching Effects of Major Eruptions Jelle Zeilinga de Boer and Donald Theodore Sanders With a foreword by Robert D. Ballard When the volcano Tambora erupted in Indonesia in 1815, as many as 100,000 people perished as a result of the blast and an ensuing famine caused by the destruction of rice fields on Sumbawa and neighboring islands. Gases and dust particles ejected into the atmosphere changed weather patterns around the world, resulting in the infamous "year without a summer" in North America, food riots in Europe, and a widespread cholera epidemic. And the gloomy weather inspired Mary Shelley to write the gothic novel Frankenstein. To read more, click here:

72. TEACHING INTERESTS Of Dr. R.A. GASTALDO the undergraduate level include INTRODUCTORY physical GEOLOGY Survey with emphasison the processes that effect and classification of geological structures http://www.colby.edu/~ragastal/Teaching.htm

TEACHING INTERESTS ROBERT A. GASTALDO Whipple-Coddington Professor of Geology Courses offered at Colby College include: GE 142 : Deciphering Earth History Within the crustal rocks of planet Earth is the evidence that can be used to understand the patterns and processes that have shaped the world we know. The course is designed to investigate the physical and biological patterns and processes that can be deciphered from Earth's historical record, as well as the impact these have had on the evolution of planet Earth over the past 4.6 billion years. GE 179j : Geology of Bermuda An introduction to the geology of an unique island setting in the mid-Atlantic. The course is designed to introduce students to carbonate environments, the organisms responsible for the development of such settings, and the physical and chemical processes operating in this regime. Course work is divided between Colby's campus and the island of Bermuda. GE 251 : The Record of Life on Earth The biological record of Earth history encompasses unicellular to multicellular organisms that have inhabited non-analogue worlds. The course examines the processes responsible for preservation of marine and terrestrial biota, the application of the fossil record to solving problems in evolution and diversity, morphology and systematics, and ecology and climatology. GE 356 : Stratigraphy and Sedimentation A course covering the processes of sedimentation, methods of sediment analysis, interpretation of depositional environments, classification and description of sedimentary rocks, and the physical and genetic relationships between rock sequences.

73. Instituto Oceanográfico Da Universidade De São Paulo - Department Of Physical tides and waves are some of the physical processes that are Biological, photochemicaland chemical processes are the origin of the geological Oceanography. http://www.io.usp.br/english/dofen.html

Department of Physical Oceanography The Department covers three areas of oceanography: Physics, Chemistry and Geology. Ten research lines are conducted by 18 faculty members. Physical Oceanography Ocean circulation in large and meso-scales: This group investigates the transport of heat and volume of ocean currents on meso and large temporal and spatial scales. The importance of research is associated with the role of oceans as carries of substances and heat over the global surface. For better understanding of global climatic changes, the knowledge of the hydrological cycle and heat balance on ocean surfaces is indispensable. Tide: Research activities of the Institute are carried out in cooperation with the GLOSS (Global Observing Sea Level System) of the IOC, based on the data collected at the permanent tidal gage station in Cananéia. Based on continuous monitoring in situ and via satellite data the temporal sea level series are analyzed to determine the harmonic constants of tides at different locations. Ocean-atmosphere interaction: Hydrodynamic study of continental shelf and estuary: Water circulation on the continental shelf and in estuaries influences the distribution of marine organisms and nutrients, and the transport and diffusion of pollutants, directly. Currents, tides and waves are some of the physical processes that are studied. Study methods include: data sampling based on oceanographic cruises and by moored equipment on the sea floor, data analysis using statistical and graphical methods and numeric and analytical modeling.

74. DMES - Oceanography Program into the subdisciplines of biological, chemical, geological and physical oceanography,and aspects of tides, ocean waves, coastal processes, planktonic and http://www.fit.edu/AcadRes/dmes/oceanography.html

DMES Home Faculty I-DMES Environmental Sciences ... Facilities Oceanography is an interdisciplinary science that attempts to describe and understand the oceans. This involves gathering knowledge concerning biology, chemistry, geology, mathematics, meteorology and physics. The complexity of this science requires that it be divided into the subdisciplines of biological, chemical, geological and physical oceanography, and coastal zone management . At Florida Tech, the oceanography program might better be called oceanology, because of our dedication to the study of the sea in all its aspects, including oceanography, geophysics, undersea exploration, economic and governmental uses, and management. This broad-based program provides the framework for making rational decisions related to coastal and ocean environmental problems. Research in the oceanography program includes aspects of tides, ocean waves, coastal processes, planktonic and benthic organisms, sea-level changes, climatic changes, remote sensing of ocean phenomena, oceanic circulation, and trace metal and pollution identification and distribution. Studies are conducted in the open ocean, the near shore/coastal region and in the estuarine/lagoonal environment, using laboratory experiments and computer simulations. Research facilities include an oceanfront marine research laboratory at Vero Beach, a 20-meter coastal research vessel, the

75. People At MSRC Understanding how organic compounds behave requires knowledge ofthe biological, geological, and physical processes in the sea. http://www.msrc.sunysb.edu/people/lee.htm

Cindy Lee Professor Ph.D., 1975, University of California at San Diego/ Scripps Institution of Oceanography cindylee@notes.cc.sunysb.edu Ocean carbon cycle, marine geochemistry of organic compounds, organic and inorganic nitrogen-cycle biochemistry silicate and carbonate biomineralization Research Interests Selected Publications Armstrong R. A., C. Lee , J.I. Hedges, S. Honjo and S.G.Wakeham (2001) A new, mechanistic model for organic carbon fluxes in the ocean: a quantitative role for the association of POC with ballast minerals. Deep-Sea Res. II, in press. Hedges, J.I., J.A. Baldock, Y. Gélinas, C. Lee , M. Peterson and S.G. Wakeham (2001) Evidence for non-selective preservation of organic matter in sinking marine particles. Nature 409: 801-804. Kuznetsova, M. and C. Lee (2001) Enhanced extracellular enzymatic peptide hydrolysis in the sea surface microlayer. Mar. Chem. 73: 319-332. Lee, C.

76. Geological Sciences Undergraduate Courses physical, chemical, geological, and biological processes of the oceans; historyof ocean exploration, methods of data collecting, development of ocean basins http://www.geol.vt.edu/courses/undergraduate.courses.html

Undergraduate Courses For catalog information, see the full Undergraduate Catalog . Undergraduate level classes are listed below. For a listing of course syllabi, click here 1004: PHYSICAL GEOLOGY Minerals and rocks, internal and external processes especially the modification of landscape, global plate tectonics, and their interrelationships; introduction to the more direct aspects of human interactions with the natural physical environment. (3H, 3C). 1005-1006: GEOSCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS Introduction to professional expectations and career options for students pursuing a degree in Geological Sciences. Introduction to scientific methodology and empirical reasoning and the specific application of these methods to the Geosciences. Introduction to accessing and using geoscientific resources. Intensive introduction to computer graphics and database applications in geoscience, as well as to methods of oral and written technical communication. Pre or Co: 1005: 1004; 1006: 1014. 1014: THE EARTH AND LIFE THROUGH TIME Origin and physical evolution of the earth, oceans, and atmosphere; origin and evolution of life; plate tectonics and mountain-building events; global climate changes, major evolutionary innovations, mass extinction events. (3H, 3L, 4C).

77. Geological Sciences of graduate degrees from the Department of geological Sciences have had petrology;research interests are in discerning the physical processes of magmatic http://www.uidaho.edu/cogs/application/Dept/Geology.htm

College of Science Department of Geological Sciences PO Box 443022 Moscow, ID 83844-3022 Voice: 1-208-885-6192 Fax: 1-208-885-5724 Email: wmcclell@uidaho.edu URL: http://geoscience.uidaho.com Best viewed in Internet Explorer 5.0 or higher. Use full screen for best results. Program Majors and Degrees Geology (M.S., Ph.D.) Geophysics (M.S.) Hydrology (M.S.) Program Areas of Emphasis Aqueous Geochemistry, Active Tectonics, Biostratigraphy - Sequence Stratigraphy, Economic Geology, Exploration and Engineering Geophysics, Environmental Geochemistry, Geologic Hazards, Hydrogeology, Regional Structure-Tectonics, Seismology, Slope Stability, Volcanology, Igneous Petrology. Research Opportunities Crustal deformation and earthquake studies involving detailed mapping, structural analysis, GPS (Global Positioning System) geodesy, and earthquake seismology. Evolution and growth of volcanoes and the use of lava chemistry as a window on the deep interior of the earth. Application of geochemistry to environmental problems, the genesis of mineral deposits, and geothermal energy exploration. Investigations of Paleozoic paleogeography of North and South America using stratigraphic and paleontologic analysis.

78. Undergraduate Courses, Geology GSU Weathering processes and the formation of clay minerals in soils and saprolites. geological,chemical, physical and biological aspects of oceanic http://www.gsu.edu/~wwwgeo/pages/BS/BS_course_descr.htm

Undergraduate Course Descriptions GEOL 1121K. Introductory Geosciences I. (4 credit hours) Broad view of the earth emphasizing internal processes including minerals, rock and the rock cycle, the structure of the earth's interior, plate tectonics, earthquake and volcanism. GEOL 1122K. Introductory Geosciences II. (4 credit hours) Prerequisite: Geol 1121K. Broad view of the earth emphasizing external processes including sedimentary environments, the hydrological cycle, the origin of geological environments, geological dating methods, and an overview of the fossil record through geological time. GEOL 2001. Geologic Resources and the Environment. (3 credit hours) The origin, distribution, and consequences of consuming the Earth's resources (metallic, non-metallic, soil, and ground-water). Topics include fossil fuels, nuclear energy, alternative energy sources, uses of minerals, waste disposal, and contaminants in the environment.

79. Untitled geological environmental problems, natural earthquake and volcanic hazards, natural measurementsof streams, computer modeling of physical processes, and map http://wings.buffalo.edu/provost/due/catalog/1996/courses/geological_sciences.ht

GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics 876 Natural Sciences Building North Campus Buffalo, NY 14260-3050 (716) 645-6800, ext. 6100Fax: (716) 645-3999 Michael F. Sheridan, Chair of Department Robert D. Jacobi, Director of Undergraduate Studies The Program Geology encompasses the investigation of the structure and composition of the earth and its evolution. It is a term applied to a number of scientific specialties (e.g., geomorphology, paleontology, stratigraphy, mineralogy, petrology, geochemistry, geophysics, hydrogeology, environmental geology) that interact with each other and collectively focus on a knowledge of the earth. Geologists apply their knowledge in a variety of ways, such as exploration for mineral and energy resources; providing support for environmental concerns, especially site characterization and remediation of problems arising from hazardous waste; providing an understanding of natural disasters and how to control or predict them; providing support for engineering projects, such as dams and structural foundations; and simply learning more about the earth and the ways in which it and its life systems have changed through time. By examining rock outcrops and drill cores or geophysical records, geologists are able to determine rock distribution patterns and their structure and age. The Department of Geology offers a B.A. degree and maintains a strong undergraduate program. The curriculum includes courses of instruction in all major areas of modern geology, with emphasis on field and laboratory studies and their quantitative interpretation. The department conducts a comprehensive summer field mapping course, with map sites located in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. All students are required to take this or a similar field course, and appropriate basic courses in chemistry, calculus, and physics.

80. Degree Courses An exploration of the combined geological, physical, chemical and biological factors Exploresmodern reef processes such as primary productivity, competition http://www.ume.maine.edu/iceage/grad/gradcourses/courses4.html

QUATERNARY AND CLIMATE STUDIES M.S. DEGREE COURSES School of Marine Sciences SMS 410 - Marine Physics SMS 460 - Climate Change: understanding the Forecast Principles and factors that determine global climate with emphasis on the atmospheric processes and the role of the ocean in climate change. The science behind the global climate models will be presented. The technique and uncertainties of the forecast models are examined. Prerequisites: MAT 126, PHY 111, SMS 100. Cr 3. SMS 501 - Biological Oceanography Marine organisms and their interrelationships with chemical, geological and physical aspects of their environments. Prerequisites: BIO 319 or equivalent or permission. Cr 3. SMS 520 - Chemical Oceanography Distribution and cycling of elements in the marine system with emphasis on geochemical and biochemical interactions. Prerequisite: CHY 121, CHY 123. Cr 3. SMS 525 - Marine Biogeochemistry Biogeochemistry and benthic-pelagic coupling of nutrients, organic substances, and trace elements in the marine system. Emphasis on coastal and sedimentary regimes. Prerequisite: SMS 520. Cr 3. SMS 531 - Coral Reefs An exploration of the combined geological, physical, chemical and biological factors that make coral reefs among the most diverse and productive systems in the world. Examines biology, taxonomy and ecological interactions of dominant reef organisms. Explores modern reef processes such as primary productivity, competition, predation and herbivory along with some geological processes such as the role of sea level in reef formation and growth. Prerequisite: BIO 353 or permission. Cr 3.

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