81. A Special Advertising Section On Georgia One of georgia's most prized gems, the company's 300 This branch of the former USSRwas the of the isotope manufacturer that the georgian government will soon http://www.internationalspecialreports.com/ciscentralasia/98/georgia/2.html

A Special Advertising Section on Georgia Government Tourism Economic reforms are paying dividends Georgians rebuilding with a little help from their friends T hough not yet prosperous, Georgia's achievements over the last four years are quite visible. Visitors strolling down the clean and tree lined Rustaveli avenue in T'bilisi's center will find snazzy shops, restaurants and cafes full of customers. It is hard to imagine that the Republic of Georgia, once the sunny Caucasus playground of the Soviet elite, was only a few years ago immersed in civil strife and near economic collapse. What was once the wealthiest republic in the Soviet Union became one of the poorest. Two separatist wars, a struggle for power in the capital, a flood of refugees and a high crime rate wrecked the fragile post-soviet economy. Today, Georgia represents one of the most successful transformations from a formerly planned economy, and these problems seem like distant memories. Economic indicators have improved sharply, while trade has been liberalized and large sectors of the economy have been turned over to the private sector. Meanwhile, violence, corruption and organized crime have been sharply curtailed since the election of Shevardnadze. "Now the old system is really dismantled, and the new system is basically in place," says Peter Mamradze, first deputy state Minister of Georgia, and Head of the state Chancellery.

82. CDI Russia Weekly #208 - U.S. In Georgia and corrupt corner of the former ussr, the handouts of Interior Defense, which occupiesformer KGB compounds and does internal policing in georgia. http://www.cdi.org/russia/208-6.cfm

Iraq War: RW 2003 CDI Russia Weekly #208 Contents Plain Text - Entire Issue Christian Science Monitor May 30, 2002 US faces tough training mission in the Caucasus This week Green Berets began trying to turn Georgia's soldiers into professionals. TBILISI, GEORGIA Soldiers in this former Soviet republic are about to get a crash course in Western military tactics, as the US expands its partnership against terror and its sphere of influence to the Caucasus. For the American trainers, bringing the Georgian military up to professional muster is a tall order. By any measure, Georgia's Army is underfunded, poorly disciplined, and disorganized and Georgians themselves complain of low morale and little respect for higher-ranking officers. "There is no such discipline because [Georgian soldiers] don't respect each other," says Beka Ambroladze, a cadet at the Georgia's military academy. "This [US training] is very important to us." Under the Georgia "Train and Equip" program, which got under way this week, US special forces will instruct every level of the Georgian military, from its top leaders equivalent to the US Joint Chiefs of Staff and Department of the Army to officers and enlisted soldiers in line units. The graduates will in turn train other Georgian soldiers. Although US special forces have previously trained troops around the world, the ambitious program is the most comprehensive of its kind, officials say. The 20-month, $64-million plan, involving a maximum of 150 US soldiers, is expected to be duplicated in 20 other countries as President George Bush looks to develop partner countries in the war on terrorism.

83. Chronology: The Rise, Fall, And Aftermath Of The Soviet Bloc are partly liberalized throughout much of the former ussr. out or intensifies informer Soviet republics of Moldova, georgia, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan http://s99.middlebury.edu/EC230A/Supplements/Chrons/Chronology.html

Timelines Chronology: The Rise, Fall, and Aftermath of the Soviet Bloc These materials were prepared by Professor Ben Slay for Economics 230, Spring 1998. Contents: The 1940s The 1950s The 1960s The 1970s ... The 1990s • 1928: Stalin imposes the "Stalinist development model" based upon comprehensive five year plans, rapid economic growth, forced industrialization, the liquidation of the private sector, and the forced collectivization of agriculture. • 1939: Nazi Germany and the USSR invade Poland, "starting" World War II. Back to Contents The 1940s • 1949: People's Republic established in China. Tito breaks with Stalin; Yugoslavia leaves the Soviet bloc, and begins the "Yugoslav road to socialism" based on worker and regional self-management. Back to Contents The 1950s Back to Contents The 1960s New Economic Mechanism introduced in Hungary, based on abolition of obligatory output plans for enterprises, and increased importance of financial planning. Warsaw Pact armies intervene in Czechoslovakia to stop the Prague Spring.

84. AZERBAIJAN NEWSLETTER geographic limits of the former ussr.” Cooperation within Council, said the US Governmentwelcomed the Addressing the conference, georgia’s Ambassador Tedo http://www.guuam.org/letter/13jul01.htm

GUUAM NEWS Embassies of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and Uzbekistan – Washington, D.C.- July 13, 2001 GUUAM Conference in Washington, DC On July 11, the Washington- based Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) hosted a conference on “GUUAM: What is the Future?” Speakers at the conference included leading U.S. experts and GUUAM Ambassadors in Washington. Opening the conference, former national Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski emphasized that development of cooperation within GUUAM is not directed against anyone, but rather provides an opportunity for the member-states to enhance their independence. Frederick Starr, Chairman of the Central Asia – Caucasus Institute, highlighted the vital importance of adequate American support for the future successes of GUUAM. According to Marshall Billingslea, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations staff member, after the Yalta summit, GUUAM states should deepen the process of institutionalization by establishing functional joint institutions and introducing more joint initiatives. General William Odom of the Hudson Institute’s program on National Security Studies said that his confidence in GUUAM was strengthened by the group’s successful recent summit in Yalta, Ukraine. He stressed the importance of concrete projects among the member-states and the need to establish institutional dialogue with other multilateral organizations, such as the UN, EU and the Council of Europe.

85. Inogate Countries - REPUBLIC Of TURKMENISTAN (Economy) debts of its major customers in the former ussr for gas by gas exports to the restof ussr mainly Ukraine In 1996, the government set in place a stabilization http://www.inogate.org/html/countries/economy/turkmenistan_ec.htm

INOGATE Projects INOGATE Reports INOGATE Contact Points INOGATE Newsletters ... Yugoslavia REPUBLIC of TURKMENISTAN - ECONOMY Transition challenges Turkmenistan is largely desert country with nomadic cattle raising, intensive agriculture in irrigated oases, and huge gas and oil resources. One-half of its irrigated land is planted in cotton, making it the world's tenth largest producer. It also possesses the world's fifth largest reserves of natural gas and substantial oil resources. Until the end of 1993, Turkmenistan had experienced less economic disruption than other former Soviet states because its economy received a boost from higher prices for oil and gas and a sharp increase in hard currency earnings. In 1994, Russia's refusal to export Turkmen gas to hard currency markets and mounting debts of its major customers in the former USSR for gas deliveries contributed to a sharp fall in industrial production and caused the budget to shift from a surplus to a slight deficit. The economy bottomed out in 1996, but high inflation continued. Turkmenistan gained its independence in October 1991 following the demise of the Soviet Union. Following independence gas production and exports were drastically reduced whilst inability of other CIS to pay for Turkmen gas imports further increased the country's revenue problems.

86. Pravda.RU “BRIGADE GENERAL” CAPTURED AT NIGHT IN URUS-MARTAN WEARING JUST UNDE Pravda.RUFormer ussr, 1926 georgia MAY END UP AS ROGUE STATE The georgian governmentrisks leading its state to a rogue state status unless it commits itself http://english.pravda.ru/cis/2002/08/07/

Say what you want! PRAVDA.Ru will hear you! Aug, 07 2002 In Russian Em Portugues Former USSR Top Stories ... About Pravda.RU:Former USSR Georgia may end up as rogue state The Georgian government risks leading its state to a rogue state status unless it commits itself to seriously opposing international terrorism, chairman of the international affairs committee of the Russian Federation Council (parliament's upper chamber) Mikhail Margelov said in an interview Wednesday, commenting on the tour of the Russian Prosecutor General Vladimir Ustinov to Tbilisi. More details Daghestan's government formed On Wednesday the State Council of Daghestan formed the government of the republic and appointed members of the cabinet of ministers. According to the republican constitution, the government was formed after the elections to the new staff of the State Council and its chairman Magomedali Magomedov as head of the republic. More details 21 people killed in mud-flow rains in Tajikistan On Wednesday mudflow rains hit an Alpine village in the Gorno-Badakhshansk autonomous region, Tajikistan, killing 21 people and completely destroying 75 houses, the press service of the Tajik Emergencies Ministry said. More details Kazakhstan launches naval exercises on Caspian sea A large-scale tactical naval exercises, codename World Sea-2002, have been launched near the Mangyshalyk peninsula at a base of the Kazakh Western Military District.

87. Www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact92/wf930092.txt black on top, white below ECONOMY Overview Among the former Soviet republics, Georgiais noted accounted, however, for less than 2% of the ussr's output http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact92/wf930092.txt

88. Library Of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handboo on information from World Bank, Food and Agricultural Policy Reforms in the FormerUSSR, Washington, 1992, 194. Table 17. georgia government Budget, 1991 and http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/georgia/ge_appen.html

Appendix A. Tables Table 1. Metric Conversion Coofficients and Factors When you kow Multiply by To find Millimeters inches Centimeters inches Meters feet Kilometers miles Hectares acres Square kilometers square miles Cubic meters cubic feet Liters gallons Kilograms pounds Metric tons long tons short tons pounds Degrees Celsius (Centigrade) 1.8 and add 32 degrees Fahrenheit Table 2. Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia: Selected Health and Health Care Statistics, 1989, 1990, and 1991 Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Disease diagnosis Tuberculosis Viral hepatitis Cancer Hospital beds Doctors Pharmacists Infant mortality For tuberculosis and cancer, first diagnoses per 100,000 population in 1990; for viral hepatitis, registered cases per 100,000 population in 1989. Per 10,000 population: in 1990 for Georgia, in 1991 for Armenia and Azerbaijan. Per 10,000 population in 1989. Per 1,000 live births: in 1990 for Georgia, in 1991 for Armenia and Azerbaijan. Source: Based on information from Christopher M. Davis, "Health Care Crisis: The Former Soviet Union," RFE/RL Research Report [Munich], 2, No. 40, October 8, 1993, 36.

89. Peace Resistance It is based in Fort Benning, georgia, and it is the secondlargest republic of theformer Soviet Union America to Wage War for ussr Inheritance «The operation http://www.lai-aib.org/lai/listlai.phtml?section=A3ABBE

90. SNF Related Information - Service Area The collapse of the ussr in 1991 led to to control the Muslim clergy, the governmentestablished a The former Communists in power also maintained the regional http://www.russianservice.com/regions.asp?Main=Tajikistan

91. CIA Maps & Publications - USSR (Former)  . Publication/Map Number. NTIS Number. Price.1996. former Soviet Union Comparative Ethnic Groups. Map 737771. PB96-928308.$7.00....... ussr (former). Year. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/mapspub/182.shtml

Purchasing Information Publications Page Atlases General Intelligence Publications ... Publications Page USSR (Former) Year Description Publication/Map Number NTIS Number Price Former Soviet Union Comparative Ethnic Groups Map #737771 PB-96-928308 Russia 1995, State Duma Elections: A Regional Perspective PB-96-928102 Caucasus and Central Asia Map #802410 PB-95-928322 Causasus Region Ethnolinguistic Groups Map #734538 PB-95-928305 Selected Estimates of the Soviet Union, 1950-1959 PB-93-928112 The States of the Former Soviet Union: An Updated Overview OSE 92-10017 PB-93-928103 OECD Trade with the USSR and Eastern EuropeA Reference Aid PB-92-928014 Republics of the Former Soviet Union and the Baltic States: An OverviewA Reference Aid PB-92-928105 USSR and the Baltic States: Leading Economic PlayersA Reference Aid PB-92-928106 USSR Cabinet of Ministers LDA 91-12531 PB-91-928103 USSR and The Baltic States: Leading Economic Players LDA 91-16344 PB-92-928106 USSR: Street Map of Kiev Map #503913 PB-91-928355 Selected Countries Trade with the USSR and Eastern Europe IR 90-10008RTT 90-10008 PB-90-928008 The USSR Presidency LDA 90-12598 PB-90-928104 USSR: Council of Ministers

92. Ftp.cac.psu.edu/pub/doc/general/wfb/Georgia cloth, hosiery, and shoes georgia Economy Agriculture citrus fruits and 93% of formerUSSR tea; berries consumption; status of government eradication programs http://ftp.cac.psu.edu/pub/doc/general/wfb/Georgia

93. Washingtonpost.com Russia US State Department Notes A description of the history, government, politicsand economy of Russia. Latest News Russia May Recognize georgia (AP, Feb. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/world/specials/exussr/russiagov/

Knowing more about our audience will help us continue to improve our web site and provide ads that are relevant to our audience. It's fast and it's FREE. Please fill out the form below to proceed. Gender: Male Female Year of Birth: Zip: (U.S. Only) (e.g. 1965) (e.g. 20171) Country: United States United States Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burma Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cayman Islands Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo (Zaire) Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia Gabon The Gambia Gaza Strip and West Bank Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti The Holy See Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Federated States of Micronesia Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montserrat Morocco Mozambique

94. MINELREL-L Archive (04102002-13:06:15-995) Status of Foreign Nationals in the ussr' of 1981 in force but not applicable to theformer Soviet nationals for Turkmenistan since 1998 and georgia since 2001 http://www.riga.lv/minelres/archive/04102002-13:06:15-995.html

Meskhetian Turks are on the brink of expultion

95. 5. Georgia-Abkhazia situation on the ground, the georgian government felt it on the territory of the formerUSSR, while President state border between Russia and georgia (ie, the http://www.rand.org/publications/CF/CF129/CF-129.chapter5.html

5. Georgia-Abkhazia by Evgeny M. Kozhokin Background The dissolution of the Russian empire in 1917 lead to the declaration of Georgia's independence in May 1918. Following the establishment of Soviet Rule in the trans-Caucasus, Abkhazia was declared an Independent Soviet Socialist Republic in March 1921. By December 1921, Abkhazia signed a treaty of federation with Georgia. In February 1931, it became an autonomous republic of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. A major outburst of Abkhazian separatism occurred in 1989, touched off by the Georgian government's efforts to establish a branch of the Georgian State University in Sukhumi further exacerbated the situation (this branch was to replace the Georgian department of the Abkhazian university). As a result, Georgian and Abkhazian students clashed in the first round of what became ongoing hostilities between the different nationalist groups. A large-scale conflict was avoided at that time thanks only to the introduction of a "state of emergency" (a special regime for the `citizens' behavior) in Abkhazia. The ouster of Georgian President Gamsakhurdia in early 1992 directly fueled the Abkhazian separatist cause. Abkhazian Supreme Soviet Chairman Vladislav Ardzinba capitalized on the confusion in Tbilisi to promote the republic's

96. UKAEA: Press Releases: it has agreed to process uranium from a research reactor in georgia in the formerUSSR. UKAEA has responded to a request from government at the highest level http://www.ukaea.org.uk/press/1998/21apr98.htm

Press Releases Back to Press Releases STATEMENT ON GEORGIAN HEU UKAEA is pleased to confirm that it has agreed to process uranium from a research reactor in Georgia in the former USSR. The material consists of some 5kg of highly enriched uranium of which 0.8kg is irradiated. UKAEA has responded to a request from Government at the highest level. The Government¹s decision to accept this fuel was made on non-proliferation and safety grounds. The material being transferred from Georgia, part of the former USSR, will be processed at Dounreay and turned into material which can be used for the production of materials such as targets for medical isotopes. The material will not be used for military purposes. It is reactor fuel which can be processed safely within the facilities at Dounreay within existing discharge authorisations. NII were consulted prior to UKAEA agreeing to handle the material at Dounreay. The material will be transported safely in internationally approved containers and in accordance with normal security arrangements. The date and time of arrival will not be confirmed to comply with international security practice.

97. Turkey At A Glance - Geography It is bordered to the northwest by Greece and Bulgaria, to the east by the formerUSSR (georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaican Republics) and Iran, and to the south http://www.columbia.edu/~sss31/Turkiye/geo.html

Turkey at a Glance Geography Resources Economy ... Turks on the Web Turks in the USA and Canada: [ (A-L) (M-Z) Turkish Faculty Members on the Web Turks in Overseas ... /Humor Page Turkish Information Center /Danisma Merkezi Atat rk in Pictures News/Haberler : Magazines, Newspapers/TV Sports Pages Business and Economics Business Directory Travel Info ... Flags and Logos Index [ All images Logos Misc. TR Related Web Pages ... Unorganized Links All Turkish Pages Together Home Page Dr. SSS Home Page Dr. SSS Personal Page Send E-Mail Turkey at a Glance Geography: The lands of Turkey are located at a point where the three continents making up the old world, Asia, Africa and Europe are closest to each other. Turkey is situated on an area where Europe meets Asia, creating a link between these two continents. The European part of the country is called Thrace, while the Asian part is known as Anatolia (or Asia Minor). It is bordered to the northwest by Greece and Bulgaria, to the east by the former USSR (Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaican Republics) and Iran, and to the south by Iraq and Syria. The Turkish peninsula is bathed by four seas: the Mediterranean to the south, the Aegean to the west, the Sea of Marmara between the European and Asian land masses, and the Black Sea to the north. The entire coastline spans more than 8,000 kilometers (approximately 5,000 miles) in length.

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