41. Lecture 09 renowned for it's scenery and wildlife (especially bears, which are now scarce inthe park), the main attractions are it's geysers, hot springs, and fumaroles. http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/JWB/MB409/lecture/lecture09/lecture09.html

Lecture 9 - February 24, 2003 Previous or Next lecture Textbook readings for this lecture: None Thermal environments in Yellowstone National Park We'll be talking about a wide variety of thermophilic organisms in this course, and many of these were originally isolated from the hot springs of Yellowstone National Park. Today, then, we'll talk about Yellowstone and the general features of hot spring environments, and have a look at some of the specific springs from which many of the organisms we'll be talking about grow. Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone National Park ocupies about 6000 square kilometers of the northwest corner of Wyoming, and was established as the world's first national park in 1872. Although YNP is renowned for it's scenery and wildlife (especially bears, which are now scarce in the park), the main attractions are it's geysers, hot springs, and fumaroles. The central region of the park is predominated by a 46 by 77 kilometer caldera (volcanic basin) formed by volcanic eruptions 1.8, 1.2 and 0.6 million years ago (notice the timing - we're due!). Hot springs, geysers, solfataras, and fumaroles

42. The Geology Of Geysir - Iceland. Geysircenter.is. Dr. Helgi Torfason, geologist A map of known geysers and hot springs The GeysirPhotosession The Geysir Center offers a vivid way of learning about http://www.geysircenter.is/english/geysir/geolog.html

The Geology of Geysir The oldest accounts of the Great Geysir are from the year 1294 when large earthquakes shook the southern lowlands of Iceland and the thermal area in Haukadalur valley changed to a large extent. In written annals tales report that "large hot springs" were formed, now thought to indicate that the hot springs started to spout. The fame of the area increased in the following centuries, and especially that of the Geysir itself. This was not surprising as erupting geysers were at the time not known in Europe outside Iceland. During the centuries after 1294 the intensity of the thermal ares apparently increased after large earthquakes, striking on average every 100 years. The geothermal area which is named after the famous Great Geysir is a high temperature geothermal area. This term is used over geothermal systems that are within the zone of active rifting and volcanism, and the temperature in the subsurface system is higher than 200°C at less than 1 km depth. The Geysir thermal ares is one of the smallest in Iceland, covering some 3 km2 at the surface. The thermal ares is at the eastern margin of the western volcanic zone, and differs from other high temperature areas in that no volcanic activity has been in the area during the last 10.000 years (in Holocene). Studies on the chemistry of the water in the hot springs indicates a subsurface temperature near 240°C, i.e. in the geothermal system at a depth of 1 km or more. Following large earthquakes in Souhtern Iceland the 17th and 21st June 2000 Geysir started to erupt after having been dormant since 1915. It was rewoken in 1935 and erupted then for several years, but then got back to sleep. Now it erupts every day, sometimes several times per day, but has not regained its former glory as the eruptions got up to 50-60 m. Now it erupts 8-10 m but does it intermittently for some time when it starts. The eruptions start as turbulence at the surface, then gushes of water are thrown 8-10 m into the air. As the erupting water falls back into the bowl it cools the water in the bowl and the boiling stops.

43. PlanetWare Photos Of Hot Springs, Geysers, Mud Pots Photos of hot springs, geysers, mud pots. A picture subject index directory ofthe PlanetWare Travel Encyclopedia. Photos of hot springs, geysers, mud pots. http://www.planetware.com/sub/GEYSER.HTM

Photos of hot springs, geysers, mud pots Photos of hot springs, geysers, mud pots. A subject index of pictures in the PlanetWare Travel Encyclopedia. [Order PlanetWare Photos] [Photo Country Index] [Photo Subject Index] See also: volcanoes, craters, lava Sulphur Works at Lassen National Park. Steamboat Geyser in Yellowstone National Park, WY. Norris Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park, WY. Norris Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park, WY. Norris Basin Paint Pots in Yellowstone National Park, WY. Midway Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park, WY. Black Sand Basin in Yellowstone National Park, WY. Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park, WY. The blowhole of Oahu where the surf is diverted into an upward geyser. Steam escapes from Kilauea lava field in Volcanoes National Park in Hawaii. Steam rises as lava hits the sea in Volcanoes National Park in Hawaii. Hot lava steam into sea seen from air in Volcanoes National Park in Hawaii. Hot lava steam into sea seen from air in Volcanoes National Park in Hawaii. Village amid steam in Rotorua, one of the few places in New Zealand with warmth for native habitation.

44. Semyan.com - Sheep And Hot Springs of volcanism. Near the heart of the North Island in the Rotorua areaare several hot springs, geysers, and mud pools. Similar to http://www.semyan.com/Post14/Sheep.htm

Home Post Fourteen Post Fourteen - Sheep and Hot Springs Sue, the Wonder Herder Meet Sue of Greg's Sheep-n-Show, a tourist attraction that enlightens the public about sheep husbandry. We arrived on a drizzly, humid day, the sole ticket holders for the 1 p.m. show. Greg, a wiry, ebullient man, gave us his undivided attention for 90 minutes. We learned how sheep dogs are trained, how they herd sheep, and how they live. We sheared sheep, petted and fed lambs, and culled (sorted) the flock. I learned a lot that day about sheep, but I learned even more about dogs. Pam, Sue, and Dick were the tenacious canine herders that kept the flock in line. They were bred to work, they lived to work, and they were attuned to Greg in a way that was eerie. They instantly picked up on a look or the flick of his hand. Greg used unique command words for each dog (e.g., "here" for Dick to come, "come" for Sue to come), and they would not respond to each other's words. In fact, they wouldn't even respond to Greg using the correct commands in the wrong tone of voice, or when someone other than Greg used the correct commands. They were perfectionists who would not be distracted from their tasks. It was a sight to behold. After watching this troupe in action, I understand better why so many dogs bred to hunt and herd become hyperactive, uncontrollable house pets. If they can't work, they must go mad.

45. NATUREANDCO.COM - Geysers & Major Geothermal Areas In New Zealand - What To See hot water. Prior to the creation of the power plant the field wasnoted for at least 22 geysers, as well as hot springs. Much of http://www.natureandco.co.nz/travel_and_adventure/sightsee/volcanics/geysers.php

in this section Active volcanoes Dormant volcanoes Hot springs Other volcanic landforms Map North Island in parent section Nature Sightseeing: Native forests Wildlife Coasts Islands Volcanoes Mountains Native flora Selected bibliography Main sections People of the land Conservation The nature store Quick links National parks Regions Birds Marine mammals Sightseeing Tramping Bookstore Nature sightseeing SEEING GEYSERS IN NEW ZEALAND and other active geothermal areas New Zealand has a good number of geothermal areas and the most active ones are significant by world standards. It is one of the few places in the world where geysers can be admired. Several of these geothermal fields are easily accessible and have been developed for tourism purposes. A visit there must figure high on the list of natural features to discover. Learn more about Natural history/the geothermal areas of New Zealand Right: Craters of the Moon geothermal area, Wairakei. Photo courtesy of Destination Lake Taupo.

46. Natureandco.com - Geothermal Activity In New Zealand New Zealand. They include geysers, hot springs, mud pools, fumaroles,and deposits (sinters, silica terraces). Most intensive geothermal http://www.natureandco.co.nz/land_and_wildlife/landforms/volcanics/geotherm.php3

Volcanoes in New Zealand: Active volcanoes Volcanic fields Geothermal activity ... Visit volcanoes and geysers Main sections People of the land Conservation The nature store Quick links National parks Regions Birds Marine mammals Sightseeing Tramping Bookstore Home Landforms Volcanoes GEOTHERMAL ACTIVITY IN NZ Geothermal systems and features "A geothermal system is a region of the earth where the rocks have been raised naturally to higher temperatures than surrounding regions. Active volcanoes constitute regions of unusually high flow of heat and not surprisingly many geothermal systems are associated with young volcanoes. We see in the central North Island a strong link between the major rhyolitic volcanoes and large geothermal systems". From B.F. Houghton 1982. Geyserland: A Guide to the Volcanoes and Geothermal Areas of Rotorua. Photo: geyser at Whakarewarewa. Courtesy of Tourism Rotorua.

47. Geyser Quick Guide The four basic types of thermal features present in the Park are geysers, hot springs,fumaroles, and mudpots. geysers are hot springs that erupt periodically. http://www.geyserstudy.org/ov_quick_guide.htm

Quick Guide Introduction Geysers Hot Springs Fumaroles ... Yellowstone's Geysers Photo of Grand Prismatic Spring from the "Attractions within 3-4 hours drive of Idaho Falls" page. Y ellowstone N ational P ark is home to some 10,000 thermal features, over 500 hundred of which are geysers. In fact, Yellowstone contains the majority of the worlds geysers. Within Yellowstone's thermal features can be seen the product of millions of years of geology at work. Much of Yellowstone sits inside an ancient volcanic caldera (the exploded crater of a volcano). The last major caldera forming eruption occurred 600,000 years ago. For hundreds of thousands of years following that, subsequent lava flows slowly filled in most of the caldera. Even now, in some places, nearly molten rock resides as little as 2-5 miles below the surface. Heat from the volcanic activity makes its presence known by heating ground water and creating the thermal features we now see. The four basic types of thermal features present in the Park are

48. Abrupt Physical And Chemical Changes During 1992 - 1999, Anderson Springs, SE Ge waters at Anderson hot springs are mostly composed of nearsurface ground waterswith some added gases and condensed steam from The geysers geothermal system. http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of00-037/

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-037, Version 1.0 By Cathy J. Janik, Fraser Goff, Stephen R. Walter, Michael L. Sorey, Dale Counce, and Elizabeth M. Colvard This report consists of an oversize two-sheet poster in PDF format. Download the poster (7.6 MB) Note: Version 4.0 of Adobe Acrobat Reader is REQUIRED to view this poster Download Acrobat Reader Version 4.0 ABSTRACT Thermal waters at Anderson Hot Springs are mostly composed of near-surface ground waters with some added gases and condensed steam from The Geysers geothermal system. Compared to gas samples from Southeast Geysers wells, the hot spring gases are higher in CO and lower in H S and NH . As the springs increased in temperature, however, the gas composition became more like the mean composition of steam discharges from the Southeast Geysers. The hot spring waters are low in ions of Cl, B, and Li, but relatively high in HCO , SO and NH . The stable-isotope compositions (deuterium and oxygen-18) of these waters plot near the global meteoric water line. Geochemical data through time reveal apparent maxima in the concentrations of SO , Fe, and Mn in 1991 to 1992, before the cluster became hotter. The black-to-gray deposits from the new spring cluster are rich in pyrite and contain anomalous metals.

49. Yellowstone National Park: Backcountry Geothermal Geysers geysers. Sprinkled amid the hot springs are the rarest fountains ofall, the geysers. What makes them rare and distinguishes them http://www.yellowstoneparknet.com/geninfo/geothermal_geysers.htm

Yellowstone West Yellowstone Big Sky Bozeman ... home Yellowstone Lodging (Click!) ADVERTISEMENTS Summer Tours and Specials Dave Hansen Whitwater Local Businesses Yellowstone Winter Yellowstone Summer Yellowstone Lodging ... Accessibility North: Gardiner Montana Livingston Montana Bozeman Montana Big Sky Montana South: Jackson Hole Wyoming Pinedale Wyoming Teton Valley Idaho East: Cody WY Dubois WY West: West Yellowstone Ennis Montana Island Park Idaho Yellowstone National Park - Geysers Yellowstone geothermal Geothermal Features Geysers Mudpots Hot Springs Fumaroles (steam vents) ... Mammoth Hot Spring Terraces Geysers Sprinkled amid the hot springs are the rarest fountains of all, the geysers. What makes them rare and distinguishes them from hot springs is that somewhere, usually near the surface in the plumbing system of a geyser, there are one or more constrictions. Expanding steam bubbles generated from the rising hot water build up behind these constrictions, ultimately squeezing through the narrow passageways and forcing the water above to overflow from the geyser. The release of water at the surface prompts a sudden decline in pressure of the hotter waters at great depth, triggering a violent chain reaction of tremendous steam explosions in which the volume of rising, now boiling, water expands 1,500 times or more. This expanding body of boiling superheated water bursts into the sky as one of Yellowstone’s many famous geysers. There are more geysers here than anywhere else on earth. Old Faithful, certainly the most famous geyser, is joined by numerous others big and small, named and unnamed. Though born of the same water and rock, what is enchanting is how differently they play in the sky. Riverside Geyser shoots at an angle across the Firehole River, often forming a rainbow in its mist. Castle erupts from a cone shaped like the ruins of some medieval fortress. Grand explodes in a series of powerful bursts, towering above the surrounding trees. Echinus spouts up and out to all sides like a fireworks display of water. And Steamboat, the largest in the world, pulsates like a massive steam engine in a rare, but remarkably memorable eruption, reaching heights of 300 to 400 feet.

50. Yellowstone Ode geysers, Mudpots, Fumaroles and hot springs. What makes Yellowstone's geysersand hot springs so fascinating to many visitors is their dynamic nature. http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/1407/geyser_ode.html

Geysers, Mudpots, Fumaroles and Hot Springs A National Park Service Press Release By Rick Hutchinson March 1997 This press release was written by Rick Hutchinson, Yellowstone's research geologist, shortly before his untimely death in his beloved Yellowstone backcountry. ". . . and behold! The whole country beyond was smoking with vapor from boiling springs; and burning with gases issuing from small craters, each of which was emitting a sharp, whistling sound." So wrote fur trapper Joe Meek in 1829. T he rare, spectacular wonders Meek spoke about along with bubbling mudpots and erupting geysers are the main reason why the Yellowstone plateau was set aside 125 years ago this month (March 1, 1872). Back then, wildlife was considered merely a commodity for food or income, and the wilderness scenerymountain ranges, deep canyons, expansive forests, and large lakeswas viewed as an obstacle to travel and settlement. There was no gold or other precious mineral wealth to be found here, and the climate was too severe for ranching or farming. In short, Yellowstone was considered worthlessbut it did have some curious hydrothermal attractions that people might enjoy. So, the world's first national park was created. What makes Yellowstone's geysers and hot springs so fascinating to many visitors is their dynamic nature. While some geysers, such as Old Faithful and Great Fountain, have been steadily active throughout most of the park's recorded history, others are quite rare and irregular. For example, Steamboat Geyser, the world's tallest geyser when active, has had intervals ranging from 5 days to 50 years; the most recent eruption was on October 2, 1991.

51. General Geyser Info Links Geyser Research Organizations. geysers, Fumeroles, and hot springs USGSdefinition page. Relationship of geysers and hot springs to Volcanics. http://www.web-net.com/jonesy/gengeyserlinks.htm

General Geyser Information Links WyoJones' Geyser Pages Alan Glennon's Internet Geyser Resources Geyser Observation and Study Association (GOSA) Geyser Gazing Mail List Yellowstone Net Geyser Forum web discussion with experienced gazers open to all interested surfers. Geyser Research Organizations Geysers, Fumeroles, and Hot Springs - USGS definition page Hydrothermal Activity USGS glossary from Cascades Volcano Observatory. USGS Photoglossary Geysers Geysers and the Earth's plumbing systems Description of how geysers work by Meg Streepey with diagrams after Reinhart,1980 Geysers, What are they? Description of geysers by Jay Kuecker. Geysers and Those That Love Them article on the geology page the MINING COMPANY site. Find out what an eponym is. Geyser Irregularities as Earthquake Predictors Sometimes some old geysers are not so faithful. Geysers, Are They Predictors of Earthquakes? good winter photograph of Old Faithful. Geysers as Detectors of Distant Earthquakes page by William A. Corliss, Science Frontiers #86, Mar.- Apr. 1993. Mr. Corliss reports on articles by Richard Monastersky and Richard Kerr that link the June 1992 Landers, California earthquake to wild long eruption of Echinus geyser over 1100 miles away. References cited. Geysers et sources thermales in French...

52. Iceland Geyser Links geysers and hot springs of Iceland mostly about hot springs Comments toWyoJones. Photograph above from geysers and hot springs of Iceland site. http://www.web-net.com/jonesy/icelandlinks.htm

WyoJones' Geyser Pages Iceland Geyser Links Photograph of Operrishola geyser, photo credit Ranbury Ltd. (Its creek-side location reminds me of Cliff geyser in Upper Geyser Basin In Yellowstone.) I put Iceland first since it is home of Great Geysir ...namesake of all geysers Iceland Geothermal Features page from Randbury .com site Picture of Operrishola geyser. Brief description of Iceland's geysers. Photos from Lori Gradous's trip to Iceland Photo of Strokkur Geyser shown on this page is 1 of 2 geyser photographs included in her photos of Iceland. Her site is an enjoyable tour of Iceland. 2 Photos of Strokkur Geyser, one by Uki Wagemann and the other by Peter Kiesan from the Volcano World site Embassy of Iceland's Site Photo of Geysir Michael Rothstein's Nature Gallery has beautiful 2photos of Strokkur. Go direct to or photo 2. This link is currently broken. If you know of a new URL please e-mail me. Iceland Geyser Page Chet Gottfried's before and after pictures of Strokkur Geyser from his 10 hour, I mean 9 hour, I mean 8 hour tour*. (*Make sure you read his Iceland in the Caribbean intro to his tour).

53. Geysers And Hot Springs geysers and hot springs. The hot water then rises and forms hot springsand geysers. the reason geysers explode and hot springs don http://www.greenspun.com/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg.tcl?msg_id=005802

54. Compare Prices And Read Reviews On Yellowstone National Park At Epinions.com Gushing geysers hot springs May 17 '00 (Updated May 17 '00) Author's ProductRating Yellowstone has over 200 geysers and about 3000 hot springs. http://www.epinions.com/trvl-review-5248-B9277DE-39226F27-prod4

Join Epinions Help Sign In Parks All Categories Advanced Search Home Parks Yellowstone National Park Overall rating: Reviewed by 92 Epinions users - Write a review Scenery: Crowds: Time needed for visit: No Prices Available View Details Read Reviews Subscribe to reviews on this product Read Review of Yellowstone National Park Review Summary About the Author May 17 '00 (Updated May 17 '00) Author's Product Rating Pros playful geysers Cons odors can be strong from the hot springs Full Review When I was a child, every time my family went to Seattle to visit grandma we would go through Glacier or Yellowstone National Park. My parents had all the camping gear and took pride in setting up camp. Our tent was big enough for 2 adults and 3 children. Yellowstone had some nice campgrounds. I remember meeting other families and having a great time. There were group campfires that were fun. As an adult, I visited with my family. I think we camped out one time. With 2 children it was easier to stay in the lodging at Yellowstone. I know I stayed in a cabin with a stove in it. I saved on the cost of the trip by doing my own cooking. My children enjoyed the park. I would recommend making reservations ahead of time

55. Springs And Geysers Weeping Rock, Clear Creek, Colorado. White Sulphur Spring, West Virginia.Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. geysers; hot springs and Mudpots. http://www.csus.edu/indiv/s/slaymaker/stereoview/Geology/Groundwater/Springs/Spr

Springs and Geysers Basin Spring, Hot Springs, Arkansas Columbia Spring, Massachusetts Gideons Spring, Palestine Green Cove Spring, Florida ... Pohutu Geyser, New Zealand Saratoga Springs, New York Champion Spring Columbian Spring Congress Spring Geyser Spring ... White Sulphur Spring, West Virginia Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming Geysers Hot Springs and Mudpots

56. California Hot Springs CA, 38.777, 122.763, 120, 49, SANTA ROSA, (THE geysers 7.5). CA, 33.589,117.511, SAN JUAN hot springs, 120, 49, SANTA ANA, CANADA GOBERNADORA7.5. http://www.hotspringsenthusiast.com/California.htm

US Hot Springs HSE Home Page Locate a spring TopoZone California National Geophysical Data Center Listings Click on the Spring Name to see a TopoZone map of the location. California has 304 hot springs. It is second only to Nevada for numbers of hot springs. Springs are listed in order of temperature. STATE LAT LONG "Popular" or USGS Spring Name TF TC Area USGS quadrangle CA THE GEYSERS SANTA ROSA THE GEYSERS 7.5 CA LITTLE GEYSERS SANTA ROSA (WHISPERING PINES 7.5) CA HOT SPRINGS (SURPRISE VALLEY) ALTURAS CEDARVILLE 15 CA COSO HOT SPRINGS DEATH VALLEY HAIWEE RESERVOIR 15 CA LAKE CITY HOT SPRINGS ALTURAS CEDARVILLE 15 CA DEVILS KITCHEN DEATH VALLEY HAIWEE RESERVOIR 15 CA TERMINAL GEYSER SUSANVILLE MT. HARKNESS 15 CA WENDEL HOT SPRINGS SUSANVILLE LITCHFIELD 15 CA MORGAN HOT SPRING SUSANVILLE LASSEN PEAK 15 CA HOT SPRING SUSANVILLE WENDEL 15 CA GROWLER HOT SPRING SUSANVILLE LASSEN PEAK 15 CA DEVILS KITCHEN SUSANVILLE MT. HARKNESS 15 CA AMEDEE HOT SPRINGS SUSANVILLE WENDEL 15 CA FUMAROLE DEATH VALLEY HAIWEE RESERVOIR 15 CA CASA DIABLO HOT SPRINGS AND GEYSER MARIPOSA MT. MORRISON 15

57. Wyoming Hot Springs WY, 44.471, 110.843, DAISY GROUP, SENTINEL geysers, 203, 95, ASHTON, OLD FAITHFUL15. WY, 44.307, 110.526, hot springs,HEART LAKE GEYSER BASIN, 201, 94, ASHTON, WESTTHUMB 15. http://www.hotspringsenthusiast.com/WY.htm

US Hot Springs HSE Home Page Locate a spring TopoZone Wyoming National Geophysical Data Center Listings Click on the Spring Name to see a TopoZone map of the location. Wyoming has 173 hot springs. Springs are listed in order of temperature. STATE LAT LONG "Popular" or USGS Spring Name TF TC Area USGS quadrangle WY HUCKLEBERRY HOT SPRINGS B B ASHTON HUCKLEBERRY MOUNTAIN 15 WY FLAT CONE SPRING, STEEP CONE ASHTON MADISON JUNCTION 15 WY RIVER GROUP ASHTON MADISON JUNCTION 15 WY MORNING MIST SPRINGS ASHTON MADISON JUNCTION 15 WY BLACK WARRIOR GROUP, SHELF SPRING ASHTON MADISON JUNCTION 15 WY WHITE DOME GEYSER, SURPRISE POOL ASHTON MADISON JUNCTION 15 WY FLOOD GROUP ASHTON MADISON JUNCTION 15 WY QUAGMIRE GROUP ASHTON MADISON JUNCTION 15 WY SHOSHONE GEYSER BASIN ASHTON OLD FAITHFUL 15 WY WEST THUMB GEYSER BASIN ASHTON WEST THUMB 15 WY POTTS HOT SPRING BASIN ASHTON WEST THUMB 15 WY GEYSER HILL GROUP, OLD FAITHFUL GEY ASHTON OLD FAITHFUL 15 WY MIDDLE GROUP,TORTOISE SHELL,INKWELL ASHTON OLD FAITHFUL 15 WY DAISY GROUP, SENTINEL GEYSERS

58. South Iceland - Places: Geysir The Great Geysir was among the most notable geysers in the world, such as the areasurrounding it is geothermally very active with many smaller hot springs. http://www.south.is/geysir.html

Iceland on the Web Click the image to visit "Postcards from Iceland" - a collection of historic Icelandic photographs. Web design by Vefur Geysir in Haukadalur One of the greatest natural attractions of Iceland, The Great Geysir, or Stori-Geysir, has been dormant since 1916 when it suddenly ceased to spout. It came to life only once in 1935, and as quickly went back to sleep. Since then its repose has sporadically been disturbed by the dumping of tonnes of carbolic soap powder into its seething orifice in order to tickle it to spout. It is not exactly known when Geysir was created. It is believed that it came into existence around the end of the 13th century when a series of strong earthquakes, accompanied by a devastating eruption of Mt. Hekla , hit Haukadalur, the geothermal valley where Geysir is located. What is known is that it spouted regularly every third hour or so up to the beginning of the 19th century and thereafter progressively at much longer intervals until it completely stopped in 1916. Whether its silence is eternal or temporary no one knows. When it was alive and shooting, it could thunderously blast a spectacular jet of superheated water and steam into the air as high as 60 to 80 metres according to different sources. Its opening is 18 metres wide and its chamber 20 metres deep. One reason for cessation is believed to be the accumulated rocks and foreign objects thrown into it by thousands of tourists throughout the years. Though definately damaging, this however could not be the only reason for its dormancy. The famous Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone National Park in the U. S. used to erupt every 66 and half minutes but has in recent years become less and less reliable.

59. YQ Reprint: Yellowstone's Hot Springs Insects the world's first national park largely due to the awe the first White explorersto the area felt upon seeing its vast collection of geysers and hot springs. http://members.aol.com/YESedu/best001.html

YELLOWSTONE'S HOT SPRINGS INSECTS (Reprinted from Y.E.S. Quarterly 7(1), JAN/MAR 1990) by William D. O'Donnell At first it seems unbelievable that such an extreme environment could support life, but life on Earth is quite tenacious and manages to adapt and even thrive in some of the harshest conditions imaginable. Accordingly, a well developed ecosystem can be found within these hot springs. Plant life is the primary producer in most ecosystems, and the hot springs are no different. In the hottest of waters, near the sources of the springs, nothing grows. However, as the water flows out it cools. The first "plants" to colonize this hottest zone are the blue green algae (Cyanobacteria) and bacteria. As the water flows farther and cools more, other plants, mostly true algae and protozoans such as Euglena, are found. Since these different species are often of different and sometimes vivid colors, the temperature zones are often obvious due to the colors. Many of Yellowstone's springs, such as Grand Prismatic are justly famous for their rainbow of colors surrounding them like a bullseye. In many springs, especially those which are acidic the true algae, especially the genus

60. Yellowstones Geysers Hot Springs And Fumaroles (Field Guide) Yellowstones geysers hot springs and Fumaroles (Field Guide). http://hallscience.com/earth_sciences/1212.shtml

Yellowstones Geysers Hot Springs and Fumaroles (Field Guide) Home Earth Sciences by Carl Schreier Hot Spr Yellowstone's Geysers (Photographer) See More Details Paperback - 128 pages 2 edition (December 1987) Homestead Pub; ISBN: 0943972094 Reviews Editorial Reviews From Book News, Inc. , December 1, 1993

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