41. Kenya -- History From the beginning, the indigenous peoples strongly resisted the cut the wages oftheir indigenous employees in rise to the Young kikuyu Association, Kenya's http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/NEH/k-hist.html

Kenya History Early in the 16th century, the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama stopped at Mombasa on his way to India. The Portuguese built Fort Jesus in Mombasa in 1593; this soon became the headquarters of Portuguese officials and the main port of call for Portuguese vessels, but the fort was captured by Omani Arabs in 1698. In the 18th century, the Arabs made several attempts to penetrate the interior of the region in efforts to take over control of the slave trade then dominated by the Kamba. These attempts were repelled; only in the beginning of the 19th century were the Arabs able to take over the internal slave trade. One consequence of the Arab incursion was the consolidation of the politics of the Luo and the Luhya. When Europeans began to penetrate the area in the 19th century, the coastal areas were ruled by the Sultan of Zanzibar.[2] Opposition to Moi's one-party rule grew during 1990.[4] In July, 1990, Charles Rubia, Matiba and Raila Odinga, son of the former Vice President, were arrested and detained without trial when their public "pro-democracy" rallies were banned. Their arrest was protested at home and abroad, and riots spread in the central province. Though a KANU Delegates' Conference in December voted to keep the one-party system, a government-sponsored national dialogue was set in motion with the goal of facilitating broader democracy in spite of one-party rule. Despite these mollifying gestures, public discontent with the government and KANU increased. In August, 1990, Oginga Odinga and six prominent opposition leaders, formed the Forum for Restoration of Democracy (FORD) with extensive multi-ethnic support. The new movement immediately gained the public's support and its popularity soared.

42. Kenya -- Ethnic Groups The principal nonindigenous ethnic minorities are the Arabs the majority of the Bantuspeaking peoples of Kenya The kikuyu (or Gikuyu) homeland is around Mount http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/NEH/k-ethn.html

Kenya Ethnic Groups The Kikuyu, Meru, Gusii, Embu, Akamba, Luyha (or alternate spelling of Luyia), Swahili and Mijikenka (which in fact is a group of different ethnic groups) constitute the majority of the Bantu speaking peoples of Kenya. In general, the Bantu have been farmers. The Kikuyu (or Gikuyu) homeland is around Mount Kenya and it is believed they migrated into the area from East and North East Africa around the 16th century. They were neighbors of the Maasai and although there were raids for cattle between them, there was also a lot of trade and intermarriage. The Kikuyu god, Ngai, resides on Mt. Kenya which they call Kirinyaga . As with other ethnic groups, the traditional healer was held in high esteem. For the Kikuyu, land ownership is the most important social, political, religious, and economic factor. They have a complex system of land ownership that revolves around close kin, The importance of land brought them into conflict with the colonial government when white settlers and farmers occupied their traditional lands. Today, Kikuyu farmers produce most of the fresh produce that is consumed in Nairobi as well as coffee and tea for export. Many Kikuyu have also been successful in economic and commercial endeavors. Traditionally, the Kikuyu were governed by a council of elders based on clans. The Akamba The Luyha's traditional homeland is around Kakamega in western Kenya. They are Kenya's third largest ethnic group after the Kikuyu and the Luo. The Luyha suffer from high population density which effects their farming economy as cultivation occurs on plots that get smaller with each generation. They are important producers of sugar-cane.

43. Ethnic Groups 30 million and about 4 million people speak kikuyu. of information about the peoplesof africa concerning Native, Aboriginal, and indigenous internet resources http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/cm/africana/ethnicit.htm

African Ethnicities Please note that I have a separate page available on African languages A number of Web pages have been produced by members of indigenous minority and majority ethnic groups world-wide. Rather than primarily serving as academic, encyclopedic, or anthropological resources, they are often self-promotional, but several provide excellent information and rigorous documentation. This is a small collection of such pages produced primarily by Africans, along with some material produced by others. Most often, these African ethnic group home pages are a direct expression of individual members of the group, but in several cases represent an academic, official, or institutional point of view. If you are looking for an "objective" presentation, these links may not be the best sources for your work. Nevertheless, most have very good cultural, historical, and other background information, and many provide links to related sites that you may also find useful. Below the list, there is a collection of Other sites with information on African ethnic groups with different kinds of resources, for example, with a national, cultural anthropological, or linguistic focus. Finally, because this is an area that is not well represented on the web, a

44. Kenya Facts most diversified sector in east africa, but needs Arab coastal settlers mixed withindigenous peoples in the 19521956Mau Mau, kikuyu-led violent campaign to http://www.pjquane.com/kenya_facts.htm

MAUI ISLAND PHOTOS Up KENYA [Data from the Dorling Kindersley World Desk Reference] General Capital: Nairobi Population: 29.5 million Official Languages: Swahili and English Geography Kenya straddles the equator on Africa's east coast. Its central plateau is bisected by the Great Rift Valley. The land to the north is desert, while to the east lies a fertile coastal belt. Ethnicity Kenya's ethnic diversity, with about 70 different groups, reflects its past as a focus of population movements. Asians, Europeans, and Arabs form 1% of the population. The rural majority retains strong clan and extended family links, although these are being weakened by urban migration. THE URBAN/RURAL POPULATION SPLIT Religions Education The education system is loosely based on the British model. Schooling is not compulsory, but free primary education means that 85% of children attend; the drop-out rate at secondary level is high, with only about 24% attendance. In higher education, the emphasis is on vocational training. Education spending represents 7.4% of GNP. Health Leading cause of death are respiratory, diarrheal diseases and, malaria. The health system is a mix of state and private facilities, the latter mainly run by charities and missions. The state system has been hit by recession, worsening the already limited access of the rural majority. Poverty-related illnesses are increasing, particularly among children and women, and the country has a high incidence of HIV and AIDS. Kenya has 16,667 people per doctor.

45. Foley Hoag DC) on behalf of the africa Growth and Interface and the Plight of indigenous Peoplesin Post Travel; Politics. LANGUAGE SKILLS Swahili (native); kikuyu (native). http://www.fhe.com/profile.asp?aid=329

46. Fourth World Bulletin, Spring/Summer 1996 fuel that ignites passions based on indigenous identity that since Kenyatta ran aKikuyu project, the rule is as legitimate as domination by particular peoples. http://carbon.cudenver.edu/fwc/Issue10/Africa/maasai-3.html

A FRICA Majimboism as Indigenous Ideology When the Kenyan government provided backing for the Maasai delegation to the UN Working Group, it apparently did so in the name of indigenous rights,6 even though the current government is at least partly responsible for the conditions the Maasai endure in the Kajiado and Narok districts of Rift Valley Province. That apparent contradiction becomes easier to understand if the question that emerges is not specifically about the threat to Maasai cultural survival, but also includes the role the Maasai play in broader human rights issues. Daniel arap Moi, Kenya's current president, was responsible for ending the group ranching system; so why would he also have sent the MDA to Geneva and Vienna? When Jomo Kenyatta was president, from 1963 to 1978, Kenya was for all intents and purposes a Kikuyu-dominated one-party state, despite whatever intentions were expressed at the outset that there should be multi-party democracy and power-sharing among constituent peoples. Kenyatta's political party, the Kenya African National Union (KANU), was an organization of primarily Kikuyus and Luos. The Kikuyus had been favored by the British, due to their usefulness in the colonial enterprise, but they were also the main participants of the "Mau Mau" uprising that was instrumental in achieving liberation from British rule. The British permitted some of the Kikuyus to buy land in the Rift Valley, and Kikuyus thought that therefore they were the rightful owners of that land.

47. Precolonial.html not a wilderness that indigenous peoples happily coexisted coexist easily; precolonialpeoples actively and agriculturalist Akamba and kikuyu were able http://www.lclark.edu/~soan/precolonial.html

CHAPTER 3: The Roots of Sustainable Conservation: The Precolonial Period Precolonial Sustainability in East Africa Aspects of East African Sustainability Precolonial Systems Within the Context of the Modern Era Go to Chapter 4... (Return to Table of Contents Send comments to: emmons@lclark.edu

48. Colonial.html divisiveness disrupting solidarity between indigenous East African by the Britishthe kikuyu were given a unified movement of resistance from African peoples. http://www.lclark.edu/~soan/colonial.html

CHAPTER 4: The Insitutionalization of Oppression and Dependency: The Colonial Period Philosophical Foundations of Colonialism in East Africa To fully understand colonial power dynamics, ideological frameworks, and interactions with the people and the environment of the East African geography, it is necessary to deconstruct some of the Western European, philosophical foundations that gave rise to the colonial mentality and agendas that the British (primarily; German colonial occupation of Tanzania was short-lived, as were the majority of German colonial efforts in Africa) imposed upon the East Africa Region. The most important philosophical foundations shaping British involvement in East Africa are contained within the male-dominant, Judeo-Christian traditions and the emerging capitalist ethical and socioeconomic frameworks embraced centrally as ideological and social models at the turn of the century in Western Europe and by the British in particular. British Agendas in East Africa Although most authors agree that the colonial period of East African history from the 1880s to the 1960s was economically and ecologically disastrous for Kenya and Tanzania, due to colonial mismanagement and misunderstanding of human and ecological systems within the East African Region, many fail to make the important connections between colonial management decisions, the ideological frameworks and beliefs systems of the British, and the socioeconomic and ethical principles of capitalist dynamics that continue to be directly involved in environmental and human disasters in Kenya and Tanzania today. Many authors contend that the colonization of East Africa included some "positive" results, such as increased technological innovations, decreased mortality rates, and economic expansion.

49. Kenya s) adjective Kenyan Ethnic groups kikuyu 22%, Luhya official), Kiswahili (official),numerous indigenous languages Literacy wave upon wave of peoples from all http://www.safari.nl/2002/landen/kenia.html

about us contact links sitemap Geography Location: Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Somalia and Tanzania Area: total: 582,650 sq km land: 569,250 sq km border countries: Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda Climate: varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior Terrain: low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile plateau in west Natural resources: gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barites, rubies, fluorspar, garnets, wildlife, hydropower Population: 30,765,916 Nationality: noun: Kenyan(s) adjective: Kenyan Ethnic groups: Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and Arab) 1% Religions: Protestant 38%, Roman Catholic 28%, indigenous beliefs 26%, Muslim 7%, other 1% Languages: English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Kenya former: British East Africa Government type: republic Capital: Nairobi National holiday: Independence Day, 12 December (1963)

50. Environmental Justice Cast Study: Maasai Land Rights In Kenya And Tanzania kikuyu. Globalization, Tourism and indigenous. peoples What You Should Know Aboutthe World’s Largest Industry (Online). Available http//www2.planeta.com http://www.umich.edu/~snre492/Jones/maasai.htm

Environmental Justice Case Study: Maasai Land Rights in Kenya and Tanzania By: Julie Narimatsu Table of Contents Problem Background Key Actors Demographics ... Back to EJ Case Studies Homepage PROBLEM While many people perceive the term eco-tourism to mean a more friendly, sustainable kind of tourism, most are not aware of the negative impacts that result from this type of tourism. Most of what goes on is what is considered "nature tourism." It is based on the use of natural resources in an undeveloped state. Therefore, when tourists engage in "nature tourism," they are seeing the wilds of Africa, South America and Australia, among other destinations, free of human interaction or disruption. To distinguish among the many types of tourism, we will define the more idealistic eco-tourism as "progressive, educational travel, which conserves the environment and benefits the locals (Schaller, 2)." In Africa, the Maasai tribes of Kenya and Tanzania have endured a long history of colonization by the British. The value of the natural resources in these areas became apparent from the very beginning, when the British perceived the pastoralist Maasai and other tribes to be incompatible with the wildlife that inhabited the area. With this separation of people and nature, national parks in Kenya were created without any consideration for the local communities (Cheeseman, 2). Today, these problems have escalated as more and more parks and reserves are being created by the government without the participation or consent of the indigenous people. The indigenous people consider development, whether it is through tourism or other government projects, to only benefit others and not their own situations (Kipuri, 2). Over the course of their existence, Maasai land has been taken away from them repeatedly, and after many broken promises of compensation and participation, the Maasai have started to fight for their land rights. Says Edward ole Mbarnoti, a Maasai leader

51. Stayfinder.com - Kenya - History From the beginning, the indigenous peoples strongly resisted the Since East Africaattracted many British immigrants chiefs who, among the kikuyu, had little or http://www.stayfinder.com/travelguide/kenya/generalinfo/kenya_history.asp

Africa Asia North America All Hotels Tours Cruises Vacations Holidays Travel Guide Shopping Sign in Register Travel Tools Welcome to Stayfinder.com Home Travel Guide Kenya History Kenya General Info Location History Climate People Maps Sights/Attractions ... Safaris Kenya - History Kenya contains sites of fossil finds that are significant to the study of man's evolution, early development and history. In the western part of the country, deposits have been found dating back over 20 million years. These have yielded remains of anthropoid creatures that some archaeologists have conjectured may play a critical role in human ancestry. Archaeological evidence indicates that people have occupied the area's lakeshores continuously from about 8,000 B.C. These people represent part of a geographically widespread culture that gained its food primarily by fishing and gathering aquatic animals and plants. At about the third millennium B.C., new peoples arrived in the Rift Valley and the Kenya Highlands; their skeletal remains are similar to those of Cushitic-speaking peoples who now inhabit the regions on the Horn of Africa. Two waves of Bantu migrants moving in a southward direction began arriving in Kenya 2,000 years ago, bringing with them techniques now associated with the Iron Age. The largest of these groups in Kenya today are the Kikuyu and the Kamba. Some of the coastal peoples, among them the Digo, Giriama and Pokomo, have affinities with the Bantu. Cushitic, Nilo-Hamatic and other peoples also settled in the region. The Nilotic peoples are also thought to have moved to this area from Sudan, and to have given rise to the Luo, among others. The largest Nilo-Hamatic group today is the Kalenjin.

52. WORLD COUNCIL OF THE ELDERS OF THE ANCIENT TRADITIONS Ruben Thuku, Kenya, kikuyu African People of East A common spiritual thread amongthe indigenous traditions of reference to carib and Arowak peoples of Suriname http://www.iccsus.org/NL2.htm

NEWS LETTER NO th Mar 2002 Dear Relative MITAKUYE OYASIN We are all related a saying from Native American Nation. We have a pleasure in sending this second news letter of the World council of elders of the ancient traditions and cultures. The preparations of the first conference scheduled to be from 4 th Feb to 9 th Feb 2003 are in full swing. The conference will be held in beautiful campus of Rambhau Mhalgi Prabodhini. Mumbai, INDIA. Membership: until now elders, researchers, academicians and active traditionalist have joined the world council as member. They are from different countries representing 57 different Peoples (Tribes) of all the continents. The membership include all the major groups of the ancient traditions and cultures including Maya, Inca, Carib, Arowak, Hopi, Sioux and many other Native American nations. Pagan elders and activists from England, Spain, France, Lithuania, Denmark and other European countries. The members represent Australian Aboriginals, Maories, Malays, Indonesians, Thais, Buddhists of various traditions and Hindus from India different parts of the world.

53. Publications: Africa Translate this page explicitly links these to extra-literary imaginations of kikuyu gender norms. africa,and focusses instead on a number of peoples in Central africa, who are http://www.cnws.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?c=25

54. Traditional Music & Cultures Of Kenya might thus be called Kenya's aboriginal or indigenous people (a almost wholly in favourof the kikuyu at the land, used and managed by entire peoples for their http://bluegecko.crosswinds.net/kenya/contexts/kenyapeople.htm

click map to enter The Traditional Music and Cultures of Kenya, a multimedia encyclopaedia dedicated to Kenya's people, has moved to a new and now permanent address: http://www.bluegecko.org/kenya/ A fully indexed site search engine, a clickable index, and an interactive map will enable to you to easily find what you're looking for. The site now has over five hundred pages, 235 images, seven hours of music, and not an advert in sight! Karibu - welcome. Click on the link or on the map to access the site's main page

55. Www.electriceditors.net/edline/vol6/6-20.txt horrors that slavery inflicted on the peoples of africa. of the problem was that theindigenous population had He and his kikuyu wife were living in Cambridge http://www.electriceditors.net/edline/vol6/6-20.txt

Archives of the EDline automated discussions can be found at: - ** The views expressed in this mailing list are strictly those of the individual contributors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the moderators or of the Electric Editors. ** Articles (c) 2001, by individual contributors Design (c) 1996, 1997, 2000 Iain Brown Compilation (c) 2001, Iain Brown / The Electric Editors =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= END OF EDline 6.20 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=

56. Information On Kenya - Africa On Fire a hollow victory to Moi, but leaving the elected representatives of the Luo andKikuyu, the two dominant peoples, in opposition indigenous Marginal 11%. http://www.africaonfire.org/kenya.htm

Return or Go TO: AOF Home Page Kenya Programs How to Partner AOF Missions Inc. PO Box 716 Midway, GA USA 31320 Ministry Report: T ourist publications describe Kenya's beauty in glowing terms that the skeptic could naturally suspect. In this case, though, they tell the truth, maybe even under estimate a bit. From stars that hang like small moons, to lakes pink with flamingos; from the Obedears Mountains to the valleys where elephants, ibis, and wild antelope play, to the view from the mountains around the Rift Valley; Kenya took our breath away. Kenya is a land of contrasts, both in geography and population. Her topography includes stark desert in the north, lush farmland in the central and western regions, thick forest in the mountains. And among its people, though some have attained and are attaining wealth, most Kenyans still live in great poverty. But as our team traveled through this nation, the thing that struck us most is that Kenya is facing a crucial hour. For 34 years since her independence, God has kept Kenya politically safe from the turmoil that has swirled around her. God has blessed her with stability and with a government that has been friendly to the Church. You may have heard of some turmoil arising as scheduled elections once again draw near. Yet we were constrained by the Holy Spirit that Kenya's future does not rest in the hands of her political leaders, it rests with the Church.

57. Information About Africa by the Government of Sudan on its indigenous African population. Kenya Web The Peoplesof Kenya. Bantu Luyia Gusii Kuria Central Bantu Akamba kikuyu Embu Meru http://www.africaonfire.org/infoafrica.htm

Welcome to the World; of Africa: Africa On Fire Research and Information Page. Please read Purpose and Objectives Statement. and before going on. You will need to use your BACK button until you return to this page after viewing the following links. Return here in the furture for updated information and links. We try to post links to and current information about what is going on in Africa. To view information on our ministry and programs on Africa go to: Joe and Peggy's work with Africa On Fire page. Information on Sudan The following websites contain information about the persecution in Sudan. The Sudan Campaign. A broad coalition of activists have initiated “The Sudan Campaign” – two weeks of intensive activity in Washington and around the country – to spotlight the on-going genocide in Sudan. The Campaign calls the nation to action and petitions President Clinton to stop what Congress deems a “genocidal” onslaught by the Government of Sudan on its indigenous African population. The onslaught includes forced starvation, enslavement, and religious persecution. The Campaign arises in response to Secretary of State Albright’s challenge that suffering in Sudan has not been “ marketable” to the American people. But Americans care deeply about victims of genocide, and will not sit by silently.

58. INDIGENOUS GENDERED SPACES: AN EXAMINATION OF KENYA exist, such as the kikuyu, for example where the voices of African peoples went unheard,which ultimately disrupted indigenous environmental practices http://www.jendajournal.com/jenda/vol2.1/chandler-wane.html

Jenda: A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies (2002) ISSN: 1530-5686 INDIGENOUS GENDERED SPACES: AN EXAMINATION OF KENYA D. J. Chandler and Njoki Wane Introduction Look at this shamba (farm). I had coffee trees from the top of the hill to the river. Every year the coffee co-operative told us the same story. There is no market for your coffee. The competition is high and prices are low. We could not uproot the trees for crop rotation. The government agents told us growing coffee was the way to progress. We were not allowed to plant maize or beans in between the coffee trees. After many years of no money and no food, we decided to cut down all the coffee trees and leave a few for our use The women were the first ones to cut the coffee trees. Somehow everybody in our community followed our example it is like we knew we had to do something to save ourselves and also the soil. Many women and men got sick from the pesticide sprays and those fertilizers we had to buy from the coffee board I guess we had to do what we thought was best for our community (Muthoni, 1998, as told to Wane). As the authors of this article span two different geographical locations and identities themselves, so do the perspectives presented here. Njoki N. Wane, educated both in Kenya and Canada, offers insights from her rural upbringing as an Embu as well as field research among the women in Kenya. DJ Chandler, an Anglo American, brings to the discussion knowledge from her anthropological training and research in West Africa and her commitment to working with and learning about indigenous ways of bringing environmental and social justice to the forefront of development and education praxis. Our views as scholars blend to encourage environmentalists, farmers, scientists, policymakers, educators, feminists and leaders within and beyond indigenous communities to initiate discourse to ensure ethical practices that centralize the voices, spirits and knowledges of women.

59. Background Notes Archive - Africa Ethnic groups AfricanKikuyu 21 percent, Luhya 14 Religions indigenous beliefs24 percent, Protestant 40 franca for trade between the different peoples. http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bgnotes/af/kenya9607.html

Return to Africa Background Notes Archive Return to Background Notes Archive Homepage Return to Electronic Research Collection Homepage

60. Background Notes Archive - Africa Ethnic groups AfricanKikuyu 21%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13 Asian, European, Arab 1%.Religions indigenous beliefs 10 AD, Nilotic and Bantu peoples moved into the http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bgnotes/af/kenya9803.html

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