21. Tenke Mining Corp. - The Congo - Thu Feb 6, 2003 in the 15th century, the indigenous peoples had developed iron between Portugal andthe coastal kongo Kingdom in Germany, Italy, the UK, Japan and South africa. http://www.tenke.com/s/TenkeFungurume-TheCongo.asp

22. Our Last Class, Oh Dear Christianity, exceptionally as in kongo kingdom; leads by first Europeans; conquestof indigenous peoples; imposition of expansion of European power in africa; http://www.umich.edu/~hist392/reviewfinal.html

Our last class, oh dear! An ALMOST linear REVIEW PRIMARY SOURCES Monday, April 19, 1999 early 1990s: "New York: The Secret African City" (film) KEYWORDS primary source vs. secondary source diaspora syncretism = being bi-lingual transmission is not genetic; it is conscious Medical anthropologists focus on: 3. The material conditions in which their experiences and beliefs are situated (local disease ecology) BIG QUESTION 1 What was the experience of illness Was the drought an "illness"? BIG QUESTION 2 What caused the drought? What were the ideas about causation What was the local diagnosis (or social analysis) What about the church bell? BIG QUESTION 3 What was the relationship between wealth and health ? Material conditions and disease? (What was the disease/affliction ecology , including political economy CHRONOLOGY two key traditions: Yoruba and Kongo GO WAY BACK yet cultures are mixtures. "Culture" was never pure. Always creolized, all the way back. MEANWHILE, biomedicine arrived. WITH WHAT and HOW? IMPLICATIONS? Must distinguish between: (1) medical TRADITIONS , such as biomedicine or ngoma cults of affliction (2) medical SECTORS , the form(s) that a tradition takes in a given community (3) medical SYSTEM = collection of traditions and sectors available to people living in a given community = PATTERNS OF RESORT = (therapeutic itineraries) 3 big events domestication: surplus and LINEAGES iron/cattle: prestige wealth farmers populate the continent, carrying key vocabulary and social organization (people=wealth)

23. Non-Western Culture (NW) Listings NotesAAAS 520 african Studies In _ kongoTRANS ATLNTC. Important NotesGEOG351 africa's Human Geographies. HIST 353 indigenous peoples of North America. http://www.opensections.ku.edu/032/03NW.html

Opened/Closed section listings from the Spring 2003 timetable of classes CLAS Principal and Non-Western Culture CLAS courses Non-Western Culture (NW) This information was last updated: 04/08/03 at 7:20:10 This information is subject to change without prior notice. Please check back often for more information. Sections highlighted in red are at or above enrollment limits. Click on this icon for course information concerning prerequisites, special requirements, special notes, meeting information, start-end dates, etc. Line # Sect Notes Restricted Enrollment Codes Credit Time Days Instructor(s) Campus Location Max Enrl Enrolled Open Status AAAS 103 Introduction to Africa 9:30 AM - 10:50 AM GORDON JACOB U 150 JRP Full AAAS 305 Modern African History 2:30 PM - 3:50 PM MACGONAGLE ELIZABETH 201 JRP AAAS 315 Women and Islam 11:00 AM - 12:20 PM KLAUS MARILYN 104 MS Full/Rm Full 11:00 AM - 12:20 PM KIDD MARY ANNA 3 BA Full 10:30 AM - 11:50 AM OMAR NAIMA 2002 DOLE AAAS 340 Women in Contemporary African Literature 9:30 AM - 10:50 AM AJAYI OMOFOLABO 2032 HAW AAAS 351 Africa's Human Geographies 9:30 AM - 10:50 AM MYERS GARTH 401 LIN AAAS 376 West African Art 6:30 PM - 9:00 PM M YOUMANS JOYCE 211 SMA Full AAAS 510 Comparative Racial and Ethnic Relations 11:30 AM - 12:20 PM CARDENAS SORAYA 106 FR 1:00 PM - 2:20 PM MYERS GARTH 401 LIN Full 2:30 PM - 5:20 PM JANZEN JOHN M 633 FR 10:30 AM - 11:50 AM OMAR NAIMA 109 BA ANTH 160 The Varieties of Human Experience 10:30 AM - 11:20 AM DEAN BARTHOLOMEW 110 BUD Full Disc 8:30 AM - 9:20 AM M GARAVALIA BRIAN 106 BL

24. Library Of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handboo Country profile, history, geography, economy, politics.Category Regional africa Congo, Democratic Republic of the...... The kongo peoples; The Significance of Ethnic Identification. indigenous SOCIAL SYSTEMS; Relationswith North africa. Chapter 5. National Security NATIONAL http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/zrtoc.html

ZAIRE - A Country Study Search Zaire Include word variants Use only words as entered. ZAIRE Foreword Acknowledgments Preface ... Glossary

25. Angola: Afropop Country -- Southern Africa Violent Portuguese slavers undermined the kongo kingdoms that efforts to subdue andsubjugate peoples in the But Angola's indigenous rhythms, such as the semba http://www.afropop.org/explore/country_info/ID/23/Angola/

@import "/afp_main.css"; /* ie */ Home Radio Explore Community ... Back to Country Page Angola In a sense, Angola has never recovered from the extensive and brutal slave trade that unfolded after Diogo Cãothe first European explorer to visit the areaentered the mouth of the Congo River in 1483. Violent Portuguese slavers undermined the Kongo kingdoms that had ruled there, and near the end of the 16th century, the Portuguese overtook local authorities by force and established an abusive military government dedicated to facilitating the capture and export of slaves. Some 4 million people would be removed from this region and shipped to Brazil and the Caribbean before Portugal finally outlawed slavery in 1836. Moving into the colonial mode of the dayforced laborthe Portuguese then pressed further inland. Their efforts to subdue and subjugate peoples in the interior led to a century of fighting, as Angolans continued to resist. After 1930, the New State allowed Angolans to "assimilate" into the conquering Portuguese cultural milieu. A period of relative prosperity and industrial progress followed, but growing nationalist sentiments led to the formation of many political parties, which ultimately came together as the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the Bakongo-dominated National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA). These forces argued policy and philosophy and failed to unite against the Portuguese government throughout the 1960s. Later on, international powers such as the U.S. and China backed a third force, UNITA, led by Jonas Savimbi.

26. UNESCO - General History Of Africa Volume V is marked by the end of the great indigenous empires and Nile E. M’BOKOLO Chapter19 The kongo kingdom and The interior of East africa the peoples of Kenya http://www.unesco.org/culture/africa/html_eng/volume5.htm

27. Indigenous Peoples Of The Congo africa, the indigenous peoples of africa had already set up long distance tradesand advanced iron working. The two largest groups of people were the kongo and http://nths.newtrier.k12.il.us/academics/faculty/KHall/AfricaontheWeb/Period3-Af

Indigenous Peoples of the Congo Home There was no history known about Zaire until the late 1400s when the first Europeans arrived. In Zaire, there languages are still spoken today are Kikongo, Tshiluba, Lingala, and Kiswahili. Long before the Europeans arrived in Africa, the indigenous peoples of Africa had already set up long distance trades and advanced iron working. The two largest groups of people were the Kongo and the Luba who occupied the southern savannah area. In the past, the Kongo was in the middle of international struggles. The Kongo Kingdom was the first area in Africa to come into contact with Europeans, specifically the Portuguese. The Kongo had a trading system with the Portuguese. In the 1490s, the king of the Kongo asked the Portuguese for missionaries for valuable items such as ivory, copper and, unfortunately, slaves. By the late 1600s, the slave trade had taken 15,000 slaves a year. This provoked violence between small groups of people. In later years by the Kongo’s independence, peace was successfully established and slave trade with other countries ceased to exist. Generally, most indigenous people in what is now known as Zaire did not believe in fate or accidents. They mainly believed that there is a logical reason for everything and accidents and coincidences are not real.

28. National History Standards - Era 1 for Britain, France, Spain, and the indigenous peoples of the understands patternsof change in africa in the Ashanti, Dahomey, Benin, Lunda, and kongo in the http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/nchs/standards/worldera6.html

National Standards for History: Part Two Chapter Four World History Standards for Grades 5-12 Click on each standard number for details Era 6 The Emergence of the First Global Age, 1450-1770 Standard 1: How the transoceanic interlinking of all major regions of the world from 1450 to 1600 led to global transformations Standard 2 How European society experienced political, economic, and cultural transformations in an age of global intercommunication, 1450-1750 Standard 3 How large territorial empires dominated much of Eurasia between the 16th and 18th centuries Standard 4 Economic, political, and cultural interrelations among peoples of Africa, Europe, and the Americas, 1500-1750 Standard 5 Transformations in Asian societies in the era of European expansion Standard 6 Major global trends from 1450 to 1770 Home Bring History Alive! U.S. History Standards Grades 5-12 History Standards Grades K-4 ... Catalog Overview Giving Shape to World History The Iberian voyages of the late 15th and early 16th centuries linked not only Europe with the Americas but laid down a communications net that ultimately joined every region of the world with every other region. As the era progressed ships became safer, bigger, and faster, and the volume of world commerce soared. The web of overland roads and trails expanded as well to carry goods and people in and out of the interior regions of Eurasia, Africa, and the American continents. The demographic, social, and cultural consequences of this great global link-up were immense. The deep transformations that occurred in the world during this era may be set in the context of three overarching patterns of change.

29. Africa Direct-Ethnographic Art, Trade Beads, Masks, Carvings, Artifacts, Textile kongo healing figureVERY RARE, old $1,200.00 Length is 26 inches. Ancestor worshipformed the core of the Kota peoples' religiou. . . Old indigenous repair. http://www.africadirect.com/ccproducts2.php?category=11&subcategory=97

30. NEW ACQUISITIONS - AFRICAN STUDIES und kongo auf den Spuren von Jan Czekanowski = Miedzy Nilem a kongo sladamiJana africa's indigenous peoples 'First peoples' or 'Marginalized minorities http://www.lib.duke.edu/ias/NewBooks/African/December_2002.htm

duke libraries catalog databases ask a librarian ... contact us AFRICAN STUDIES N ew Acquisitions - December 2002 Guide to Dewey Call Numbers General Bibliography Religion Social Sciences (320s Political Science) (330s Economics) (340s Law) Linguistics Literature Public Documents Special Collections ... IAS Homepage GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY Newell, Stephanie, 1968- Bloomington : Indiana University Press, c2002. Perkins 028.9 N547, L776, 2002 Zell, Hans M. The African publishing companion : a resource guide. Lochcarron : Hans Zell Pub., 2002. Perkins Reference 070.5096 Z51, A258, 2002 The Tribune years. Ibadan [Nigeria] : Effective Publishers, 2000. Perkins 070.92 A231, T822, 2000 [Top of Page] [Top of Page] RELIGION Kings, Graham. Cambridge : Grove Books, 2001. Divinity 264.005 A356, L782x, no. 50 K¶hler, G¼nter.

31. Igor Kopytoff (ed), peoples of africa 1979 indigenous african Slavery Commentary One. 1985 Reviewof Wyatt MacGaffey, Modern kongo Prophets Religion in a Plural Society http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~kopytoff/

Igor Kopytoff Professor of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Contact Information Major Research Interests I am a general practitioner in cultural anthropology, with an ethnographic focus on Africa and with some past research in northern Asia. More specifically, my interests, research, and publications deal with social structure, political organization, and religion - and the process of transformation in them. I have also worked and published on slavery as a general cultural phenomenon, with a special interest in indigenous slavery in Africa as a culture-historical phenomenon. I have done fieldwork in the Congo, Cameroon, and the Ivory Coast. Contact Information IGOR KOPYTOFF Professor of Anthropology Dept.of Anthropology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia. Pa 19104-6398 kopytoff@sas.upenn.edu Born April 16, 1930, in Mukden, China. Raised in Shanghai, where attended French primary school (Ste. Jeanne d’Arc) and English secondary school (St. Francis Xavier’s College). In 1948 moved to Chile (Santiago and Chuquicamata), in 1950 to British East Africa (Tanganyika and Kenya), and in 1951 to the United States (Evanston, Ill).

32. ASR: Volume 37, Number 3, December 1994 Invisible Powers The World of kongo Belief, Simon M. Merryfield), p. 131; Nigerias indigenous Technology, Basse of Economics, Societies, and peoples in africa http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/ASA/ASR373.html

ASR: Volume 37, Number 3, December 1994 CONTENTS ARTICLES Global Africa: From Abolitionists to Reparationists Ali A. Mazrui Rastafari in the Promised Land: The Spread of a Jamaican Socioreligious Movement Among the Youth of Africa Neil J. Savishinsky Nigerian Primary School Teacher s Perceptions of Schooling During the Second Decade of Universal Primary Education Cynthia Szymanski Sunal. , Dennis Sunal, Osayimwense Ose With Friends Like These. . .A Critique of Pervasive Anti- Africanisms in Current African Studies Epistemology and Methodology Oyekan Owomoyela REVIEW ESSAY AND BOOK REVIEWS Adjustment Alternatives and Alternatives to Adjustment Nicolas van de Walle Women s Studies: Struggling over Scarce Resources: Women and Maintenance in Southern Africa, Alice Armstrong (Gloria Thomas Emeagwali), p. 117; Nigerian Women in Historical Perspective , edited by Bolanle Awe (Barbara M. Cooper), p. 118; First Find Your Child a Good Mother, Paul Riesman (Marjorie A. Franken), p. 119; Strategies of Slaves and Women: Life-Stories from East/Central Africa, Marcia Wright ( Gregory Maddox) p. 122. Anthropology and Linguistics: Death and the Invisible Powers: The World of Kongo Belief, Simon Bockie (Wyatt MacGaffey), p. 124; Beyond the Stream: Islam and Society in a West African Town, Robert Launay (Frank A. Salamone), p. 125; Social Motivations for Codeswitching: Evidence from Africa, Carol Myers-Scotton (Ben G. Blount), p. 127.

33. Films & Video Recordings On AFRICA the women's movement and the associations of indigenous peoples who seek to aid forfamine relief in africa as a With his help Mani kongo is reunited with his http://www.info.library.yorku.ca/depts/smil/filmographies/africa.htm

AFRICA Last updated October 2001 The films and videorecordings listed below are owned by York University Libraries and available for academic use by the York University community. Requests for these materials can be made in writing, by telephone, or in person to the 125 Scott Library York University 4700 Keele Street North York, Ontario M3J 1P3 E-Mail: imagelib@yorku.ca Telephone:416-736-2100 ext.33324 Fax:416-736-5838 Fall/Winter Hours: Summer Hours: Please note the following abbreviations: MP : 16mm film VC : VHS videotape VC 3/4 : 3/4" videotape Table of Contents General Algeria Angola Benin ... Zimbabwe GENERAL AFRICA SERIES 52 min. each 1984 RM Arts Prod. 1. DIFFERENT BUT EQUAL VC #1206 and #4494 Traces the early history of the continent noting that some of the world's greatest prehistoric civilizations had their origins in Africa. 2. MASTERING A CONTINENT VC #1207 and #4494 Examines how African farmers created a viable way of life in an often hostile environment. 3. CARAVANS OF GOLD

34. Africa Abstract being shipped to Sao Tome from the kongo Kingdom, itself. and disease conspired topromote the indigenous form of between the Hutu and Tutsi peoples of Central http://www.icltd.org/africa_abstract.htm

AN ABSTRACT HISTORY OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN Introduction The following abstract is based on the book, "Africa: A Biography of the Continent" by John Reader (1998). Mr. Reader was born in London in 1937. He lived and traveled in Africa for many years. Students are encouraged to read Mr. Reader's book. In the meantime, the following abstract highlights some of the most important trends and events detailed in his workevents that occurred in Africa from the geological birth of the continent almost 3 billion years ago to the mid-1990's. The student is directed to review the Definitions Companion and Questions Supplement accompanying this Abstract, which should make reading easier. The Abstract The Land topography of the African continent is wide ranging. North Africa is dry and arid and dominated by deserts. Central and southern Africa is a combination of jungle, mountains and wide-open ranges called savanna profound affect on African history. The Cradle of Life Recent research has shown Africa to be the cradle of life, providing the environment in which modern humans evolved. This development was closely associated with the changing environmental and climatic forces that, in turn, affected the food supply and the competition for survival.

35. MarketPlace Sierra Madre del Sur, is home to about a halfmillion indigenous peoples. denoteda voodoo snake god of West africa and Haiti; in the kongo language of http://www.bookzone.com/bookzone/10001311.peek.html

Click here for advertising information A Collector's Odyssey Across Seven Continents: the Americas Ned Munger [If you can't access the secure order form, click here Menu Overview Reviews Tantalizing Questions Answered What You Will Do When You Read ... Table of Contents Overview A pioneering work, The Americas brings together the history, politics, and sociology of the peoples of the Western Hemisphere as reflected in ethnic chess sets. Prize-winning sculptors created some of the 94 sets illustrated and described; some were carved by unknown artists. The art represents the cultures of 18 countries and 15 islands in the Americas. This book provides the first written record of ethnic sets from this part of the world. Anasazi, Aztec, Carib, Chamorro, Cherokee, Choc=, Diaguita, Garifuna, Hopi, Inuit, Lacand=n, Maya, Polynesian, Quechua, Sioux, Taino, and Tarascan; Amish, Mormon, and Rastafarian; black, white, creole, and mestizo: this is a partial list of the ethnic, religious, and racial groups represented. The Americas also chronicles the author's travels and experiences: risking ambush by gun-toting drug runners in Panama's dense Darien jungle to meet Chocó Indians; following Shackleton's wake in hostile Antarctic waters to visit South Georgia; taking the wheel of a flat-bottomed boat to guide it through a hurricane-whipped Caribbean Sea.

36. Africa Overview was filled by desert Berbers, an indigenous African people region with people speakingNigerkongo languages, the Of all the peoples the Europeans tried to http://www.adams.edu/academics/art_letters/hgp/civ/110/1africaoverview.html

Return to syllabus African Civilizations Africa south of the Sahara Africans south of the Sahara lived largely in nomadic, hunter-gatherer groups up until 200 BC. As a result, African populations were very sparse. There are several speculations as to why sub-Saharan Africans remained in hunting-gathering groups, but they are all guess-work. Perhaps the most reasonable explanations involve the abundance of resources and the protection that their isolation gave them from invasion and migration pressures. Still, early sub-Saharan Africans developed metallurgy at a very early stage, possibly even before other peoples. Around 1400 BC, East Africans began producing steel in carbon furnaces (steel was invented in the west in the eighteenth century). The Iron Age itself came very early to Africa, probably around the sixth century BC, in Ethiopia, the Great Lakes region, Tanzania, and Nigeria. Iron technology, however, only spread slowly across Africa; it wasn't until the first century AD that the smelting of iron began to rapidly diffuse throughout the continent. The instrument of that spread was the Bantu migrations Urban settlement began at a very early date in Africa. The earliest urban settlements were stone-walled towns in southern Mauritania that date back to sometime in the second millennium BC. An explosion of urban settlement in the Sahel region immediately south of the Sahara began between 600 and 200 BC. The Sahel is a hot, dry savanna that can support human agriculture and settlement. The first urban settlements were Sahelian: Jenne, Gao, and Kumbi (later Kumbi Saleh, the capital of the kingdom of Ghana). All of these urban centers grew up in oasis and river regions which could support such large populations.

37. UMBC Library-- Photographs Matching Keywords-- Search Results ROADS PASSES (LANDFORMS) indigenous peoples CLOTHING WATER ROCK FORMATIONS 19TH CENTURY ALGERIA africa; ONE..MOST GORGEOUS RAVINES..OUTER kongo. http://aok.lib.umbc.edu/imcat.php3?orderby=CAPTION&SUBJECT=CANYONS

38. Overview Of African History ties with fading empires such as kongo, Songhai and European diseases took a devastatingtoll on indigenous peoples. speaking whites in South africa who moved http://www.msubillings.edu/dzirker/African History Overview.html

AFRICA AND LATIN AMERICA BRIEF OVERVIEW OF AFRICAN HISTORY A Brief Overview ( with my additions! ) of Points Raised in Bohannan and Curtin, Chapters 12, 13, 14, 18, 19 and 20 Chapter 12: Africa AND THE WORLD We should constantly remind ourselves that our understanding of Africa is conditioned by the fact that Europe conquered and dominated the continent to an unparalleled extent. The knowledge that most Americans have of Africa is immediately filtered through: Slavery , and its aftermath, the protracted social and economic privation of a large and easily recognizable group The trivialization of African society and culture in literature, films, the media, and other popular culture outlets CULTURE AND OUR OWN JUDGMENTS What is culture? "High" vs. "low" conceptualizations of culturewhat do these terms signify? Really mean? The complex influences that African culture had on American and European cultures The use of technology (and the attainment of a level of technology , particularly in warfare) as a standard for judging the relative merits of African culture (apples vs. oranges?)

39. Africa Angola kongo Kingdom check out kongo Kingdom in sites; Equatorial Guinea - BiokoIsland's indigenous Bubi Tribe learn how ancient African peoples crossed the http://schools.sd68.bc.ca/dove/dept/library/africa.html

Africa These sites are suggested as starting points for students' Internet research. Art and Culture General Sites and Statistics About Africa Modern Societies Past Societies ... Trade Routes Art and Culture Links African Art: African Artists - artists and art galleries African Odyssey Interactive - African arts and education resources from the Kennedy Center The Craft of Basketry in Southern Africa - Iziko Museums of Cape Town South African Museum EX AFRICA - Exhibitions and Museums of African Tribal Art Ndebele - Art of an African Tribe - Margaret Courtney Clark offers photographs of colorful murals and traditional beadwork made by Ndebele woman. Includes a history of the Ndebele. NOVICA - over 180 western African masks Our Tribe: African gallery - retail site offers this page of vintage images of North African women in traditional attire Photo Gallery - One of the Largest Ancient Egyptian Photo Galleries on the Internet. TRADITIONAL AFRICAN ART - links to masks, carvings, instruments, bronzes, tapestries and more TRADITIONAL AFRICAN ART: Presentation - Among us, the profession of artist doesn't exist, we only materialize what the occult science have revealed to us and our ancestors. We are the middlemen between the earth and the further on.

40. Africa kongo that was more tolerant of indigenous culture, and In the cases of Ethiopiaand kongo, contact resulted for women, should be imposed on African peoples. http://www.missouri.edu/~religjr/Africa.html

AFRICA Ch. 6, Kevin Ward. Use the map on p. 576. Christianity is ancient in Africa This vibrant southern half of the cradle of western civilization is separated from the rest of the African continent by the great Saharan Desert. Through Egypt flows the Nile and along its fertile banks, Coptic (Egyptian) Christian monks traveled south, establishing monasteries as they went. Thus Christianity reached Nubia which became a Christian country only to be challenged by Islam. Nubia remained under the rule of Christian Kings until 1323. But by 1500, Islam had triumphed completely in Nubia. Islam and Ethiopia remained on good terms due to a story of Ethiopian hospitality extended to Mohammad's companions just prior to the Hadj. A more warlike Muslim general ignored this peace, invading and destroying Ethiopian Churches. An interlude of Catholic contact followed through a Spanish Jesuit (a good guy) who was followed by a Portuguese Jesuit (a bad guy). As you read about the heroism of the first Jesuit and the high-handed behavior of the second, you should know that rebaptism, reordination, reconsacration of churches, especially the repetition of the sacraments, was not only arrogant, but heretical. In any case, the Ethiopians tended to withdraw into themselves after unhappy encounters with both Muslims and Catholics, and to continue their form of Christianity that retains more of the Jewish influence than any other body of Christians. Ethiopian Christianity has other distinguishing marks that I leave you to collect from p. 200.

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