61. JAIC 1992, Volume 31, Number 1, Article 2 (pp. 03 To 16) 5. Nkisi, kongo peoples, Zaire, Wood, iron, Beads twin figures (ere ibeji), Yorubapeoples, Nigeria, Wood this paper to ascertain an indigenous perspective how http://aic.stanford.edu/jaic/articles/jaic31-01-002_1.html

JAIC 1992, Volume 31, Number 1, Article 2 (pp. 03 to 16) THE EXHIBITION AND CONSERVATION OF AFRICAN OBJECTS: CONSIDERING THE NONTANGIBLE STEPHEN P. MELLOR 1 INTRODUCTION Some specific examples in African art where nontangible attributes might have an effect on treatment decisions can be seen in the following: Should we look inside a Yoruba beaded crown (fig. 1), considered to be the premier piece of divine regalia, to mend the textile lining (fig. 2), or lend slides of its interior to the education department, when in cultural context it is forbidden for anyone, including the king, to view the interior? Should we secure loose and detached fragments of sacrificial patination on a Bamana Komo headdress (fig. 3), when the amount and thickness of this incrustation (fig. 4) are directly related to the degree and effectiveness of its cultural power? How do we justify the public exhibition of an Igala shrine figure (fig. 9), which would have been restricted from public view and seen only by people of a specific age, sex, or initiate? Fig. 1. Crown, Yoruba peoples, Nigeria, Glass beads, basketry, textile, vegetable fiber, metal, H 30 ¾ in (78. 1cm). NMAfA 24-1989-01 (private lender). Photograph by Jeffrey Ploskonka

62. JAIC 1992, Volume 31, Number 1, Article 2 (pp. 03 To 16) 5. Nkisi, kongo peoples, Zaire, Wood, iron, Beads, vegetable fiber in this paper toascertain an indigenous perspective how Stilt dencer, Punu peoples, Gabon. http://aic.stanford.edu/jaic/articles/jaic31-01-002.html

JAIC 1992, Volume 31, Number 1, Article 2 (pp. 03 to 16) THE EXHIBITION AND CONSERVATION OF AFRICAN OBJECTS: CONSIDERING THE NONTANGIBLE STEPHEN P. MELLOR 1 INTRODUCTION Some specific examples in African art where nontangible attributes might have an effect on treatment decisions can be seen in the following: Should we look inside a Yoruba beaded crown (fig. 1), considered to be the premier piece of divine regalia, to mend the textile lining (fig. 2), or lend slides of its interior to the education department, when in cultural context it is forbidden for anyone, including the king, to view the interior? Should we secure loose and detached fragments of sacrificial patination on a Bamana Komo headdress (fig. 3), when the amount and thickness of this incrustation (fig. 4) are directly related to the degree and effectiveness of its cultural power? How do we justify the public exhibition of an Igala shrine figure (fig. 9), which would have been restricted from public view and seen only by people of a specific age, sex, or initiate? Fig. 1. Crown, Yoruba peoples, Nigeria, Glass beads, basketry, textile, vegetable fiber, metal, H 30 ¾ in (78. 1cm). NMAfA 24-1989-01 (private lender). Photograph by Jeffrey Ploskonka

63. Ecotourismwatch.de Translate this page ersten Menschen in den Wäldern des östlichen kongo. der International Work Groupfor indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) und dem Forest peoples Programme, ISBN 87 http://www.ecotourismwatch.org/2194.html?*session*id*key*=*session*id*val*

64. Sub-Saharan Africa a land of diverse ethnic composition, including the indigenous Pygmy peoples andthe Bantu speaking peoples moving in from West Central africa about a 1,000 http://edtech.suhsd.k12.ca.us/inprogress/bvm/chenson/africa.htm

65. Fr. Nicoll's Course Website The San are probably descendants of the Neolithic peoples of the Axum Arid Gao CessationGhana Dynastic Kilwa Elaborate kongo indigenous MaliI Innovation http://www.loyno.edu/~nicoll/subsah.htm

66. Ewe Slaves & Voodoo: America's Hidden Heritage culturally,and ancestrally distinct and indigenous to their Bini, Hausa, Ibo, Ibibio,Efil, kongo, Umbundu, And 15. Ellis, AB, The Ewe Speaking peoples of the http://www.mamiwata.com/ewe.html

//Jump To Top Link Script // // EWE SLAVES AND "VOODOO" IN AMERICA Uncovering America's Hidden Heritage By Mamaissii Vivian Odelelasi Dansi Hounon, M.Ed. "Paw" Maternal great-great grandfather of Mamaissii Vivian (author) "Paw use to take us across this small bridge that he'd built. For years, we'd track on across that bridge, and never thought nothing of it. It was not until later that we realized that it wasn't no bridge at all; but a great-big-ole-serpent! You see, in those days, before the White man started clubbing and shooting them to death, they [the serpents] use to grow that big!" -[Mamaissii Vivian's] Family-lore about "Paw" passed down from great-grandmother. -Paris,Louisiana EWE [ ev-way ] SLAVES IN AMERICA: An Anecdotal Journey Papaws or Popos [The] "Papaws or Popos were the largest group of Africans exported and enslaved [in America] in the early eighteenth century. They were speakers of Ewe and in this language there is a word dzon'ku ' a sorcerer's name for himself and the world -nu meaning man. Put together the words mean

67. Smithsonian: Cultural Identity And Interaction global influence of africa’s peoples and cultures The Importance of IndigenousKnowledge Cultural belief systems tusk convey the essence of kongo life and http://www.si.edu/history_and_culture/cultural_identity_and_interaction/

About Smithsonian Websites A-Z Home Exhibitions ... History and Culture Cultural Identity and Interaction History and Culture Biographies Fields: Archaeology and Ancient Cultures Cultural Identity and Interaction Economics and Work Exploration and Travel ... Smithsonian Institution Regions and Cultures: African African American American American Indian ... European See also: Evolution and Paleontology General African Voices Examines the diversity, dynamism, and global influence of Africa’s peoples and cultures over time Anthropology FAQs Leaflets and bibliographies anthropological topics such as archaeology and Native Americans Anthropology on the Internet for K-12 A select list of Web sites for teachers and students interested in the field of anthropology The Importance of Indigenous Knowledge Cultural belief systems and sustainable development Cultural Encounter A More Perfect Union: Japanese Americans and the U.S. Constitution The experiences of Japanese Americans during WWII; decision-making and citizen action under the U.S. Constitution A Spiral of History: A Carved Tusk from the Loango Coast Congo Scenes on a carved tusk convey the essence of Kongo life and beliefs Across Borders: Beadwork in Iroquois Life Shows how this singular art form has been linked to the identity and survival of the Iroquois people (PDF) Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People The Ainu, the only native people of Japan, have long fascinated western scientists, and the Japanese themselves.

68. The Colonial State effects on both kongo and nonkongo communities for gain military superiority overthe indigenous population of the great diversity among the peoples and their http://www.congo2000.net/english/history/kingdom.html

The Former Kingdoms The western bantou are at the origin of more Ancient kingdoms in Democratic Republic of Congo, the most known is the Kongo kingdom (15th century) and the other one is probably the Kuba kingdom (17th century). The oriental bantou began with the kingdoms Luba (16th century) and Lunda (17th century). The Kongo, Lunda, Luba, and Kuba state systems shared certain common features, I.The Kongo kingdom The Kongo Kingdom was the first state on the west coast of Central Africa to come into contact with Europeans. Portuguese sailors under Diogo Cao landed at the mouth of the Congo River in 1482 . Cao traveled from Portugal to Kongo and back several times during the 1480s, bringing missionaries to the Kongo court and taking Kongo nobles to Portugal in 1485. In the 1490s, the king of Kongo asked Portugal for missionaries and technical assistance in exchange for ivory and other desirable items, such as slaves and copperwares a relationship, ultimately detrimental to the Kongo, which continued for centuries. Competition over the slave trade had repercussions far beyond the boundaries of Kongo society. Slave-trading activities created powerful vested interests among both Africans and foreigners; the Portuguese and later the Dutch, French, British, and Arabs.

69. Untitled africa came to be dominated by foreign peoples. Asian, Indian, over 1000 differentindigenous groups (including Ewe, Fang, Hutu, Kissi, kongo, Mandinka, Mestico http://www.osearth.com/resources/sampleNWG/NWG_beta/reports/ssa/hist.html

Sub Saharan Africa National Archives Report from Head Archivist Sub-Saharan Africa was originally inhabited by a group of people who were probably the forefathers of the Pygmies, Bushmen and Hottentots of today. In 30,000 BC, they were pushed to the Northwest and South by another group of people who were taller and larger. Sub-Saharan Africa was home to several great kingdoms before European colonization. The Ghana Empire, which began in the fourth century and reached its height in the tenth century, commanding most of the area between Timbuktu and the Atlantic Ocean. The Mali Empire (also known as the Madingo Empire) was a trading kingdom which controlled most of West Africa as well as the city of Timbuktu and extended into the southern Sahara. Under Mansa Musa, the Mali Empire reached its apogee in the fourteenth century. The Arab traveler Ibn Batuta visited and wrote on the Mali empire in the mid-fourteenth century. Africa came to be dominated by foreign peoples. The Portuguese were the first to explore Sub-Saharan Africa in 1270. By the nineteenth century, Sub-Saharan Africa had been colonized by almost every European nation and was host to a series of battles, conflicts of interest and treaties. The dynamics of this colonial period for the most part determined Africa's borders today. Countries include: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

70. The Page Cannot Be Found is Hausa, one of the two most common indigenous languages of spoken by the Khoikhoiand San peoples of southern CongoKinshasa; Rundi in Burundi; kongo in Congo http://www.africana.com/Articles/tt_162.htm

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71. The Page Cannot Be Found ethnic groups in Berbice were kongo and related west Mandinka (Malinke), Chamba, Moko,various peoples of the a small number of indigenous peoples, treaties of http://www.africana.com/Articles/tt_449.htm

Seems like there's been some kind of error. The link that brought you here is malfunctioning. The content you wish to view may have moved to another area of the site or may no longer be available. Apologies for the inconvenience. Let's try again!

72. ASR 1990-5 the Invisible Powers The World of kongo Belief (Wyatt Basse W. Andah, Nigeria'sIndigenous Technology; Gloria of Economics, Societies, and peoples in africa http://www.umass.edu/anthro/asr/asr373.htm

African Studies Review The Journal of the African Studies Association ASR: Volume 37, Number 3, December 1994 Articles - "Global Africa: From Abolitionists to Reparationists" by Ali A. Mazrui "Rastfari in the Promised Land: The Spread of a Jamaican Socioreligious Movement Among the Youth of Africa" by Neil J. Savishinsky - "Nigerian Primary School Teachers' Perceptions of Schooling During the Second Decade of Universal Primary Education" by Cynthia Szymanski Sunal, Dennis Sunal, and Osayimwense Ose - "With Friends Like These . . . A Critique of Pervasive Anti-Africanisms in Current African Studies Epistemology and Methodology" by Oyekan Owomoyela Review Essay - "Adjustment Alternatives and Alternatives to Adjustment" by Nicolas van de Walle Book Reviews Women's Studies: - Alice Armstrong, Struggling over Scarce Resources: Women and Maintenance in Southern Africa (Gloria Thomas Emeagwali) - Bolanle Awe, ed., Nigerian Women in Historical Perspective (Barbara M. Cooper)

73. Vol.28, No. 15 - Calendar - OnCampus, OSU's Newspaper For Faculty And Staff Films, Cry the Beloved Country (South africa, 1995), 7 Voices in the Mirror The KongoFlair in Language and Society Studying the indigenous peoples of Mexico http://www.acs.ohio-state.edu/oncampus/v28n20/calendar.html

May 13, 1999 Vol. 28, No. 20 Dance May 20-22, Spring Dance Concert Ô99, 8 p.m., Sullivant Hall Theatre, admission, 292-7977. Events May 13, Ruth Beckey Irwin Functional Communication Laboratory Dedication and Reception, 5 p.m., 120 Pressey Hall, 292-8207. May 15, 22 and 29, Radio Magazine, Insight , discussion of issues important to the African-American community, Reggie Anglen, 7:30 a.m., WSMZ-FM 103.1, 292-8423. May 31, Memorial Day Holiday, no classes, offices closed, 292-4164. Exhibits Through May 14, Master of Fine Arts Thesis Exhibition, Charles Noel, art and technology, Gallery Talk 12:30 p.m., Hopkins Hall Gallery, 292-5072. Through May 15, The Book of Martyrs, Philip Sills Exhibit Hall, Main Library, 292-2786. Through May 16, 1999 OSU-M Student Show, Pearl Conard Gallery, Mansfield, 292-9108 or (419) 755-4283. Through June 11, Billy Ireland: Self-Taught Artist, Cartoon Research Library, 292-0538 or cartoons@osu.-edu. Through June 18

74. Index01 indigenous peoples and Reform of the State in Latin An indigenous People's Strugglefor Forest and Identity in Sub kongo Proverbs and the Origins of Bantu Wisdom http://www.anthropos-journal.de/index01/body_index01.htm

INDEX 2001 AUTHOR INDEX GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX Articles Africa ... Oceania AUTHOR INDEX Articles Amborn, Hermann: Soul and Personality As a Communal Bond 41 Antweiler, Christoph: Interkulturalität und Kosmopolitismus in Indonesien? Ethnische Grenzen und ethnieübergreifende Identität in Makassar 433 Bednarik, Robert G.: Beads and Pendants of the Pleistocene 545 Beek, W.E.A. van: cf. Bienfait, H.F. and W.E.A. van Beek Bienfait, H.F. and W.E.A. van Beek: Right and Left As Political Categories. An Exercise in "Not-So-Primitive" Classification 169 Bonatz, Dominik: Wandel einer Megalithkultur im 20. Jahrhundert (Nias/Indonesien) 105 Bossert, Federico, y Diego Villar: Tres dimensiones de la máscara ritual chané 59 Braakhuis, H.E.M.: The Way of All Flesh. Sexual Implications of the Mayan Hunt 391 Brumann, Christoph: Religious Consensus and Secular Dissent. Two Alternative Paths to Survival for Utopian Communes 87 Dalfovo, Albert Titus: Religion among the Lugbara. The Triadic Source of Its Meaning 29 Demmer, Ulrich: Always an Argument. Persuasive Tools in the Death Rituals of the Jenu Kurumba 475 Erckenbrecht, Corinna:

75. Articles From The Eleggua Project opportunity among the creoles and kongo people grew Cuban heritages derived from Africaand peoples of African As a result of the indigenous revitalization now http://www.pathcom.com/~cancuba/articles2.htm

In This Issue: Professional Exchange Or Cultural Tourism The Dark Side of Tourism Mysticism and Religion New Friends and Opportunities: African Heritage in the Americas ... "We Are NOT Extinct":Indians in Cuba Professional Exchange Or Cultural Tourism Letter from Juan Mesa Casa de las Americas, Havana Ministry of Culture, Cuba I read with interest Robert Barnett's note in this issue of Elegua Newsletter.I have known Robert for over four years, he is a friend of the Cuban people, so I know his criticism is heartfelt Cuba has worked very hard since the collapse of the Soviet Union to rebuild its economy and give its people a better life. We appreciate the foreign joint venture partners who have begun to work with us in Cuba and we welcome foreign visitors to the island. I am well aware of the dangers of uncontrolled tourism, and in association with the Ministry of Culture we are trying to monitor its impact on Cuba. Most visitors come to Cuba for our superior beaches and the safety of our island. The visitors we most welcome are those who come to study and work with us to explore our history and cultural expression. In some countries this is called cultural tourism, but I don't like the phrase as it might imply the exploitation of cultural heritage. I like to think in terms of professional exchanges. It is for this reason that I have agreed to work with the Eleggua Project. Eleggua Project now hosts more than five programs a year for professionals, academics, graduate and undergraduate students who wish to understand the cultural influences that have contributed to the creation of modern Cuba. I always enjoy reading the Eleggua Newsletter because I gain new insights and new perspectives on my own country that result from these professional exchanges.

76. 15 Pre-scramble Period with their techniques of coercing the indigenous people. collapse of the Kingdom ofthe kongo in the others were acquired in trade from peoples farther inland http://husky1.stmarys.ca/~wmills/course316/15Pre-scramble.html

Wallace G. Mills Hist. 316 15 Pre-scramble Period Pre-scramble Period (to 1800) - as we have noted earlier, European contacts with sub-Saharan Africa began with Portuguese exploration southward in the 2nd half of the 15th C. Vasco de Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488; further exploration up east coast of Africa before the end of the 15th C. - during 16-18th C most of the typical European intruders had appeared: traders, missionaries, explorers and settlers (a number were involved in more than 1 activity). - white settlers had only come beginning in 1652 at the Cape; this immigration was small, just a few thousand over 150 years. Most of the growth (still only perhaps 50,000 or so by the end of the 18th C) was by natural increase. - penetration was limited, only about 500-600 miles east (mostly along the coast) from Cape Town by 1800. We shall discuss this more extensively in lecture 18 White Settlers in South Africa. - explorers were almost continuous; this was the early phase of European interest and expansion. - the interest was both commercial/economic and intellectual. The curiosity about the world was also resulting in the development of science (i.e., systematic observation and experimentation); Intellectual curiosity and economic interests were often interlinked; e.g., the foundations of biology were often linked with attempts to improve agriculture and farming.

77. Chapter Outline Songhay, 1591; Revolts of subject peoples brought the 180 Muslim scholars; BlendedIslam with indigenous beliefs and The Antonian movement of kongo, a syncretic http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/history/world/bentley/stud_olc/chap25outline.htm

Online Learning Center Chapter 25: Africa and the Atlantic World For list of chapters click on arrow Getting Started Chapter 1: Before History Chapter 2: Early Societies in Southwest Asia and North Africa Chapter 3: Early Society in South Asia and the Indo-European Migrations Chapter 4: Early Society in East Asia Chapter 5: Early Societies in the Americas and Oceania Chapter 6: The Empires of Persia Chapter 7: The Unification of China Chapter 8: State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India Chapter 9: Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase Chapter 10: Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase Chapter 11: Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads Chapter 12: A Survivor Society: Byzantium Chapter 13: A New Society: The Realm of Islam Chapter 14: The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia Chapter 15: India and the Indian Ocean Basin Chapter 16: The Foundations of Christian Society in Western Europe Chapter 17: Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration Chapter 18: States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa Chapter 19: Western Europe during the High Middle Ages Chapter 20: Worlds Apart: The Americas and Oceania Chapter 21: Reaching Out: Cross-Cultural Interactions Chapter 22: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections Chapter 23: The Transformation of Europe Chapter 24: New Worlds: The Americas and Oceania Chapter 25: Africa and the Atlantic World Chapter 26: Tradition and Change in East Asia Chapter 27: The Islamic Empires Chapter 28: The Russian Empire in Europe and Asia Chapter 29: Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

78. Deutscher Kolonialatlas Und Illustriertes Jahrbuch, 1913 Atlas Of the ground for diseases of all kinds, which do not affect the cotton cultivated bythe indigenous on nearby (The peoples in the Anhang Die kongoAbtretungen. http://stabi.hs-bremerhaven.de/whkmla/documents/kolonialatlas1913/kolat11doare12

Deutscher Kolonialatlas und Illustriertes Jahrbuch, 1913 Atlas of Germany's Colonies and Illustrated Yearbook, 1913, edited by P. Sprigade and M. Moisel Retrospect on Deutsch-Ostafrika's Development in 1912 Last year the colony got a new governor. Freiherr von Rechenberg was replaced on April 15th by Dr. Schnee , hitherto Director of the Reichskolonialamt. As the previous governor of our protectorate did not manage to administrate the colony in accordance with the views of the white inhabitants of the colony, the successor has been welcomed with great expectations. That in Deutsch-Ostafrika the wishes and needs of the white population will be given more consideration than before, was explicitly emphasized by undersecretary of state Dr. Solf on the occasion of his visit to Daressalam : "some of you believe the opening of Africa can only proceed via the indigenous and the trade with them; one would not like to see the white planters in Ostafrika. This is not the government's standpoint. Suedwest, for instance, it does not regard as livestock raising country only. What I have said in Morogoro a while agi, I want to repeat here : cultures of indigenous can very well coexist next to plantations. It is very well possible to do the one and not to neglect the other. This land is big and wide enough for both. Let the indigenous take care of their cultures. On the other hand the government will not forget that we have, in Ostafrika, a German colony." Over the last year the colony was peaceful; smaller expeditions have hardly been necessary, only because in remote regions a caravan was threatened or bereaved.

79. 1Up Info > Zaire > The Kongo Peoples | Zaire Information Resource 1UpInfo Country Studies Country Guide for Zaire . http://www.1upinfo.com/country-guide-study/zaire/zaire68.html

You are here 1Up Info Zaire History People ... News Search 1Up Info Zaire Zaire The Kongo Peoples The Kongo have long occupied all of Bas-Zaïre Region. Most but not all of these peoples, together with substantial numbers in Angola and smaller numbers in Congo, were originally inhabitants of the kingdom of the Kongo encountered by the Portuguese in the late fifteenth century. For all practical purposes, that kingdom had disintegrated into a number of small chiefdoms by the early seventeenth century. The end of the kingdom's political power did not preclude the continuing spread of Kongo influence, however, and some groups may have become Kongo in culture later. Because of their early contact with Europeans, the Kongo were among the groups early and heavily influenced by Roman Catholic and Protestant missionaries and by the schools established by them. The Roman Catholics placed particular emphasis on the traditions of the Kongo as they understood them and in turn communicated these reconstructed traditions to their students. The complex interaction of myth, competition, and the ambition of some leaders of Kongo origin as the prospect of independence loomed made the Kongo the largest single group to define themselves in ethnic terms for political purposes in the late 1950s and one of the few to develop an articulate ethnic ideology (see The Rise of Militant Ethnicity: Abako , ch. 1).

80. Tricks Of The Imperialist Forked Tongue: Chinese Imperialism Only few of these indigenous people exist on that were labeled Marxists and the Kongoand Ovimbundu Europeans into exterminating the aboriginal peoples of the http://www.expotimes.net/issue000927/chinese.htm

KEVIN McPHILLIPS TRAVEL The world's sole specialist in travel to and Sierra Leone CLICK HERE for more information GUARDSHIP LTD Money transfer and shipping CLICK HERE for details Shipping, forwarding Air sea freight Money transfer Tel: (020) 7231 9000 Fax: (020) 7231 5657 TransAfrica TEL/FAX: MOBILE CLICK HERE for details INDEPENDENT Sierra Leone, 27 September - 10 October, 2000 Vol 6 No 15 EXPO TIMES Exposing today for tomorrow RETURN TO HOME PAGE INDEX OF BACK ISSUES AFRICAN AFFAIRS Tricks of the Imperialist Forked Tongue: Chinese Imperialism By Dr. Daniel Tetteh Osabu-Kle Imperialism is independent of colour and the Chinese are no exception to this rule. An indispensable characteristic of imperialism is racism but because the Chinese are supposed to be of yellow colour being part of the Mongolian race, there is some tendency to assume that the Chinese are not imperialists because they are also discriminated against by the institutionalised racism of the West, and China was virtually colonised by the West. It is undeniable that Western imperialism forced opium down the throat of the Chinese in the so-called opium wars. However, having a previous history of imperialist domination does not by itself prevent any country or people from becoming imperialist and engage in the process of exploitation of the human and material resources of other people.

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