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         Kpelle Indigenous Peoples Africa:     more detail

61. WebGuinée/Société/Cl. Rivière/Guinea: Mobilization Of A People
In the forest zone, the Guerzekpelle and the Toma (or Loma Forest peoples. groups,the Peul immigrants established themselves among the indigenous farmers and
http://www.guinee.net/bibliotheque/sociology/rivieregn/chap1.html

Sociologie
Guinea: The Mobilization of a People
Ithaca. Cornell University Press. 1968. 260 p.
Chapter 1
Wealth in Diversity
Because traditions of the two great empires of Mali and of the Fouta Djalon still influence the sociopolitical behavior of two-thirds of the Guinean population, and because the head of state,
Before judging to what degree the reality corresponds to these expectations, it is advisable to examine all the favorable factors. A Guinean proverb observes that the balafon player tests his instrument, verifies its tone quality, and tries out his rhythms before playing his showpiece. An analysis of Guinea's basic geography, demography, ethnography, and history makes it easier to understand the hopes, resentments, vacillations, and decisions of its people. Lands and Peoples
Guinea's diverse cultural areas in the hinterland reflect fairly closely its administrative and geographic divisions. Indeed, its variations in altitude and the diversity of its climates and vegetation divide Guinea into four natural regions which, by and large, correspond to its major tribes . The country derives its wealth from the wide range of its mineral, agricultural, animal, and human resources.

62. WWW-VL History Index
The Kwa speaking peoples of Liberia Centre for of the cultural interaction betweenthe indigenous Liberians and Multipart vocal music of the kpelle of Liberia
http://www.ku.edu/history/VL/bib/liberia.html
WWW-VL HISTORY: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LIBERIAN HISTORY
Abasiattai, Monday B.
African resistance in Liberia: the Vai and the Gola-Bandi/
Monday B. Akpan.
Bremen:
Liberia Working Group,
Liberia Working Group papers no. 2.
Adibe, Clement.
United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research.
Managing arms in peace processes.
Liberia: paper Clement Adibe; questionnaire compilation, Mike MacKinnon. New York: United Nations, Clapham, Christopher S. African guerrillas edited by Christopher Clapham. Oxford: Kampala: Bloomington: James Currey; Fountain Publishers; Indiana University Press, Agetua, Nkem. Operation Liberty: the story of Major General Joshua Nimyel Dogonyaro Nkem Agetua. Lagos, Nigeria: Hona Communications, Alao, Abiodun. The burden of collective goodwill: the international involvement in the Liberian Civil War Abiodun Alao. Aldershot, Hants, England; Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate, Alexander, Archibald, 1772-1851. A history of colonization on the western coast of Africa. By Archibald Alexander ...

63. VADA - Talen Languages KM - KZ
Rights in Kurdish; The Kurdish peoples and their African Languages Chewa, Nyanja,Kikuyu, kpelle - (ASC)(MSU An indigenous Pidgin in North Western Australia
http://www.vada.nl/talenkm.htm

64. People Groups Living In The U.S. - Listed By Country Of Origin
table lists some of the ethnic peoples living in kpelle is the most widely spokennative language In addition, Native American languages indigenous to and still
http://www.ethnicharvest.org/peoples/bycountry.html
Home Search Site Map Bibles ... Search Our Site
DIRECTORY OF COUNTRIES*
The following table lists some of the ethnic peoples living in the United States, with links to additional information if available. This list is alphabetized by Country
See also the list alphabetized by Language COUNTRY LANGUAGE(S) Afghanistan Dari (called Farsi in Iran ) and Pashto (aka Pushto) are the official languages. There are also about one million speakers of Uzbek, one-half million speakers of Turkmen (aka Turkoman), and about one-half million speakers of Brahui Albania Albanian Algeria Arabic , Among Berber languages, Kabyle is predominant. Argentina Spanish , Pampa Armenia Armenian Austria German Azerbaijan Azeri Bahrain Arabic Bangladesh Bengali is predominant, Brahui is spoken by a small minority. Belgium Flemish and French are the official languages. Belorussia Belorussian, Russian Belize Garifuna Bhutan Jonkha is the official language. Nepali is also spoken. Bolivia The official language is Spanish , which is spoken by less than 40 percent of the population. The predominant Indian languages are Quechua, Aymara, and Saramo (aka Itonama; spoken by less than 19 percent of the population). Bosnia Serbo-Croation Brazil Portuguese Brunei Visayak Bulgaria Bulgarian Burkina Faso French is the official language. Mossi (aka More) is the predominant native language. Gurma, Fulani, Dejula, and Tuareg are also spoken.

65. Cross-cultural And Historical Perspectives On The Consequences Of Education
Among the kpelle and Vai peoples of Liberia some attempts to assess the cognitiveand social impacts of formal schooling compared to indigenous forms of
http://lchc.ucsd.edu/People/MCole/Oxford2.htm
Cross-cultural and Historical Perspectives on the Consequences of Education Michael Cole, University of California, San Diego (Herbert Spencer Lecture, Oxford University, Nov. 1, 2002) The intersection of complex issues that I address in this talk requires that I I begin by establishing at least some general agreement about the key terms in my title, culture and education on the one hand, cross-cultural and historical on the other. Each is complex in its own right, and the combinations to which their various conjunctions give rise are an invitation to confusion or misunderstanding. Culture and Education Although it is famously difficult to define, at present, the term "culture" is generally used to refer to the entire body of socially inherited past human accomplishments that serves as the resources for the current life of a social group ordinarily thought of as the inhabitants of a country or region (D'Andrade 1966) . There is evidence of the rudiments of culture in non-human species, but human beings are unique in their dependence upon the medium of culture and the forms of organism-environment (Tomasello 1999) interactions that culture supports in order to sustain and reproduce themselves.

66. Vol1_no9.htm
for the repatriation of freed slaves of africa origin The failure to assimilate theindigenous peoples was one of The dominant group, the kpelle of the central
http://www.republicofliberia.com/vol1_no9.htm
TO FIGHT OR NOT TO FIGHT YOU CAN MAKE A BIG DIFFERENCE THE LIBERIAN CIVIL WAR: A NECESSARY MEANS TO AN END THE MAJORITY LEADER ... WAYS TO HELP
TO FIGHT OR NOT TO FIGHT Executive Council
Liberia Contemporary Opposition Where do you stand on the issue of tyranny in Liberia? Should the Contemporary Opposition lead a true people's rebellion against the present tyrannical regime, or should we stand idly by and watch Taylor and his thugs, as they murder tens of thousands of Liberians and self-destruct in the process? Are you in favor of a Fight to restore Constitutional Democracy in Liberia? The Contemp Opps' Statement of Response to the September Massacre on Camp Johnson Road [Contemporary Voice, October 1998] drew overwhelming reaction from disparate groups. Since publishing the Statement, we have been inundated with calls and letters from agencies of governments, the United Nations, Amnesty International, ECOWAS, concerned individuals, and Liberians from around the world. They all have expressed concerns regarding the massacre in Monrovia, and weighed in on the Contemp Opps threat of retaliation. Clearly, most people would be against resumption of hostilities in Liberia; however, they agreed that Charles Taylor is wrong for Liberia, a major impediment to genuine peace and reconciliation, and threat to regional stability. Do we believe that the Taylor regime ought to be removed from power now by any means necessary? Yes. Are we aware that an armed uprising against the Taylor regime will cause the loss of lives? Yes. Do we believe in the democratic process? Yes, very strongly! Why, then, are we advocating violence in this particular instance as an acceptable means for the transfer of state power?

67. NATIVE-L (October 1993): UNDP: First Nations Speak Out
semiarid plains of East africa where I of their natural environments, indigenouspeoples have consciously the practices of the Liberian kpelle people, who
http://nativenet.uthscsa.edu/archive/nl/9310/0015.html
UNDP: First Nations Speak Out
debra@oln.comlink.apc.org
Sun, 3 Oct 1993 00:39:00 PDT CHOICES: The Human Development Magazine
June 1993
The International Year of the World's Indigenous People:
"First Nations" Speak Out
by James Walls
[To launch the International Year, indigenous spokespersons
from around the world addressed the General Assembly on
issues ranging from human rights to caring for the
environment. They may hold secrets for a sustainable future.
But is anyone listening?] United Nations, New York - On 9-10 December 1992, the United Nations hosted hundreds of representatives of the world's indigenous peoples. They constituted one of the most diverse cultural assemblages ever seen in a setting famed for its human variety. They journeyed here from all regions of the world to participate in ceremonies inaugurating 1993 as the International Year of the World's Indigenous People.

68. Liberian
are approximately 16 different ethnic groups indigenous to the country, includingKpelle, Bassa, Gio themselves as superior to the tribal peoples of the
http://www.baylor.edu/~Charles_Kemp/liberian.htm
Back to Refugee Health Liberian Refugees and Immigrants Introduction Liberia is a diverse country, and one that has undergone rapid socio-cultural change even in the last 25 years. This makes generalizations about "Liberian people" and "Liberian culture" somewhat difficult and overly simplistic. A Liberian from the capital city, for example, may feel much closer to American culture than to that of someone from the rural hinterland. All Liberians have, however, been touched in some way by the incredibly bloody conflict that was the Liberian civil war. The following is written in an attempt to share some of the common experiences Liberians suffered during their war and elucidate some of the social and cultural responses to it. A Brief History of the Conflict in Liberia The Liberian conflict has early historical roots when freed American slaves resettled on the coast of West Africa in the 1820's. The settlers generally regarded themselves as superior to the "tribal" peoples of the interior, and over time established civil controls to bring rural areas increasingly under centralized control, located in the coastal capital Monrovia. The national army became the main tool to enforce this control. By the 1970's, Liberian presidents came under increasing political pressure to reform, yet the entrenched political patronage system that had developed, coupled with a depressed worldwide economy, made reforms ineffective.

69. In Praise Of The Word: African Oral Arts:
Dagomba people of Gonja and Akan peoplesfor the For example, the kpelle peopleof Liberia maintain For example, modern mergers of indigenous and Western
http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/praiseword.htm
Humanities 211
Prof. Cora Agatucci
6 October 1998 2.1 IN PRAISE OF THE WORD:
Traditional African Oral Arts
SHORT CUTS In Praise of the Word Orality and Literacy : Different Ways of Knowing
A Twi Proverb Ikemefuna's Song Fulani Poetic Genres African Music and Culture
(CD) IN PRAISE OF THE WORD In many of traditional African cultures, oral arts are professionalized: the most accomplished storytellers and praise singers are initiates ( griots or bards , who have mastered many complex verbal, musical, and memory skills after years of specialized training. This training often includes a strong spiritual and ethical dimension required to control the special forces believed to be released by the spoken/sung word in oral performances. These occult powers and primal energies of creation and destruction are called nyama by Mande peoples of Western Africa, for example, and their jeli, or griots, are a subgroup of the artisan professions that the Mande designate nyamakalaw , or “ nyama-handlers Following a traditional griot performance of a spiritually-charged oral epic like Sundjiata , a Malian audience might ritualistically chant !Ka nyama bo! which could be translated something like

70. Www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact94/wf950141.txt
African tribes 95% (including kpelle, Bassa, Gio unwritten tribal practices for indigenoussector Suffrage Charles TAYLOR, chairman; Liberian peoples Party (LPP
http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact94/wf950141.txt

71. Untitled
of writing from trade with Semiticspeaking peoples and then A survey of the indigenousscripts of Liberia and Sierra Leone Vai, Mende, Loma, kpelle, and Bassa
http://nersp.nerdc.ufl.edu/~ufruss/language.contact.htm
Languages in Contact: Implications for Literacy
H. Russell Bernard, University of Florida
In: Literacy: And International Handbook, edited by Daniel Wagner, Richard Venetzky, and Brian Street. Westview Press, 1999. This is not the final copy-edited version. Not for quotation. Use the printed version for quotation.
Introduction
Historically, literacy has spread through contact between peoples who spoke written languages and those who did not. Contact results from trade, religious proselytizing, and schooling, the last often in cases of conquest and occupation. Three thousand years ago there were an estimated half million bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states all independent political units (Carneiro 1968). Today, there are about 6000 languages spoken in around 200 countries. Languages are thus now in contact more than ever.
The Spread of Writing
Writing was invented independently at least twice. Some scholars hold that all early writing systems in the Old World derive from a single invention (around 3200 BCE) that was spread by culture contact. The writing of the ancient Indus civilization, around 2500 BCE, for example, may have been stimulated by contact with traders from the Middle East. Others argue that writing was invented independently in what is today Iraq, Egypt, India, and China.

72. GRAIN | GRAIN Publications | 2002 | Intellectual Property Rights In African Agri
for their daily needs.3 The kpelle women in movement of peasants, small farmers, indigenouspeoples, and rural With IPRs rapidly emerging in africa, the voices
http://www.grain.org/publications/africa-ipr-2002-en.cfm
about us updates GRAIN publications subscribe
Sections Agricultural
biodiversity themes Biodiversity Rights Legislation Growing Diversity
Quarterly magazines Seedling Biodiversidad
Home GRAIN publications Intellectual Property Rights in African Agriculture Implications for Small Farmers Devlin Kuyek August 2002 Download this GRAIN publication in PDF format (right hand click and "save target as...")
(includes all tables and graphics - use for printing) [See also Genetically Modified Crops in African Agriculture, August 2002] Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 2. INNOVATION: TWO PERSPECTIVES
From innovation to imposition
Innovation by corporate breeders
The decline of the public sector 3. IPRS AND AFRICAN AGRICULTURE
Different perspectives on innovation
4. THE PUSH FOR IPRS IPRs and international trade Harmonising African seed markets Soft supporters of IPRs 5. CAN AFRICA GO ITS OWN WAY? The road less travelled The struggle for community rights 1. INTRODUCTION

73. Liberia: WORLD FACTBOOK
African tribes 95% (including kpelle, Bassa, Gio on unwritten tribal practices forindigenous sector Suffrage Harry MONIBA, chairman; Liberian peoples Party or
http://www.tradeport.org/ts/countries/liberia/wofact.html
Liberia
WORLD FACTBOOK
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce - National Trade Data Bank, May 6, 1999
TradePort is an authorized distributor of STAT-USA data. Liberia Main Menu
Developed by SAIC Internet Solutions

74. LANGUAGES-ON-THE-WEB: BEST XHOSA LINKS
LOKO CHEWA/NYANJA KIKUYU kpelle KRIO/PIDGIN the Xhosa, agricultural and pastoralpeoples native to History Port Elizabeth indigenous Nomadic Tribes Two
http://www.languages-on-the-web.com/links/link-xhosa.htm
language links
XHOSA HOME THE BEST LINKS GUARANTEE
Unlike many other web sites related to languages,
only serious and useful sites are listed here.
If you know a really good site for learning this language do email us GENERAL LINKS (UNDER CONSTRUCTION) XHOSA
picasso.wcape.school.za/subject/xhosa/xhoshome.htm (AltaVista, Excite) XHOSA. WCSN Home Page. General Subject Index. WWW search. Sabelo's Isixhosa Home Page. Second Language. Std 6 Writing Evenkileni yempahla (dialogue) Ndim.. The Xhosa Virtual Resourse Network
www.saol.co.za/xhosa/welcome.htm The Heritage Virtual Resource Network is the holding Organisation[Network] which steers and oversee all the networks within this domain.It is in this regard that The Heritage Virtual Resource Network announces the soon to be launching networks in its domain. These include the current Xhosa Network, the Sotho Network, the Afrikan Network and the Zulu Network will follow later after that.
www.cyberserv.co.za/users/~jako/lang/xho.htm (Snap, Excite) South African Language: XHOSA VADA Software Talen V - Z
www.vada.nl/softtvz.htm

75. II Journal: Reluctant Refugees: Liberians In Ghana
a thorough knowledge of indigenous traditions (‘invented For instance, the ethnicKpelle, Mandingo and African nationalist leaders and peoples struggling for
http://www.umich.edu/~iinet/journal/vol7no3/Owusu.htm
Reluctant Refugees: Liberians in Ghana
By Maxwell Owusu Maxwell Owusu is professor of anthropology at the U-M. He is the author of Uses and Abuses of Political Power (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1970). The 20th century has been termed the century of the refugee or of the uprooted because of the very large numbers of refugees the century produced in nearly all parts of the world right into the new millennium( ). According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), a 1999 mid-year count showed that Africa had six million refugees out of an estimated 21.1 million refugees worldwide. Africa’s figure included about three million refugees living outside their counties of origin, two million internally displaced persons and one million former refugees who had returned home. Following civil wars in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau and political discontent in Togo since the mid 1980s, West Africa has seen exponential growth of refugee flows. In 1988, according to official UNHCR sources, there were only 20,000 refugees in the West African sub-region. In 1994, the number had shot up to 700,000. The UNHCR was spending $598 million of its 1994 total budget of $1.4 billion on African refugees alone, with Rwandan refugees costing the UNHCR $258 million ( Daily Graphic (Accra) Friday, November 18, 1994:16). The urgent need for West African refugee studies cannot be overemphasized, given the pervasiveness and continuous growth of ‘refugeeism’ in the sub-region.

76. [Daniel Avorgbedor]
of music event among the kpelle of Liberia originally identified with Akan or Fanteindigenous military organizations ozi itself, that is, “all peoples gather
http://aaas.ohio-state.edu/dka/aesthew2.htm
AFRICAN AESTHETICS? AN INTRODUCTION AND EXAMPLES FROM THE MUSIC OF THE ANLO-EWE?*
Dr. Daniel Avorgbedor
A wide variety of artistic forms and expressions are often encountered in musical or ritual performances in African societies. It is not easy for the analyst to draw boundaries between what is art and what is not. This essay will introduce you to core ideas about art (painting, sculpture, music, dance, poetry, drama, etc.) and the problems they raise in the light of non-Western artistic and performance traditions, with illustrative examples from the music of the Anlo-Ewe (Ghana, West Africa). The introductory material contains minimum but important selection of online resources that further illuminate the essential qualities or traits of African arts
The Arts in General The origins of the term aesthetics are usually traced to Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (1750). In brief, many philosophers and general connoisseurs have questioned and added to the original definitions, evident in the works of, for example, Eduard Hanslick (1825-1904), Benedetto Croce (1866-1952), Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), John Dewey ((1859-1952), and others. Today, one can gain quick insight into the problems surrounding the definitions and applications of the term aesthetics by browsing recent issues of Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism http://www.temple.edu/jaac/

77. Augusta Georgia: Metro:Cracks In The Facade 09/30/01
Tolbert told the visiting Georgian, peoples and nations can it was time for an indigenousLiberian to ethnic groups, speaking 30 dialects ¡ kpelle, Bassa, Gio
http://www.augustachronicle.com/stories/093001/tub_cracks.shtml

Home Subscribe Weather Metro ... SCI-TECH
A pair of children fetch water from a well on a church compound in Monrovia. There has been no electricity or running water in Monrovia since the civil war began in 1990. JONATHAN ERNST/STAFF Cracks in the facade Web posted Sunday, September 30, 2001
Have a thought? Go to the Forums or Chat
Story and photographs by Jonathan Ernst
In William V.S. Tubman's time, people around the world called Liberia "Little America." There were American brand names on the grocers' shelves. The Liberians spoke English, carried U.S. dollars in their wallets and saluted a flag that looks for all the world like Old Glory. Beginning in 1944, the U.S. military used the country as a shipping point and operated a powerful Omega marine navigation transmitter there. The Peace Corps, at one time, had more workers in Liberia than in any other country in the world, and the Voice of America spoke to Africa via an antenna in Liberia. But in the 1970s the close ties loosened. World economies stagnated, and the Cold War entered a deep freeze. After the worldwide rubber market stalled, the Firestone plantation, the greatest American connection of all, was unable to push the Liberian economy as it had.

78. Prescriptive Alliance And Ritual Collaboration In Loma Society
to be of much consequence for its hinterland peoples. signal a new attitude towardindigenous cultural institutions among the Mano, Mende and kpelle, the Toma
http://voom.si.edu/leopold/leopold_1991_chapter2.htm
Robert Leopold / Prescriptive Alliance and Ritual Collaboration in Loma Society Chapter 2 THE LOMA PEOPLE The Loma are a Mande-speaking people who practice swidden agriculture in a mountainous, sparsely populated region astride the border between Guinea and Liberia. Within the two countries there are perhaps 250,000 Loma, and despite regional variation in custom and dialect, dissimilar histories of colonization, and the political border that now crosses their landscape, Loma on both sides maintain frequent social relations and a sense of common identity. The Loma are members of the Central West Atlantic culture area, an ethnically plural and linguistically diverse region that lies within the littoral forest zone bounded by the Scarcies River and Cape Palmas (d'Azevedo 1962). Within this complex region ethnic groups of the Mande, Kwa and Mel language families are present and their members often comprise a significant portion of Loma towns. Along the southern and western boundaries of the Loma area the Mel-speaking Kuwaa (Belle) and southern Mande-speaking Bandi are found; to the northwest live the Kwa-speaking Kissi. To the north and east the Loma region is bounded by the Kuranko, Konyaka and Malinke, speakers of northern Mande languages; while the Kpelle, a southern-Mande speaking people, live to the southeast. A common history of ethnic movement, warfare, long-distance trade and political alliance has contributed to an extraordinary degree of heterogeneity that is one of the region's principal social and cultural features (d'Azevedo 1962, 1971).

79. TLP: Civil War
Bassa, Belle, Dei, Gbandi, Gio, Gola, Grebo, kpelle, Kissi, Krahns Samuel Doe, a 28year-oldindigenous Krahn, seized against the Gio and Mano peoples in Nimba
http://liberian.tripod.com/Post24.html
Mano River
Struggle
    LIBERIA'S CIVIL WAR

LIBERIA'S FIRST CIVIL WAR, 1989-1997
The seeds of Liberia's first civil war can be traced back to divisions between the native population and descendants of freed slaves from America and the West Indies who settled in Liberia from the 1800s. Although only constituting 5 per cent of the population, the Americo-Liberian freed slaves, in alliance with Africans liberated from slave ships bound for the Americas (the “Congos”), dominated political, social and economic life. They failed to grant equal treatment, freedom and political inclusion to the native tribes of the interior and monopolised power for 133 years before their last president, William Tolbert, was overthrown on 12 April 1980.
William Tolbert
A. The Prelude The immediate antecedents of civil war in Liberia can, however, be found in the excesses of the rule of Samuel Kanyon Doe, a 28-year old Master Sergeant (Staff Sergeant) in the Liberian army, who overthrew the Americo-Liberian dominance. There was popular support for Doe and his People's Redemption Council (PRC) from the majority population of native Liberians since this was the first time a native led the country since independence in 1847. But Doe's popularity disappeared rapidly as his rule began to resemble that of his predecessors. Like them, Doe created a governmental system that benefited one ethnic group, in this case the Krahns, who made up only 4 per cent of the population. The ethnic groups in Liberia are Bassa, Belle, Dei, Gbandi, Gio, Gola, Grebo, Kpelle, Kissi, Krahns, Kru, Loma, Mandingos, Mano Mende, Sapo, and Vai.

80. Intercultural Music Studies (Book Series)
Music of the Azande and Related peoples in the Research an Amazonian Ethnology andIndigenous History. Group Expression and Performance Among kpelle Women' s
http://www.uni-bamberg.de/ppp/ethnomusikologie/ims-series.htm
INTERCULTURAL
MUSIC STUDIES A Continuing Book Series
edited by
Max Peter Baumann und Linda Fujie Survey: The Oral Epic (vol. 12)
Music, Language and Literature of the Roma and Sinti (vol. 11)
Music of the Ottoman Court (vol. 10)
Sufiana Musiqi. The Classical Music of Kashmir (vol. 9)
Theory of African Music (vol. 7)
Dictionary of Traditional Music in Oman (vol. 6)
Sitar and Sarod in the 18 th and 19 th ... Centuries (vol. 5)
European Studies in Ethnomusicology (vol. 4) World Music - Musics of the World (vol. 3) Music in the Dialogue of Cultures (vol. 2) Music, Gender, and Culture (vol. 2) Vol. 12: The Oral Epic: Performance and Music, edited by Karl Reichel.
    Content There is plenty of evidence that both in ancient Greece and in medieval Europe orally performed epics were sung rather than spoken, often to the accompaniment of a musical instrument. Although scholars studying epics such as the Iliad, the Odyssey or the Chanson de Roland have commented on this fact, little progress has been made in incorporating the musical and more generally the performative aspect of oral epic into their interpretations. This is partly explained by the scarcity of musical documents that have come down to us. There is, however, a wealth of comparative material from living traditions of oral epic. The analysis of at least some of these traditions and the implications of their study for traditional medieval epics (and possibly also the Homeric Poems) forms the subject of this book. Preface, pp. vii-viii

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