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         Kwangali Indigenous Peoples Africa:     more detail

1. VADA - Volkeren Stammen Peoples Tribes I - L (Noord Amerika - North America). IN
Benefits Overview
http://www.vada.nl/volkenil.htm

2. The Early History And Migration Of The People Of The Kavango
by indigenous people during africa. Upper Zambezi Valley. According to Barotsi legend they, on arrival in the upper Zambezi valley, found amongst other peoples the kwangali and
http://www.economist.com.na/2001/261001/story21.htm
Your Source of business intelligence!
The early history and migration of the people of the Kavango By Oswald Theart, Ngandu Safari Lodge, Rundu RUNDU: The extensive waterless areas which isolate the Kavango from the rest of Namibia is possibly the major reason why this area was only discovered by Europeans very late during the nineteenth century. This may also be the reason why the Kavango was very scarcely populated by indigenous people during the middle of that century. Prior to the Europeans' arrival in the Kavango these people's history and migratory routes were not recorded in writing. Without recorded information it is not only difficult but almost impossible to establish their history and migratory routes with accuracy. For this reason one necessarily have to relate to folklore and folktales, which form part of an extensive but varied oral tradition regarding their origins. To establish specific patterns referring to their history and migratory routes one also have to rely on logical deductions. With this in mind, there are quite a few indicators available which serve as clues from which deductions can be made in order to record their general history and migratory patterns. Stone age Period
One of these clues is the discovery of many stone age tools dating back to as far as the oldest stone age period (Paleaolithic era), the later mesolithic and younger neolothic era. Based on this it is assumed that the Kavango has been inhabited by people for at least a hundred thousand years. However not much of the history of these earliest inhabitants are known today.

3. Untitled
South africa) herero cucumber 187 1171 ; kwangali (South africa potable waterUsed by the indigenous peoples of south-western africa 1332 1507.
http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/ceb/sepasal/acantho.htm
SEPASAL Database Acanthosicyos naudinianus (Sond.)C.Jeffrey Cucurbitaceae Fruit and leaves of Acanthosicyos naudinianus , Botswana (F.E.M. Cook) SYNONYMS Citrullus naudinianus (Sond.)Hook.f. Colocynthis naudinianus (Sond.)Kuntze Cucumis naudinianus Sond. VERNACULAR NAMES !Kung Bushmen (Africa, S.) - cha ; Afrikaans (South Africa)- gemsbok komkommer ; English - wild melon ; English (South Africa) - herero cucumber ; Kwangali (South Africa) - ruputui ; Lozi (Zambia) - lungwatanga ; Thonga (Mozambique) - sirakarana , chirakaraka ; Tswana (Botswana) - mokapana DISTRIBUTION Native - Angola, Mozambique , Zambia , Zimbabwe , Botswana , Cape Province, Namibia s.l. , Natal , Orange Free State, Transvaal. DESCRIPTORS DESCRIPTION Primary Producer; Terrestrial; Herb; Perennial; Prostrate/Procumbent/Semi-erect; Dioecious . Thorny/Spiny - unspecified parts. CLIMATE Subtropical, Hot and Arid SOILS Saline ; Sandy ; Dry. HABITAT Woodland , Grassland/Forb-Land , Wooded Grassland . Altitude 900-1350 m a.s.l. CHEMICAL ANALYSES Nutritional Analyses - infructescences , seeds , 'roots' ; Vitamin B1 (thiamine) - infructescences , 'roots' , Vitamin B2/Vitamin G (riboflavin) - infructescences , 'roots' , Vitamin B7/Vit. P-P (nicotinamide, nicotinic acid) - infructescences

4. Africaneers
Fiftyfive thousand Portuguese soldiers are at war against the three Angolan liberation movements the MPLA, the FNLA and UNITA. opens SWAPOs office for West africa in Dakar/Senegal. Commissioner-General of the indigenous peoples, Jannie de Wet. languages are English, Afrikaans and kwangali. Rundu is the
http://www.imb.org/southern-africa/peoplegroups/africaneers.htm
Up [ Africaneers ] amaZulu Antonadroy Bara Mbundu ... Mahafale Africaneers People Profile The Afrikaners Religion: Christianity, Secularism Population: 3,155,000 (1996 estimate) Status: 100% Evangelized, 99% Cultural Christians, 50% Evangelical Location: Afrikaners live in the Republic of South Africa. A few are found in farming enterprises in other southern Africa countries. During the colonial period, several hundred farmed in Kenya. Since the end of apartheid and the move to majority rule, South Africans have been active in business or import-export contacts in many African countries. History: In 1652 a small company of employees of the Dutch East India Company were settled on the southern tip of Africa in order to establish a refreshment station for the Company's ships en route to the Far East. From this group of Dutchmen the Afrikaners were to develop. From 1688 to 1700, they were joined by about 200 French Huguenots, Protestant refugees from Catholic France. Despite language and cultural differences, a shared commitment to the Reformed faith enabled these two groups to merge into one, and to this day many Afrikaans-speaking people in South Africa have surnames which can be traced back to the Huguenots. German refugees further swelled their numbers. For more than a hundred years after the first settlement, the Dutch Reformed Church was the only legally permitted and established church on South African soil. In time, groups of settlers moved away from the Cape settlement into the hinterland to develop farms there. The indigenous people of the Cape at that time were the Khoikhoi people, many of whom worked as laborers on the farms of the Dutch-speaking settlers. The Dutch government forbade enslaving indigenous people of southern Africa. They did allow the importation of slaves or indentured servants from the Malay peoples of Indonesia and Malaysia. The first Malay slaves arrived in 1657. Others slaves were imported from West Africa.

5. Church Planter/Developer
of what it will take to reach all the kwangali. a church growth movement among theOwambo peoples, which are converts in a way that leads to indigenous ministry
http://www.imb.org/southern-africa/getinvolved/church_planter_developer.htm
Church Planter/Developer Click to go to
Malawi South Africa Mozambique Zambia ... Indian Ocean Islands
ANGOLA
Click here to find out more about Angola MALAWI Cluster
Click here to go to the Malawi information page. Church Planter/Developer Need number: Location: Zomba, Malawi These missionaries will cooperate with Baptist leaders and other evangelical Christians in planting churches among the Mang'anja people of the Zomba area in Malawi. They will partner with Baptists and other Great Commission Christians in Zomba in joining God to facilitate a church planting movement in the harvest of souls that is already well underway in this very responsive country. Church Planter/Developer Need number: Location: Zoa, Malawi Church Planter/Developer Need number: Location: Mwanza Malawi A church planter is needed to evangelize the lost, disciple new believers, and train church leaders among the Mang'anja people who live in the districts of Mwanza, Chapananga, and across the border into Mozambique. The Mang'anja people are very responsive to the Gospel, and Baptist work in this area is very new. The nine churches/preaching points, two pastors, and enthusiastic lay people form the foundation for exceptional church growth that will launch a Church Planting Movement among the target group.

6. Economic Development And Cultural Change
identify as members of the kwangali, Mbunza, Giriku Food tables for use in africa(Geneva WHO the First Development and indigenous peoples (London Routledge
http://www.mindspring.com/~okavango/bnr.html
Economic Development and Cultural Change among the Okavango Delta Peoples of Botswana
By John Bock, PhD
In Botswana Notes and Records , Vol. 30, Pp. 27-44, 1998
Development in Botswana
In many ways, Botswana has had one of the most intense, and most successful, economic development experiences among sub-Saharan nations in the post-colonial era. This development has largely depended on mining and cattle, and has been extractive and export driven (Valentine 1993). Recently, due to concerns regarding the diminishing returns of extractive industry, environmental costs, and the vulnerability of the cattle industry to both importers' decisions and disease, tourism has played an increasingly important role in planning for Botswana's economic future (Lilywhite and Lilywhite 1991). Many other developing countries both in sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere also see tourism as a sustainable and clean way to earn foreign exchange as well as provide relatively large numbers of skilled and unskilled jobs and infrastructural development (Hitchcock 1991, Young 1995).
Lastly, because indigenous peoples and other minority groups often have different languages, cultural histories and traditions, and subsistence economies from those embodied in national institutions, economic development can bring rapid, unanticipated, and detrimental change in each of these areas (Hitchcock 1997).

7. The Mongongo Nut, Ricinodendron Rautanenii
Everything on the mongongo nut, aka manketti nut, distribtion, nutrional qualities, and description. variations in Southern africa's hot dry season, which (kernels and flesh). indigenous people have been reported as were comandeering the local peoples most important food source
http://www.naturalhub.com/natural_food_guide_nuts_uncommon_Ricinodendron_rautane
HEALTH, NUTRITION; THEORY THE EVOLUTIONARILY APPROPRIATE DIET NUTS and OTHER TREE SEEDS THE MONGONGO NUT feel free to 'deep link 'to this page: http://www.naturalhub.com/natural_food_guide_nuts_uncommon_Ricinodendron_rautanenii.htm
THE MONGONGO/MANKETTI NUT
Ricinodendron rautanenii (Schinziophyton rautanenii)
Names:
!Kung Bushmen - //xa, mongongo
Lozi - mungongo
Shona - mungongoma
Tswana - mongongo, mugonga
Herero - mangetti, mongongo
Kwangali - ugongo (ngongo)
Africaans - wilde okkerneut
English - manketti nut, mongongo nut, featherweight tree (the wood is very light) Description of the tree and fruit
Ricinodendron rautaneii is a large (up to 15 metres) straight trunked tree, with a broad spreading crown with dark green compound leaves of 5 to 7 ovate to elliptical leaflets at the end of a stalk up to 15cm (6 inches) long, not unlike those of Casimiroa edulis dried flesh of each manketti fruit.
But the sugar content is only part of the story. The big value is in the seed. The skin takes up 10% of the fruit by volume, the flesh 20%. The remaining 70% is the nut-like seed, including the wide hard shell around it. The 'shell' (endocarp) around the 'kernel' is very thick indeed, and although porous, it is very hard and tough. So hard that even elephants, which love the sweet fruit, can't crack them.
    "A forester in Rhodesia [Zimbabwe] set this author some Manketti nuts and on the package under the scientific name Ricinodendron , he had written "recovered from elephant dung". This startled me. The nuts are like oversized pecans which have had smallpox and were covered with pockmarks. I wrote the forester to ask why the special inscription, and he replied that there are three reasons: (1) The elephants eat the fruits greedily and it is much easier to let the elephants do the job of picking; (2) The seed will not germinate until it has spent a week inside the elephant, and (3) The elephant enjoys the fruit but his digestive mechanism does not affect the extremely hard shell and the nut inside. The natives of Rhodesia, therefore, follow the elephant, recover the hardshelled nuts where they have been dropped, clean and dry them, then crack the extremely hard shell, and find the contents perfectly delicious."

8. 115-1973
the CommissionerGeneral of the indigenous peoples, Jannie de Nations in South WestAfrica Amendment Act official languages are English, Afrikaans and kwangali.
http://www.klausdierks.com/Chronology/115.htm
Since 1973 there has been concerted opposition from SWAPO, especially from the SWAPO Youth League, to the Odendaal-type elections in Ovamboland, and this triggers an increased crackdown by the SA Police.
Nahas Angula of SWAPO establishes the Namibia Education Centre for Displaced Children in Zambia (and leads this institution until 1976).
The Ovamboland Independence Party (OIP) is formed by Silas Ipumbu.
Namibia has 3 600 km of trunk roads, 9 248 km of main roads, 19 627 km of district roads and 25 408 km of farm roads.
SWA/Namibia Administrator BJ van der Walt initiates the installation of the first government computer in the new administration building.
The inflation rate in Namibia is 7%.
The Otjihase mine is developed by the Otjihase Mining Company. February The Brandberg West Mine is closed. March Chief Hendrik Witbooi of Gibeon, supported by the headmen of Berseba and Soromas, sends a telegram to the UN Secretary-General, asking him to " urgently free us from South African colonial rule ".

9. Basic Facts - Angola
africas indigenous peoples First peoples or Marginalised Group of indigenous Minorities in Southern africa (WIMSA) people in southern africa and Britain shared Chief
http://www.winne.com/Angola/BF-People.htm

The Cost of the war Hundred of thousands have died from the direct or indirect effects of the war, and there are many thousands of orphans, widows and disabled people. Recent data for employment are scarce, although government figures from 1995 indicates that 63% of people working in Luanda were employed in the informal sector. Angola is ranked 160th out of 174 countries in the UN development Program's Human Development Index in 2000.
Ethnicity The huge war-related population upheavals have transformed Angolan society. The first of the these upheavals was in 1960, when hundreds of thousands of Bakongo were uprooted in the north-western provinces, following the harsh colonial response to the UPA rebellion, and took refuge across the border in what is now the DRC (ex-Zaire). Other Bakongo, and Africans in some other parts of the country, were regrouped into fortified villages by the portugueses. During the 1980s, most of the Bakongo
More ethnic groups.

10. VADA - Talen Languages KM - KZ
KWANDU (Zambia); KWANDU KWISI (Angola); kwangali (Angola, Namibia Rights in Kurdish;The Kurdish peoples and their An indigenous Pidgin in North Western Australia
http://www.vada.nl/talenkm.htm

11. Church Planter/Developer
categories of Bantuspeaking peoples have been distinguished. German South West africa (present-day Namibia) after their the second set, kwangali-Gcikuru and South Mbukushu, were
http://www.imb.org/Southern-Africa/getinvolved/church_planter_developer.htm
Church Planter/Developer Click to go to
Malawi South Africa Mozambique Zambia ... Indian Ocean Islands
ANGOLA
Click here to find out more about Angola MALAWI Cluster
Click here to go to the Malawi information page. Church Planter/Developer Need number: Location: Zomba, Malawi These missionaries will cooperate with Baptist leaders and other evangelical Christians in planting churches among the Mang'anja people of the Zomba area in Malawi. They will partner with Baptists and other Great Commission Christians in Zomba in joining God to facilitate a church planting movement in the harvest of souls that is already well underway in this very responsive country. Church Planter/Developer Need number: Location: Zoa, Malawi Church Planter/Developer Need number: Location: Mwanza Malawi A church planter is needed to evangelize the lost, disciple new believers, and train church leaders among the Mang'anja people who live in the districts of Mwanza, Chapananga, and across the border into Mozambique. The Mang'anja people are very responsive to the Gospel, and Baptist work in this area is very new. The nine churches/preaching points, two pastors, and enthusiastic lay people form the foundation for exceptional church growth that will launch a Church Planting Movement among the target group.

12. Carnelian International Risks
Angola's remaining indigenous peoples fell into two disparate categories categoriesof Bantuspeaking peoples have been of the second set, kwangali-Gcikuru and
http://www.carnelian-international.com/angola/ethnic_groups_and_languages.htm
Angola: ETHNIC GROUPS AND LANGUAGES
Although Portuguese was Angola's official language, the great majority of Angolans (more than 95 percent of the total population) used languages of the Bantu familysome closely related, others remotely sothat were spoken by most Africans living south of the equator and by substantial numbers north of it. Angola's remaining indigenous peoples fell into two disparate categories. A small number, all in southern Angola, spoke so-called Click languages (after a variety of sounds characteristic of them) and differed physically from local African populations. These Click speakers shared characteristics, such as small stature and lighter skin colour, linking them to the hunting and gathering bands of southern Africa sometimes referred to by Europeans as Bushmen. The second category consisted of , largely urban and living in western Angola. Most spoke Portuguese, although some were also acquainted with African languages, and a few may have used such a language exclusively.
The Definition of Ethnicity Bantu languages have been categorized by scholars into a number of sets of related tongues. Some of the languages in any set may be more or less mutually intelligible, especially in the areas where speakers of a dialect of one language have had sustained contact with speakers of a dialect of another language. Given the mobility and interpenetration of communities of Bantu speakers over the centuries, transitional languagesfor example, those that share characteristics of two tonguesdeveloped in areas between these communities. Frequently, the languages of a set, particularly those with many widely distributed speakers, would be divided into several dialects. In principle, dialects of the same language are considered mutually intelligible, although they are not always so in fact.

13. Publications
Analysis of the Main Kavango Languages kwangali, Gciriku and and Pastoral PerceptionsDegradation and indigenous Knowledge in Nomadic peoples 4 NS (in print).
http://www.uni-koeln.de/inter-fak/sfb389/publications/publications.htm

African Studies
Botany
Egyptology
Geography ... Links African Studies Brenzinger, M. 1997): Moving to survive: Kxoe communities in arid lands. Khoisan Forum (University of Cologne) 2. Brinkmann, I. (1999): Violence, Exile and Ethnicity: Nyemba Refugees in Kaisosi and Kehemu (Rundu, Namibia) in: Journal of Southern African Studies, Volume 25, No. 3, September 1999. 1999): Grandmother's footsteps. Oral tradition and south-east Angolan narratives on the colonial encounter. Cologne: Ruediger Koeppe, History and Cultural Innovations in Africa, vol. 7. Eckl, A. Fisch, M. Fleisch, A. E.D. Heine, Bernd 1997a): On gender agreement in Central Khoisan. Khoisan Forum (University of Cologne) 4. (1997b): Cognitive foundations of grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (1997c): On spatial orientation in Kxoe: Some preliminary observations. Khoisan Forum (University of Cologne) 6. (1997d): Kxoe texts. Khoisan Forum (University of Cologne) 8. !Xun morphology and syntax. To appear in: Vossen, Rainer (ed.): The Khoesan languages. Richmond: Curzon. (in print)

14. Marula Net Database
plum; Hausa dania; Kamba (Kenya) - muua; kwangali - ufuongo; Lovedu of NorthernNamibia the peoples perspective, Gamsberg Making the most of indigenous trees
http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sites/TreeDBS/marula/info.htm
World Agroforestry Centre
Marula Net
Home Tree Databases Prunus Net Marula Net ... Images Species info Internet literature Glossary Acronym
Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst.) Content Introduction Taxonomy and Distribution General description, Cultivation and Yield Nutritional status and uses ... References Introduction The 60 genera Anacardiaceae comprising some 600 species of trees and shrubs are distributed throughout the tropics, and are also found in warm temperate regions of Europe, eastern Asia, and the Americas. Many species have been widely cultivated beyond their limited areas of origin because of their economic importance as sources of timber, lacquer, oil, wax, dye, and for their often edible fruit or nuts. Five species are native to tropical and South America. The most important fruit is the mango from Mangifera indica L., whilst the most important nuts are the cashews (

15. 1Up Info > Angola > Ovambo, Nyaneka-Humbe, Herero, And Others | Angolan Informat
Angola, three categories of Bantuspeaking peoples have been The Language Map of africa,prepared under the The members of the second set, kwangali-Gcikuru and
http://www.1upinfo.com/country-guide-study/angola/angola73.html
You are here 1Up Info Angola
History People ... News Search 1Up Info
Angola Angola
Ovambo, Nyaneka-Humbe, Herero, and Others
In the southeastern corner of the country the Portuguese distinguished a set of Bantu-speaking people, described on a map prepared by José Redinha in 1973 as the Xindonga. The sole linguistic group listed in this category was the Cussu. The Language Map of Africa , prepared under the direction of David Dalby for the International African Institute, noted two sets of related languages in southeastern Angola. The first set included Liyuwa, Mashi, and North Mbukushu. These languages and other members of the set were also found in Zambia and Namibia. The members of the second set, Kwangali-Gcikuru and South Mbukushu, were also found in Namibia and Botswana. The hyphen between Kwangali and Gcikuru implies mutual intelligibility. Little is known of these groups; in any case, their members were very few. All of these southern Angolan groups relied in part or in whole on cattle raising for subsistence. Formerly, the Herero were exclusively herders, but they gradually came to engage in some cultivation. Although the Ovambo had depended in part on cultivation for a much longer time, dairy products had been an important source of subsistence, and cattle were the chief measure of wealth and prestige. The southwestern groups, despite their remoteness from the major centers of white influence during most of the colonial period, were to varying degrees affected by the colonial presence and, after World War II, by the arrival of numbers of Portuguese in such places as Moçâmedes (present-day Namibe) and Sá da Bandeira (present-day Lubango). The greatest resistance to the Portuguese was offered by the Ovambo, who were not made fully subject to colonial rule until 1915 and who earned a considerable reputation among the Portuguese and other Africans for their efforts to maintain their independence. In the nationalist struggle of the 1960s and early 1970s and in the postindependence civil war, the Ovambo tended to align themselves with the Ovimbundu-dominated UNITA. Many also sympathized with the cause of SWAPO, a mostly Ovambo organization fighting to liberate Namibia from South African rule.

16. EBALL ON-LINE - BETA VERSION
More on the indigenous languages of SWA. of initiation ceremonies among two southernAfrican peoples. Namibia with NamaDamara, Herero, kwangali, Oshiwambo and
http://www.african.gu.se/eball/sample-khskhw.html
Main Page
About EBALL
Contributors
Search
Help/Manual
Contact Khoisan (main) Dept of Oriental and African Languages
Khwe or Central Khoisan Bibliography
The present bibliography was originally based on an extract from EBALL, compiled by Jouni Maho. It has been greatly improved and enhanced by the assistence of Bonny Sands, Arizona. Note the following orthographical adaptations
" " is used for the click sign resembling a non-equal sign, i.e. the one usually used for palatal clicks. " " is used for the click sign looking like a capital O with a dot in it, i.e. the one usually used for labial clicks. An "r" between two dates refers to a reprint, i.e. the second date is a reprint date. Khoekhoe languages/dialects (unsorted)
Includes notes on Khoesaan languages on pages 289-305.
Albrecht, A. 1813. Observations made in the country of the Great Namaqualand. In: Transactions of the London Missionary Society, 3.
Alexander, James Edward. 1838. An expedition of discovery into the interior of Africa, throughout the hitherto undescribed countries of the Great Namaquas, Boschmans and Hill Damaras, 2 vols. London: Henry Colburn.
Alexander, James Edward. 1838. Report of an expedition of discovery through the countries of the Great Namaquas, Boschmans and Hill Damaras in South Africa. In: Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, 8, pp 1-28.

17. Wuarchive.wustl.edu/doc/coombspapers/coombsarchives/linguistics/bibliographies/b
0 Book %A Anonymous %D 1974 %T kwangali Speelre'ls A Comparative Ethnography of theKhoisan peoples %I Cambridge D 1970 %T More on the indigenous languages of
http://wuarchive.wustl.edu/doc/coombspapers/coombsarchives/linguistics/bibliogra

18. “One Chief Is Enough”
to limit the dominant role of the Kwanyama and kwangali traditional leaders FirstPeoples Worldwide and the Working Group of indigenous Minorities in
http://www.kalaharipeoples.org/documents/EdinburghPaperfinalMay2000.htm
“ONE CHIEF IS ENOUGH!”: UNDERSTANDING SAN TRADITIONAL AUTHORITIES IN THE NAMIBIAN CONTEXT
Paper for presentation at the conference
Africa’s Indigenous Peoples: ‘First Peoples’ or ‘Marginalised Minorities’?
Centre of African Studies
University of Edinburgh
24-25 May 2000 Prepared by
Joram /Useb
with assistance from
Magdalena Brörmann
of The Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA)
Introduction
Already in 1935 many influential people in southern Africa and Britain shared Chief Tshekedi Kkama’s sentiment that the San lack leaders. When asked by a member of the South African District Committee of the London Missionary Society whether the Masarwa are “politically on the same basis as the servant class of the Bamangwatos”, the Chief stated, ”Yes, that is so and in my experience I have never known of one of their own people who could stand for them or lead them.” (London Missionary Society, 1935: 19) Nowadays my San colleagues and I have to listen to government officials and others making statements to this effect: “You people have never had leaders. Why do you need leaders today?” or, “If you want a leader, appoint one chief for all of you, because all of you speak the same Bushman language anyway.”

19. Operation World - Pray Today
africa, Home Pray Today Detail Religion Geography peoples Economy Politics Web LinksFactbook Calendar Resources Updates OW Team Contact Us Policy Tech Support,
http://www.gmi.org/ow/country/ango/overvw02.html

20. Operation World - Detailed Information
the Church and evangelize unreached peoples and areas reach the land in seven indigenouslanguages from is available in Portuguese, Kongo, kwangali and Kwanyama
http://www.gmi.org/ow/country/ango/owtext.html

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