41. YouthWeb - Websites Of Boys & Girls Clubs Of America Affiliates Select Location Elizabeth Plainfield Rahway Roselle union, Maps FAQ FormsHelp. Home Programs Movement YouthWeb. YouthWeb military units http://www.bgcuc.org/links/links.php?cat=7

42. Program Overview History of military units at the University of Virginia. Students from the Virginiamilitary Institute traveled to itself seceded from the union, there was and http://www.virginia.edu/~arotc/Overview/history.htm

Army ROTC at The University of Virginia History of Military Units at the University of Virginia Research by 2LT Brendan Dignan, 2001 Home What's New Overview Cavalier Battalion ... US Army In the early days of the University, circa 1820, while Thomas Jefferson was still Rector, a voluntary military company existed. However, it was disbanded some years later on its unwillingness to submit to certain regulations of the faculty, who held a firm grasp over University policy at the time. The dispute was over the issue of weapon keeping. The student-cadets wished to keep arms in their Lawn rooms on the Academical Village . Faculty members refused this request, demanding that weapons be kept in a separate armory. Without a compromise, the company fell idle for some 30 years. Upon the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860, two military companies were again formed at the University, this during the second session of 1860-1861. Students from the Virginia Military Institute traveled to Charlottesville to form and train the companies. Though Virginia had not yet declared itself seceded from the Union, there was and air of trepidation among the primarily southern student body. These two companies consisted of about 100 students each and called themselves the "Southern Guard," and the "Sons of Liberty," an obvious reference to rebellious group led by Samuel Adams prior to the Revolutionary War.

43. The Civil War: Black American Contributions To Union Intelligence While racial prejudice probably played a part in this, as it did regarding themilitary contributions of black American union military units, several other http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/dispatches/dispatch.html

Valuable Sources The Civil War: Black American Contributions to Union Intelligence P. K. Rose P. K. Rose is in the Directorate of Operations. "Black Dispatches" was a common term used among Union military men for intelligence on Confederate forces provided by Negroes. This source of information represented the single most prolific and productive category of intelligence obtained and acted on by Union forces throughout the Civil War. In 1862, Frederick Douglass wrote: The true history of this war will show that the loyal army found no friends at the South so faithful, active, and daring in their efforts to sustain the government as the Negroes-. Negroes have repeatedly threaded their way through the lines of the rebels exposing themselves to bullets to convey important information to the loyal army of the Potomac. Black Dispatches resulted from frontline tactical debriefings of slaveseither runaways or those having just come under Union control. Black Americans also contributed, however, to tactical and strategic Union intelligence through behind-the-lines missions and agent-in-place operations. Two such Union agents functioned as long-term penetrations of Confederate President Jefferson Davis's "White House" staff in Richmond, Virginia. Even such a prominent woman as Harriet Tubman, best known for her activities involving the "underground railroad," played an important role in Union intelligence activities. The value of the information that could be obtained, both passively and actively, by black Americans behind Confederate lines was clearly understood by most Union generals early in the war. Popular recognition of this was also apparent through a stream of articles and stories in the Northern press during the war. Gen. Robert E. Lee, commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, was equally aware, and in May 1863 he said, "The chief source of information to the enemy is through our Negroes."

44. GP Guide -- A detatiled description of the battle of Shiloh. Explains why the union Army heldup. ILLINOIS 973.74 I29r3 v.18. Illinois military units in the Civil War. http://www.wiu.edu/library/govpubs/guides/civilwar.htm

Civil War A Guide to Selected Government Information Available at WIU's Government Publications Library (Updated by Samantha Baird- 9/02) Web version of this guide includes links to web resources. Federal Government Information War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Day by day chronology of the Civil War through reports from commanding officers. Index. 1890. W 45.5: 1/ volume (123 volumes). Also available on CD-Rom. Civil War Naval Chronology, 1861-1865 . Gives an account of U.S. Naval activities for each day from 1861-1865. 1971. D 207.2: C49/comp. The Era of the Civil War, 1820-1876 . Published materials of holdings at the U.S. Army Military History Institute at Carlise Barracks, Pennsylvania. 1982. D 114.14: 11/2 Military Operations of the Civil War: A guide to the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, 1861-1865 . An index and guide to Civil War military operations. 1980. GS 4.21: 5 Andersonville . Describes Andersonville National Historic sites in Georgia, the prison, and its prisoners. 1977. I 29.21: An 2/3

45. Baumholder Job Vacancies. Online Phone Book. military units. Public Affairs. Phototour. RedCross Information. ARMY Home Page. USAREUR Home Page. ARMY Home Page. Herald union. http://www.baumholder.army.mil/masterindex.htm

BAUMHOLDER MASTER INDEX Click here to see what automation classes are available 1st Armored Division Museum 102d NSC (DOIM) Baumholder Community Info ... Job Vacancies BSB Wiesbaden Links to Other Sites BSB Giessen LINKS Meeting Slides SNAP P rogram Local Community BSB Hanau Locate a Soldier (See Note Below) AAFES FACILITIES Medical and Dental ABC Army Benefit Center Military Units ... Policy Letters (222d BSB) Anti-Virus Software Post MAP Baumholder Community Info Photo TOUR Baumholder Germany Website ... Calendar of Community Events Safety Information Chapel Services Search .MIL Web Sites Child and Youth Services ... Telekom (Germany phone numbers) Education Center Trash / Sort Program Information Education Opportunities U.S. Army Home Page ... Warrant Officer Association (Nahe Valley Chapter) Information Guide Important Announcements WEB Site directory ... Weather ( local) Locate a Soldier If you can not get this to work please send an email to webmaster@cmtymail.104asg.army.mil include name of soldier,  We will do the search for you and return address by email.

46. A | More | Perfect | Union A More Perfect union Japanese Americans and the US Constitution. Some25,000 Japanese Americans served in US military units during World War II. http://americanhistory.si.edu/perfectunion/non-flash/service_main.html

Some 25,000 Japanese Americans served in U.S. military units during World War II. The valor of these Americans, many of whom had family and friends living behind barbed wire, was extraordinary. Their combat record aided the post-war acceptance of Japanese Americans in American society and helped many people to recognize the injustice of wartime internment. Within two months of the attack on Pearl Harbor, all American citizens of Japanese ancestry had been discharged... More "First and foremost, they were Americans. They were like other American GIs..." More Like the Nisei who fought with the 100th/442nd in Europe, some 5,000 Japanese-Americans became Military Intelligence... More Never numbering more than 4,500 men, the 100th/442nd consisted of extraordinarily aggressive fighters... More During the war, a gold star sewn on a service flag meant that a family member had been killed in service... More Overview IMMIGRATION REMOVAL ... LOYALTY SERVICE JUSTICE SERVICE: 100th and 442nd Soldier's Life Millitary Intelligence and Translation Honors and Awards ... FLASH 5 RICH MEDIA VERSION

47. A | More | Perfect | Union A More Perfect union Japanese Americans and the US Constitution. SERVICESome 25,000 Japanese Americans served in US military units during World War II http://americanhistory.si.edu/perfectunion/non-flash/overview.html

During the opening months of World War II, almost 120,000 Japanese Americans, two-thirds of them citizens of the United States, were forced out of their homes and into detention camps established by the U.S. government. Many would spend the next three years living under armed guard, behind barbed wire. This exhibit explores this period when racial prejudice and fear upset the delicate balance between the rights of the citizen and the power of the state. It tells the story of Japanese Americans who suffered a great injustice at the hands of the government, and who have struggled ever since to insure the rights of all citizens guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. More The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 stunned the United States, and became a catalyst for challenging the loyalty of all Japanese people living in the U.S... More By the end of 1942, more than 120,000 men, women, and children of Japanese ancestry had been uprooted from their homes. Their final destinations would be one of 10 camps... More Japanese internees struggled with the dehumanizing effects of being imprisoned, working to create as normal a life as possible behind the barbed wire...

48. FCIC: Gettysburg National Military Park GETTYSBURG National military Park. The units were to converge as they approachedthe union lines so that the final stage of the charge would present a http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/misc/gettysburg/e1.htm

GETTYSBURG National Military Park The Round Tops as they appear from Longstreet's battle line one mile away. The Third Day (continued) LEE AND MEADE SET THE STAGE. Late in the forenoon of July 3, General Meade had completed his plan of defense. Another Confederate attack could be expected: "Where?" was still the question. General Hunt, sensing the danger, placed a formidable line of batteries in position on the crest of Cemetery Ridge and alerted others in the rear for emergency use. As a final act of preparation, Meade inspected his front at the stone wall, then rode southward to Little Round Top. There, with General Warren, he could see the long lines of massed Confederate batteries, a sure indication of attack. Meade rode back to his headquarters. Lee, on his part, had spent the forenoon organizing his attack formations on Seminary Ridge. Having reached his decision to strike the Union center, he had ordered the movement of batteries from the rear to points of advantage. By noon, about 140 guns were in line from the Peach Orchard northward to the Seminary buildings, many of them only 800 yards from the Union center. To Colonel Alexander fell the lot of directing the artillery fire and informing the infantry of the best opportunity to advance. General Stuart, in the meantime, had been out of touch with Lee. Moving northward on the right flank of the Union Army, he became involved in a sharp engagement at Hanover, Pa., on June 30. Seeking to regain contact with Lee, he arrived at Carlisle on the evening of July 1. As he began shelling the barracks, orders arrived from Lee and he at once marched for Gettysburg, arriving north of the town the next day.

49. Military Genealogy Family Surname Ancestry War Records Links Civil War,Revolunti Official Records of The union and Confederate Homefront, 18611865*; *Civil War Soldiersand units Information*; *African American military History*; *military http://www.webpagememories.com/

This site is hosted by Netfirms Web Hosting click here click here SEARCH @ FAMILY TREE MAKER ONLINE...click here... Civil War Search: over 250,000 indivuals...click here Genealogy Magazines/Newsletters...click ... Books...click First Name Last Name Cemetery Message Board GenForum RevolutionaryWar ... click here First Name Last Name TYPE IN YOUR SURNAMES MyTrees.com Ancestor Search - Over 1 Billion Names! Enter your ancestor's name for a FREE search: From To Search/World's Largest Pedigree linked Database at MyTrees.com Search/Research Interest Database Find Canadian Ancestors ... World's Largest List of Surnames Click-n-GO CD-ROMS Revolutionary War Records Vol.1-6 New Hampshire Rev. War Rolls Civil War Volume 1 Civil War Volume 2 ... African American CD-ROMs U.S. Military Records: A Guide to Federal and State Sources, Colonial America to the Present(((click))) Tracing Your Civil War Ancestor(click) Revolutionary War Bounty Land Grants: Awarded by State Governments(click) Enter other keywords/phrase...click Search Find your ancestors at Origins.net...click here Enter surname: NATIONAL CEMETERIES ***National Cemetery Administration Records Verification Project***...3 star=Excellant Sites

50. Curious Find On Confederate Sub Links North And South To date, the buttons recovered from the Hunley submarine as a whole representa diverse collection of both Confederate and union military units. . http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2001/04/0427_hunleyapril27.html

Sign up for our free e-mail newsletter Also see: Today's Top Stories This Story E-mail this story Sponsored in part by Curious Find on Confederate Sub Links North and South National Geographic News April 27, 2001 A "dog tag" worn by a Union soldier for identification was discovered inside the Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley, archaeologists said Friday. The find baffles researchers. Was it a war souvenir? Or did it belong to a defector or a spy? Perhaps a Union soldier asked a Confederate opponent on the battlefield to take the tag and send it to his family as an indication of his death. Hunley researchers say all these scenarios are possible. More News Diary of the Planet The Environment Travel National Geographic Today Special Series Digital Lifestyles: feature by Sony EarthPulse National Geographic Out There ... Mount Everest Expedition The Hunley sank on February 17, 1864, when it attacked the Union's Housatonic, becoming the first submarine to sink a warship. The sub and its crew of nine never returned from the mission. The remains of the sub were found 131 years later, in May 1995, in the mud of Charleston Harbor, and were raised in August 2000. Since then, scientists have been painstakingly recovering the bones of the crew and other artifacts from the sludge-filled submarine hull. At a news conference in Charleston on Friday, scientists said the name on the Union dog tag is Ezra Chamberlin. Records indicate he enlisted in the Union Army on September 6, 1861, and was a member of Company K, 7th Regiment, Connecticut Volunteers.

51. The Russian Issues.Com | Reform Of Airborne Troops Gets Under Way Health Service with Islamic Doctors A constituent congress of the union of Muslim beenusing a mechanism enabling a quick transfer of military units to any http://www.therussianissues.com/announce/15590.html

tags.form.marginTop = "-20px"; classes.greyline.all.marginBottom = "0px"; classes.sujety.all.marginTop = "-10px"; classes.sujety.all.paddingTop = "0px"; classes.sujetblock.all.marginTop = "-45px"; classes.sujetblock.all.paddingTop = "0px"; classes.mainpic.all.marginBottom = "5px"; classes.mainsubtitle.all.marginTop = "10px"; classes.mainlinks.all.marginTop = "0px"; classes.links.all.marginBottom = "2px"; classes.currsujet.all.marginTop = "3px"; classes.currsujet.all.paddingTop = "2px"; classes.currsujet.all.width = "363px"; classes.currsujet.all.clear = "none"; classes.currsujet.all.borderTopWidth = "1px"; classes.currsujet.all.borderTopStyle = "solid"; classes.currsujet.all.borderColor = "silver"; by national news service strana.ru Reform of Airborne Troops Gets Under Way Russia could help rebuild Afghanistan by drawing on international funds Anastasia Romanova Is Still Living, Expert Argues ... Alexei Kudrin Stems Capital Flight from Russia press Pavlovsky Nationalized Oleg Dobrodeyev becomes more virtual (Nezavisimaya Gazeta) American Investors in No Rush to Come To Russia American praise of Russia's investment climate is just a courteous gesture (Nezavisimaya Gazeta) "I Can Assure You - the People of Russia Reject the War in Chechnya" Ivan Rybkin addresses an open letter to Russian President Vladimir Putin (Kommersant) Large-scale Operation General Musharraf's soldiers fight Chechens from Al-Qaeda (Izvestia) Anastasia Romanova Is Still Living, Expert Argues

52. DCResearch National Archives Civil War Research Service Compiled Service Records of military units (Troop Movements). actual militaryassignments/movements of Field Staff Records of union Prisons/Stations. http://www.impactvr.com/DCResearch/confederate.html

Michael O. Anderson Member - Sons of Confederate Veterans (S.C.V.) Member - Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War (S.U.V.C.W.) Member - Association of Professional Genealogists (A.P.G.) B.A. - History; M.S. All searches done in person at the U.S. National Archives, Washington, D.C., not by a third party or by "Order Forms" through the U.S. Mail. General turnaround timeframe is 7 working days. E-Mail a statement of your objective/problem and I will reply to you with the appropriate information. Civil War Confederate Records Register of Appointment of Officers, 1861 - 1865 shows officer's name, State, to whom to report, dates of appointment and confirmation, date to take rank, date of acceptance, and remarks Compiled Service Records Compiled Confederate Service Records, including Generals, Staff Officers, and Enlisted Men Show the soldier's rank, military organization, entries from Muster Roles, Captures, Desertions, Morning Reports, sometimes term of service, age, place of enlistment, and place of birth Compiled Service Records of Military Units (Troop Movements) Records of Confederate Prisoners Records of Union Prisons/Stations Death Registers of Prisoners, Surgeon General's

53. Illinois During The Civil War: Soldiers' Lives had volunteered to save the union your ancestors and mine helped to make. The metaphorof family informed military units and the entire idea of union as well http://dig.lib.niu.edu/civilwar/soldierslives.html

Soldiers' Lives By Drew E. VandeCreek, Ph.D. Abraham Lincoln called for troops when the southern states opened hostilities by firing upon Fort Sumter in April of 1861. The United States Army had been organizing for potential hostilities for several months, but fielded far to few troops to address an insurrection by eleven states. In the Civil War's early years the Union raised troops primarily through the recruitment of volunteers; only in 1864 did Illinois experience a military draft. Most states also organized their own military units, which worked with the United States Army's regular units in the field. In the surge of outrage and patriotism that accompanied war's outbreak, Illinois quickly produced more volunteers than immediately required. One man walked over twenty miles to enlist. Another volunteer recalled how the people of his community greeted secession with indignation. Local men organized public meetings, where speakers "blew the fife and beat the drum and exhorted the men to rally 'round the flag." The men of his unit "left home burning with desire to wipe treason from the earth." Many of Illinois' original recruits proceeded to state military training camps located near Springfield and in southern Illinois at Alton, Caseyville and Cairo. These installations placed training troops nearer to the anticipated theater of conflict, but they also cast a long shadow over potential secessionist activities in the state's southern tier. One area farmer opined "them brass missionaries has converted a heap of folks that was on the anxious seat."

54. Iraq: The Military Response In the northern sector, some 150,000 soldiers of the military units, laid down theirarms This destroyed the old union between official and popular nationalisms http://mondediplo.com/2003/01/03military

January 2003 Contents Viva Brazil! Iraq: the imperial precedent Iraq: after regime change ... Holiday humour would you like to read more? subscribe now search the site: to receive our free monthly summaries, please fill in your e-mail address APPOINTMENT WITH WAR Iraq: the military response The Iraqi people are absent from United States plans, but the United Nations estimates there will be a million refugees, besides many dead and injured, and the infrastructure damaged. The length of the war will depend on the Iraqi army and its willingness to fight, rebel or disintegrate. by FALEH A JABAR * NOW that the United States and Iraq seem set on a collision course, the fate of the Ba'athist regime will be determined by how well the Iraqi army performs. The conventional US wisdom is that Iraq's regular army will readily lay down its arms, but the Republican Guard may put up a fierce fight. US experts say the Guard is better motivated, equipped and paid than regular units, and so more loyal and willing to fight. But it is misleading to compare the elite Guard with the regular army; this reduces the causes of cohesion or disintegration to important, but too general, military factors. It ignores the complex nature of politics and war, especially of this next war. This overlapping structure has given President Saddam Hussein a freer hand in supervision, control and management. The arrangement enables him to bypass the vertical chain of command and control any area of the military directly. During the Iraq-Iran war (1980-88) there were complaints about this control from the military: this personalisation of control mechanisms serves the regime's security, but it is a handicap to operational capability in modern war.

55. The Avalon Project : Judgement : The Aggressive War Against The Union Of Soviet In conjunction with the military command, these units were to These plans outlinedthe destruction of the Soviet union as an independent State, and its http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/judsov.htm

The Avalon Project at Yale Law School Judgement : The Aggressive War Against the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Previous Document Judgment Contents Next Document On the 23rd August, 1939, Germany signed the nonaggression pact with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The evidence has shown unmistakably that the Soviet Union on their part conformed to the terms of this pact; indeed the German Government itself had been assured of this by the highest German sources. Thus, the German Ambassador in Moscow informed his Government that the Soviet Union would go to war only if attacked by Germany, and this statement is recorded in the German War Diary under the date of June 6th 1941. Nevertheless, as early as the late summer of 1940, Germany began to make preparations for an attack on the U.S.S.R., in spite of the nonaggression pact . This operation was secretly planned under the code name " Case Barbarossa ", and the former Field Marshal Paulus testified that on the 3rd September, 1940, when he joined the German General Staff, he continued developing " Case Barbarossa", which was finally completed at the beginning of November, 1940; and that even then, the German General Staff had no information that the Soviet Union was preparing for war. On the 18th of December, 1940, Hitler issued directive No. 21, initialled by Keitel and Jodl, which called for the completion of all preparations connected with the realisation of " Case Barbarossa " by the 15th May, 1941. This directive stated:

56. EUROPA : The Future Of The European Union - Debate Mobilising all the resources at the disposal of the union to do the above arrangements,we envisage a pool of specialised civilian or military units in civil http://europa.eu.int/futurum/documents/speech/sp201202_en.htm

IMPORTANT LEGAL NOTICE - The information on this site is subject to a and a es da de el en fr it nl pt ... Europa search Presentation by Michel Barnier, Member of the European Commission responsible for regional policy and institutional reform, of the final report of the "Defence" working group Mr Chairman, dear colleagues, The time has come to present the results of our work on European defence. I would like to thank the members of the Group for their active contributions, the people from outside the Group who provided valuable insights and the Secretariat of the Convention, especially Annalisa Giannella, the Deputy Secretary-General of the Convention, who helped me to draw up this report. Structure of the report This report is slightly unconventional, being divided into two parts. Before the second part, which is given over to recommendations, I thought an initial part ought to set out as precisely and objectively as possible the state of play, i.e. the legal context, the current status and shortcomings of European security and defence policy, the specific nature of defence issues, the differences in the Member States' situations, new challenges and threats, and changes in the strategic context.

57. EUROPEAN UNION - Selected Instruments Taken From Treaties Council shall, in agreement with the competent bodies of the European union, adoptthe meetings of WEU Chiefs of Defence Staff;; military units answerable to WEU http://europa.eu.int/abc/obj/treaties/en/entr4b.htm

DECLARATION (No 27) on voting in the field of the common foreign and security policy The Conference agrees that, with regard to Council decisions requiring unanimity, Member States will, to the extent possible, avoid preventing a unanimous decision where a qualified majority exists in favour of that decision. DECLARATION (No 28) on practical arrangements in the field of the common foreign and security policy The Conference agrees that the division of work between the Political Committee and the Committee of Permanent Representatives will be examined at a later stage, as will the practical arrangements for merging the Political Cooperation Secretariat with the General Secretariat of the Council and for cooperation between the latter and the Commission. DECLARATION (No 29) on the use of languages in the field of the common foreign and security policy The Conference agrees that the use of languages shall be in accordance with the rules of the European Communities. For COREU communications, the current practice of European political cooperation will serve as a guide for the time being. All common foreign and security policy texts which are submitted to or adopted at meetings of the European Council and of the Council as well as all texts which are to be published are immediately and simultaneously translated into all the official Community languages.

58. Civil War Research Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Blue Lives of the union Commanders (1964). that willhelp locate names of individual soldiers and the military units in which they http://www.vahistorical.org/research/cw_history.htm

Library Search collections Reference questions Photographs ... African American manuscripts Civil War history Property research Order photocopies Research services Fellowships ... Donations War came to Virginia shortly after its leaders voted to secede from the United States on 17 April 1861. For the next four years the Old Dominion was the major battleground of the Civil War. Its geographical location, being so near Washington, D.C., and the fact that Virginia's capital city of Richmond also served as the southern capital, guaranteed that Union armies would try to end the war quickly by capturing the seat of the Confederate government. By the end of the war in April 1865 Virginia had hosted over four hundred military engagements, including twenty-six major battles. The presence of so many soldiers marching and fighting across the state also devastated the economy of the Old Dominion. Farms and towns suffered under the weight of occupying armies. The war also ended slavery forever. Thus Virginia, home to the largest population of slaves in the country, experienced a difficult transition. Anyone conducting research on the Civil War in Virginia is faced with a daunting task. Thousands of books have been written about America's bloodiest war, and many of those focus entirely or at least in part on the war in Virginia. Almost every aspect of the state's wartime experience has been written about. Studies on the economic, military, social, and political effects of the Civil War fill the shelves of bookstores and libraries across the country. Biographies of major military and political leaders also account for a large portion of the Civil War library.

59. 2084SS Meigs bore, and the need for burial space for the union dead, this Honors are rendereddaily by military units bearing a flagdraped coffin, firing a rifle http://www.va.gov/pubaff/celebAm/arlingtn.htm

Arlington National Cemetery Almost four million people a year visit the national cemetery across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., where a constant vigil is maintained at the Tomb of the Unknowns. Arlington National Cemetery is the site of the changing of a military guard around the clock daily. A stone coffin bearing the body of an unidentified soldier of World War I - entombed on Veterans Day 1921 - is the visible part of the tomb, while crypts next to it under the terrace bear the unknown American service members of World War II and the Korean and Vietnam Conflicts. Each Memorial Day and Veterans Day, a presidential wreath is laid at the tomb. This may explain why Arlington is America's most well-known national cemetery, even though it is not the largest or the oldest. Some 230,000 veterans and dependents are buried on the cemetery's 612 acres. From Pierre L'Enfant, George Washington's aide during the American Revolution, to American service members killed during Operation Desert Storm, Arlington holds the remains of veterans representing every military action the United States has fought. Union Seized Lee's Property The cemetery's origins go back to just before the Civil War. George Washington Parke Custis, adopted son of the first president, owned a 1,100-acre plantation and constructed on it a memorial to Washington named Arlington House, which held the world's largest collection of memorabilia related to the president. Ownership of his estate passed to Custis' daughter, who had married Robert E. Lee, and they lived in Arlington House for more than 30 years. The Lee family fled when the Civil War was imminent. The Union seized the property because of its strategic location overlooking Washington. Because of the bitter grudge against the South that Union Brig. Gen. Montgomery Meigs bore, and the need for burial space for the Union dead, this commander of forces at Arlington urged the federal government to convert 200 acres of Lee's property to a cemetery. Meigs ordered burials near the house to make the grounds uninhabitable after the war.

60. History & Culture Of Russia / The Path To Revolution military units were dispatched to enforce the authority of the new government, butthey were met By the end of the year the Soviet union had been voted out of http://www.geographia.com/russia/rushis07.htm

The Soviet Era T he first few years of Soviet rule were marked by an extraordinary outburst of social and cultural change. Although the Bolsheviks had maintained complete control of the economy during the civil war, Lenin decided at its end that a partial return to a market economy would help the country recover from the destruction of the previous three years. His New Economic Policy, or NEP, brought about a period of relative prosperity, allowing the young Soviet government to consolidate its political position and rebuild the country's infrastructure. This was also the period during which the Russian Avant-Garde reached its height, developing the radical new styles of Constructivism, Futurism, and Suprematism . Although the country still faced enormous challenges, there was a widespread sense of optimism and opportunity. As was the case with the Napoleonic Wars, the Soviet Union emerged from World War II considerably stronger than it had been before the war. Although the country suffered enormous devastation and lost more than twenty million lives, it had gained considerable territory and now ranked as one of the two great world powers along with the United States. Nonetheless, life in the country continued to suffer. Industrial production was once again concentrated on heavy industry, agricultural failures produced widespread famine, political freedoms were restricted even further, and another huge wave of purges was carried out. As the Cold War got underway, an increasing proportion of the Soviet Union's resources were funneled into military projects, further exacerbating the quality of life. Stalin remained in power until 1953, when he died of a cerebral hemorrhage.

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