41. NEI Science Club: 4 Your Class Project This energy is converted to electricity by a nuclear power plant. nuclearenergy results from fission—or the splitting of atoms. http://www.nei.org/scienceclub/4yourclassproject/4ycp_hownucenergyworks.html

Nuclear Energy Institute Science Club 4 Your Class Project How nuclear energy works When uranium atoms are split, the heat produced is called nuclear energy. This energy is converted to electricity by a nuclear power plant. Fission releases large amounts of energy (heat), which is called nuclear energy because it comes from a reaction in the nucleus of the uranium-235 atom. For uranium to be used as a fuel, its U-235 content must be increased from less than 1 percent to between 3 and 5 percent. August 2000

42. NEI - Nuclear Energy And The Electric Power Plant This sequence of one fission triggering others, and those triggering stillmore, is called a chain reaction. This heat is known as nuclear energy. http://www.nei.org/index.asp?catnum=4&catid=17

43. History Of Nuclear Energy Scientists are also studying the power of nuclear fusion. Fusion is the energy thatpowers the sun is also likely to create less radioactive waste than fission. http://nova.nuc.umr.edu/nuclear_facts/history/history.html

THE HISTORY OF NUCLEAR ENERGY Nuclear Engineering U.S. Department of Energy DOE/NE-0088 The History of Nuclear Energy Energy from the Atom Although they are tiny, atoms have a large amount of energy holding their nuclei together. Certain isotopes of some elements can be split and will release part of their energy as heat. This splitting is called fission. The heat released in fission can be used to help generate electricity in powerplants. Uranium-235 (U-235) is one of the isotopes that fissions easily. During fission, U-235 atoms absorb loose neutrons. This causes U-235 to become unstable and split into two light atoms called fission products. The combined mass of the fission products is less than that of the original U-235. The reduction occurs because some of the matter changes into energy. The energy is released as heat. Two or three neutrons are released along with the heat. These neutrons may hit other atoms, causing more fission. A series of fissions is called a chain reaction. If enough uranium is brought together under the right conditions, a continuous chain reaction occurs. This is called a self-sustaining chain reaction. A self-sustaining chain reaction creates a great deal of heat, which can be used to help generate electricity. Nuclear powerplants generate electricity like any other steam-electric powerplant. Water is heated, and steam from the boiling water turns turbines and generates electricity. The main difference in the various types of steam-electric plants is the heat source. Heat from a self-sustaining chain reaction boils the water in a nuclear powerplant. Coal, oil, or gas is burned in other powerplants to heat the water.

44. The Tokaimura Accident: Nuclear Energy And Reactor Safety - Case Study Collectio Lesson plan by Michael E. Ryan, University at Buffalo, State University of New York. From the Case Category Science Technology Tokaimura Accident...... rods for some of Japan's commercial nuclear power plants. two lighter nuclei accompaniedby an energy conversion of This process is called fission and most of http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/tokaimura/tokaimura.html

The Tokaimura Accident: Nuclear Energy and Reactor Safety by Michael E. Ryan Department of Chemical Engineering University at Buffalo, State University of New York Part I: Nuclear Power and Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing in Japan Since the worldwide oil crises of the early 1970s, Japan's energy policy has focused on decreasing the country's reliance on foreign fuel imports. With few natural resources, Japan has embraced nuclear energy and currently derives approximately 36% of its electricity from nuclear power. Japan has made substantial investments in nuclear reactor technology. As part of its goal of energy self-sufficiency, Japan has maintained a policy of reprocessing spent nuclear fuel rather than treating or disposing of it as waste. The Tokaimura nuclear fuel processing plant is operated by JCO Company Ltd. and is located approximately 120 kilometers (70 miles) northeast of Tokyo. JCO is a subsidiary of Sumitomo Metal Mining Company Ltd. and employs approximately 140 persons on a multi-building 0.16-km (40-acre) site. The JCO plant is one of 15 nuclear facilities in Tokaimura. Approximately one-third of the population of Tokaimura is employed by the nuclear industry. The main function of the JCO plant is to convert isotopically enriched uranium hexafluoride into uranium dioxide fuel. This is one step in the process of making reactor fuel rods for some of Japan's commercial nuclear power plants. The uranium used in the process has been enriched to contain up to 5% of the fissile isotope

45. Nuclear Energy Is The Most Certain Future Source. A. It is somewhat complicated and depends on facts about physics nuclear powercan come from the fission The basic energy fact is that the fission of an http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Nuclear.Issues/nuclear.html

Connect to Nuclear Issues Home Page FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT NUCLEAR ENERGY One of the major requirements for sustaining human progress is an adequate source of energy. The current largest source of energy is combustion of coal, oil and natural gas. They will last quite a while but will surely run out or become harmful in tens to hundreds of years. Solar energy will also work but is not much developed yet because of its high cost. This high cost is likely to continue, and nuclear energy is likely to remain cheaper. Q. What are the details on nuclear energy? A. It is somewhat complicated and depends on facts about physics Nuclear power can come from the fission of uranium, plutonium or thorium or the fusion of hydrogen into helium. Today it is almost all uranium. The basic energy fact is that the fission of an atom of uranium produces 10 million times the energy produced by the combustion of an atom of carbon from coal. Natural uranium is almost entirely a mixture of two isotopes, U-235 and U-238. U-235 can fission in a reactor, and U-238 can't to a significant extent. Natural uranium is 99.3 percent U-238 and 0.7 percent U-235. Most nuclear power plants today use enriched uranium in which the concentration of U-235 is increased from 0.7 percent U-235 to (nowadays) about 4 percent U-235. This is done in an expensive separation plant of which there are several kinds. The U-238 "tails" are left over for eventual use in "breeder reactors". The Canadian CANDU reactors don't require enriched fuel, but since they use expensive

46. TVA: Nuclear Energy When a uranium atom splits in the process called nuclear fission, it givesoff energy in the form of heat. To regulate the heatproducing http://www.tva.gov/power/nuclear.htm

Nuclear Energy What is nuclear energy, and how does it work? TVA Nuclear operates two different types of nuclear power plants, one using pressurized water and the other boiling water. Sequoyah and Watts Bar Nuclear Plants are based on a pressurized water reactor, and Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant has a boiling water reactor. Pressurized water reactor diagram Boiling water reactor diagram A nuclear plant works in much the same way that a TVA dam or fossil-fuel plant does, in that large turbine blades are used to operate a generator to produce electricity. At a hydroelectric dam, the force of the falling water spins the turbine blades, while at a coal-fired or nuclear plant, the force of steam spins the blades. A nuclear plant, however, uses uranium instead of coal as a fuel to make steam. A secondary source of water passes around the outside of the tubes in the steam generators. The heat from the water inside the tubes is transferred to the secondary source of water, which boils and turns to steam. The steam formed in the generators is piped into the main turbine, where the force of the steam turns the turbine blades. The turbine is connected to an electric generator by a rotating shaft. As the turbine blades begin to spin, a magnet inside the generator also turns, and that produces electricity. Once the steam has been used to drive the main turbine, the low-energy steam is converted back to water by circulating around tubes (which carry cool water from an adjacent lake) in a large boxlike structure called a condenser. The condensed steam, now water, is pumped to the steam generators to repeat the cycle. The water in the condenser tubes picks up heat from the steam passing around the outside of the tubes. This heated water may be passed through a 140-meter-high (459-foot) cooling tower before being returned to the lake or reused in the plant. The three water systems are separated from each other to ensure that radioactive water does not mix with nonradioactive.

47. Biomass Energy nuclear fission nuclear Physics Past, Present and Future http//library school students,features information about nuclear physics, energy and weapons. http://www.geoee.psu.edu/courses/Fission.html

48. Fission Enegy And Systems Saftey Program Recommendations for a Department of energy nuclear R D Agenda, Preparedby US Department of energy National Laboratory Directors http://fessp.llnl.gov/recommenddoe.html

Search By Name: Search Entire Site: Prepared by U.S. Department of Energy National Laboratory Directors: Argonne National Laboratory, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Sandia National Laboratories. December 1997. Letter of Transmittal Front Matter Executive Summary Summary Report ... Appendix 6: Recommendations The files are provided in PDF Format. Acrobat Reader is available free from Adobe Systems, Inc. To download the reader, click on the icon below. Return to the FESSP Main Page Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory UCRL-MI-123416, Last Updated: February 28, 2001 Comments and Questions - en-env@llnl.gov Technical Problems - enevtech@llnl.gov

49. Fission Enegy And Systems Saftey Program capability of the Laboratory to the protection of public health and safety and tothe advancement of technology in fission energy and the nuclear fuel cycle. http://fessp.llnl.gov/

Search By Name: Search Entire Site: Nuclear Technology and Systems Safety Computer Safety Information Technology and Security Security and Automation Technology Safeguards and Material Accountability Security and Automation Technology Nuclear Materials Stewardship HEU Transparency Repository Systems Repository Systems The Fission Energy and Systems Safety Program (FESSP) is one of the major programs in the Energy and Environment Directorate at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), encompassing at any given time more than 80 projects for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) , the Department of Energy (DOE) , and other government agencies. FESSP is a work-for-others program providing technology support to government and industry and is committed to applying the advanced science and engineering capability of the Laboratory to the protection of public health and safety and to the advancement of technology in fission energy and the nuclear fuel cycle. In fulfilling its mission, FESSP provides technical support and services in the areas of:

50. PPL Corporation >> SEIC >> Nuclear Energy nuclear energy is energy that comes from the nucleus, or center, of an atom.When atoms are split, or fission, a large amount of energy is released. http://www.pplweb.com/community/seic/seic_nuclearenergy.htm

SEIC Home Programs Tours Susquehanna Riverlands ... Get Directions Nuclear energy is energy that comes from the nucleus, or center, of an atom. When atoms are split, or fission, a large amount of energy is released. A nuclear reactor is a system of equipment that contains and controls a fission reaction. Heat generated in the reactor is used to boil water to make steam. This steam turns a turbine connected to a generator. The spinning of the generator creates electricity. More than 100 nuclear power plants provide about twenty percent of America's electricity, second only to coal. Nuclear energy is used to administer medical treatments; test new medicines; detect flaws in aircraft; irradiate bacteria, parasites and insects in food; power space satellites; and generate electricity Terms/Conditions

51. Untitled A view of the spiritual perception of nuclear energy. Inquiry at the Findhorn Community in Scotland Category Society Issues Environment nuclear energy...... nuclear fission is the process we have contrived in recent time, thatallows us to milk energy out of the particle population. Far http://www.atomsfindhorn.info/

www.atomsfindhorn.info Nuclear energy: The view from the North Nuclear Energy: the view from the North. A synopsis: Here in northern Scotland the summer light is wonderfully clean and long-lasting, while winter is full of cool darkness. But stars and moonlight make the night a friendly place. Through the winter months a fire in an iron stove warms this home, and a fire of conviction burns in my mind that the atomic world is far more social and sentient than our scientific account cares or dares to imagine. The polarity of summer and winter are an analogy for the sunlit world of objective thought on the one hand and the realm of subjective knowledge that derives from personal experience on the other. The combination of these two ways of seeing and being gives rise to what we now call "holistic knowledge". Indeed, this marriage of objective and subjective perception is the underlying basis of quantum physics. The concept being renewed in our time by quantum thought is how this is "a living universe"

52. Sho-Me Dictionary - N nuclear fission was discovered in 1938 by Hahn, Otto and Fritz Strassman, and wasexplained in 1939 by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch. fission energy can be http://www.shomepower.com/dict/n/nuclear_energy.htm

Nuclear Energy The Energy stored in the nucleus of an Atom and released through fission, fusion, or Radioactivity . In these processes a small amount of Mass , equal to the difference in mass before and after the reaction, is converted to energy according to the relationship E = mc-squared (m x c^2), where E is energy, m mass, and c the Speed of Light (see Relativity ). In fission processes, a fissionable nucleus absorbs a Neutron , becomes unstable, and splits into two nearly equal nuclei. In fusion processes, two nuclei combine to form a single, heavier nucleus. Fission occurs for very heavy nuclei, while fusion occurs for the lightest nuclei. Nuclear fission was discovered in 1938 by Hahn, Otto and Fritz Strassman, and was explained in 1939 by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch. Fission energy can be obtained by bombarding the fissionable Isotope Uranium -235 with slow neutrons in order to split it. Because this reaction releases an average of 2.5 neutrons, a chain reaction is possible, provided at least one neutron per fission is captured by another nucleus and causes a second fission. In an Atomic Bomb the number of neutrons producing additional fission is greater than 1, and the reaction increases rapidly to an explosion (see

53. Nuclear Energy In a fission reaction large atoms split into smaller atoms, and energyis produced. Click the following link for demonstrations http://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/mechanics/energy/nuclearEnergy/nuclearEner

Nuclear Energy Energy Mechanics Physics Contents ... Home In a fission reaction large atoms split into smaller atoms, and energy is produced. Click the following link for demonstrations and explanations concerning fission. Fission In a fusion reaction small atoms come together to form larger atoms, and energy is released. Click the following link for demonstrations and explanations concerning fusion. Fusion Energy Mechanics Physics ... E-mail

54. Nuclear Energy Basics of the nucleus is called the fission reaction. This nuclear reaction is accompaniedby the emission of new neutrons and by a release of energy that is about http://www.pnra.gov.pk/pnra_nuc_basics1.htm

55. Nuclear Energy facts. There are two kinds of ways that nuclear energy has been usedfission and fusion. fission. fission involves very heavy nuclei. http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~soper/Sun/earthnuke.html

Nuclear energy on Earth Nuclear processes can release a million times the energy of a chemical process. For this reason, mankind has tried to make use of this energy source for both military purposes and for power production. Both purposes involve very significant issues of public policy. Exploring these issues would take us too far from study of stars, but we should at least take advantage of what we have learned so far so as to understand the basic facts. There are two kinds of ways that nuclear energy has been used: fission and fusion. Fission Fission involves very heavy nuclei. The big nucleus absorbs a neutron and breaks up, releasing more neutrons. The most important reactions are U + n > two smaller nuclei + more n's naturally occuring uranium is mostly U U is separated from the U with a difficult process. Pu + n > two smaller nuclei + more n's Pu does not occur naturally it can be made in reactors U + n > two smaller nuclei + more n's U does not occur naturally it can be made in reactors Each of these reactions release about 200 MeV of energy.

56. WisPolitics.com : The Natural Conservative: Nuclear Energy And The Mission Of Fi The Natural Conservative nuclear energy and the Mission of fission I am a naturalconservative. Leaving fission as the only nuclear means to usable energy. http://www.wispolitics.com/freeser/features/f0109/f01091401.html

The Natural Conservative: Nuclear Energy and the Mission of Fission I am a natural conservative. Conservative like nature is conservative. Preserving what works until something, by chance, works better. I used to think nuclear energy was a bad idea. Life on earth, I reasoned, largely owed its existence to being 93 million miles from the nearest fission reactor the sun. Why bring a star's power plant to Earth? Then I learned that the sun burns on fusion, not fission. So, being a rational human, I went looking for a another reason to hate nuclear energy. Guided by Nature, I wondered where is the natural model for fission? Where can I find natural fission? It can't be like plastic, that wonderful war-born alchemy which conjured on Earth an incredibly durable solid that is probably unique to the universe. I learned that energy is released from a nucleus through fusion, fission and natural decay called radioactivity. I learned that fusion on stars involves Earth-melting temperatures and that radioactivity is relatively useless for power generation. Leaving fission as the only nuclear means to usable energy.

57. Nuclear Energy encyclopediaEncyclopedia nuclear energy. nuclear energy, the energy stored in thenucleus of an atom and released through fission, fusion, or radioactivity. http://www.factmonster.com/ce5/CE037850.html

Encyclopedia nuclear energy nuclear energy, the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom and released through fission, fusion, or radioactivity . In these processes a small amount of mass is converted to energy according to the relationship E mc , where E is energy, m is mass, and c is the speed of light (see relativity ). The most pressing problems concerning nuclear energy are the possibility of an accident at a nuclear reactor or fuel plant, such as those which occurred at Three Mile Island Chernobyl (1986), and Takaimura, Japan (1999), and the potential threat to the continued existence of the human race posed by nuclear weapons (see disarmament, nuclear Sections in this article: Introduction Nuclear Reactions Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion Bibliography Nubian Desert nuclear physics AD AD AD AD AD Print this page Cite this page Awards and Press Link to Fact Monster Add Fact Monster search ... Privacy

58. Nuclear Facilities Management A brief history of the Department of Energies responsibilities for uranium stewardship, a time line Category Society History Twentieth Century Atomic Age...... followed that showed that the energy released in fission was about 1940s, US intelligenceregarding Germany's promising nuclear research activities http://www.ne.doe.gov/uranium/history.html

URANIUM STEWARDSHIP ACTIVITIES History Uranium and the Atomic Age Activities History Uranium Facts Uranium Sales ... Documents In 1938, two German physicists, Otto Hahn and Fritz Straussman, discovered that a neutron caused the nucleus of a uranium atom to split (fission). Other experiments followed that showed that the energy released in fission was about 100 million times greater than a chemical reaction. At the onset of World War II, the military implications of this discovery were readily apparent to leaders of the major powers. Uranium was destined to find new, more important applications beyond its original use as a colorant for glass and ceramics. In the early 1940s, U.S. intelligence regarding Germany's promising nuclear research activities dramatically hastened the United States resolve to build a nuclear weapon. The Manhattan Project was established for this purpose in August 1942. At the University of Chicago in December 1942, Enrico Fermi and his team created a controlled, self-sustaining chain reaction using uranium and a crude graphite-pile reactor. This discovery accelerated nuclear research being conducted in the U.S. Enrico Fermi In July 1945, Manhattan Project scientists tested the first nuclear device in Alamagordo, New Mexico, using plutonium produced from a uranium and graphite-pile reactor in Richland, Washington. A month later a highly enriched uranium nuclear bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, and a plutonium nuclear bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, effectively ending World War II.

59. Office Of Nuclear Energy, Science & Technology - DOE DOE Activities in Space fission Technology * Jack Wheeler, Space and Defense PowerSystems Office of nuclear energy, Science and Technology, November 6, 2001; http://www.ne.doe.gov/nerac/mtghighlights.html

NUCLEAR ENERGY RESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEE Overview Charter Organization Meetings ... Reports Meeting Highlights September 30 - October 1, 2002 Program Update and Report of FY '03 Budget Developments Update William D. Magwood, IV, Director Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology Nuclear Power 2010 Program, Strategy to Deploy New Nuclear Power Plants Tom Miller University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Transmutation Research Program Anthony Hechanova University of South Carolina, Nuclear Engineering at USC Ralph White Developing the South Carolina State University, Nuclear Engineering Program Vincentica Valdes Nuclear Power Clean Air Analysis John Ahearne Generation IV International Forum Shane Johnson Assessment of Dose of Closed vs. Open Gen IV Fuel Cycles David Wade Generation IV Technology Roadmap R. Bennett The Gen IV Roadmap Program Neil Todreas Utilities' Use of Nuclear Generation Harold Ray Business Case for New Nuclear Power Plants David Berg NEPO Program Review John Taylor Isotopes for Life, Advanced Nuclear Medicine Initiative Owen Lowe Innovations in Nuclear Infrastructure and Education (INIE) John Gutteridge April 15-16, 2002

60. Nuclear Energy and Walker, 1997, p. 170). nuclear Reactions Scientists and engineers have foundtwo ways of extracting nuclear energy nuclear fission (splitting the nucleus http://www.usc.edu/dept/engineering/illumin/vol3issue2/nuclear/page2.html

Volume 3 Issue ii Author: Dennis La Bio: Dennis La is a senior majoring in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Southern California. . Tipler, P. A. (1995). Nuclei. Physics for Scientists and Engineers 3rd Edition Vol. 2. New York: Worth Publishers. Splitting Atoms: Nuclear Power by Dennis La Extracting Energy Nuclear Reactions Scientists and engineers have found two ways of extracting nuclear energy: nuclear fission (splitting the nucleus) and nuclear fusion (combining nuclei to form a single nucleus). In a nuclear fission process, an atom's nucleus is bombarded with high-energy particles, such as fast-moving neutrons, which cause the atom to become unstable. The atom splits into smaller, more stable atoms and particles at the same time energy is released. If this process is done over and over again in a "chain reaction," then a large amount of energy can be obtained. Figure 1 shows the nuclear fission of a uranium atom. Nuclear fission was the process used in the atomic bomb during World War II and it is also the process currently being used in power plants around the world.

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