21. The Energy Story - Chapter 13: Nuclear Energy - Fission And Fusion Chapter 13 nuclear energy Fission and fusion. Power plant drawing courtesy nuclearInstitute. nuclear fusion. Another form of nuclear energy is called fusion. http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter13.html

Chapter 13: Nuclear Energy - Fission and Fusion Another major form of energy is nuclear energy, the energy that is trapped inside each atom. One of the laws of the universe is that matter and energy can't be created nor destroyed. But they can be changed in form. Matter can be changed into energy. The world's most famous scientist, Albert Einstein , created the mathematical formula that explains this. It is: E m c This equation says: E [energy] equals m [mass] times c c stands for the velocity or the speed of light. c means c times c, or the speed of light raised to the second power or c-squared.] You can listen to Einstein's voice explaining this at: www.aip.org/history/einstein/voice1.htm Please note that some web browser software may not show an exponent (raising something to a power, a mathematical expression) on the Internet. Normally c-squared is shown with a smaller "2" placed above and to the right of the c. Scientists used Einstein's famous equation as the key to unlock atomic energy and also create atomic bombs. The ancient Greeks said the smallest part of nature is an atom. But they did not know 2,000 years ago about nature's even smaller parts.

22. Professor Quester Answers - Nuclear Power The Professor Answers In 1938, the German physicist Hans Bethe first suggested thatnuclear fusion might be what provides the energy of stars such as the Sun. http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/ask_quester/answers_nuclear.html

Professor Quester Answers Questions on Nuclear Power Dear Professor Quester: I was wondering... when you split two positively charged atoms, you make nuclear energy. But, when they try to make cold fusion, they split two negatively charged atoms and can't do it. Why can't you try to split a positive and a negative atom to make cold fusion? (I know you have to have nickel to do it also!) -Thanks (John, 8th grade, Queen of Angels School, B.C. Canada) The Professor Answers: Dear John: It's not really a question of two positively charged atoms versus two negatively charges ones when discussing nuclear power. First, you already know that atoms are made up of protons (positive charge), electrons (negative charge) and neutrons (neutral charge). Because atoms have the same number of electrons and protons, the positive and negative charges balance equally. The force that holds the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus is called nuclear force. Each atom of Uranium-235, the fissionable isotope of uranium, contains 92 protons, 92 electrons and 143 neutrons. That's what makes it an isotope; having more neutrons. Although each atom is balanced, all nuclei are unstable to a certain degree. The bigger the nucleus, the more unstable it is. It is this instability that makes U-235 perfect for fission to occur. The balanced, but large, unstable U-235 nucleus is bombarded by neutrons. When a neutron hits the nucleus, the nucleus splits into two smaller, more stable nuclei. These smaller nuclei need fewer neutrons to make them stable and two or three neutrons are usually released. These then cause other nuclei to break up and can start a chain reaction. The energy needed to hold all of the particles together in the new nuclei is less than that required in the original nucleus and the "spare" energy is released, mostly as heat.

23. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Fusion (Nuclear Energy) HomeworkCentral Search Tips HomeworkCentral Linking Policy. MIDDLE SCHOOL Technology energy Nonrenewable energy nuclear energy fusion. http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/Middle_School/T

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Fusion document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); Fusion Cleaner Food Fusion Basics Fusion principles Nuclear reactions ... Contact Us

24. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Fusion (Nuclear Energy) Search Tips HomeworkCentral Linking Policy. HIGH SCHOOL BEYOND Technology energy Nonrenewable energy nuclear energy fusion. http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/Tec

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Fusion document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); Fusion Cleaner Food Fusion Basics Fusion principles Nuclear reactions ... Contact Us

25. BUBL LINK / 5:15 Internet Resources: Nuclear Energy US fusion policy, and reports on physics and engineering design considerations.Author Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Subjects nuclear energy, nuclear http://bubl.ac.uk/link/n/nuclearenergy.htm

BUBL LINK / 5:15 Catalogue of Internet Resources Home Search Subject Menus A-Z ... About Nuclear energy A-Z Index Titles Descriptions EEVL Database of Engineering Resources: Nuclear Engineering American Experience: Meltdown at Three Mile Island Basics of NMR Belarusian Chernobyl Tragedy ... World Nuclear Association Page last updated: 17 March 2003 Comments: bubl@bubl.ac.uk EEVL Database of Engineering Resources: Nuclear Engineering Links to annotated and evaluated online resources relevant to nuclear engineering. Author: EEVL, Heriot-Watt University Subjects: engineering links, nuclear energy, nuclear physics DeweyClass: ResourceType: index Location: uk Last checked: American Experience: Meltdown at Three Mile Island Set of documents about a nuclear accident which took place in the United States in 1979. Features include an overview of how a nuclear reactor operates, a Shockwave animation of what happened at Three Mile Island, a nuclear power timeline, brief biographies of key personalities, and a teacher's guide. Author: PBS/WGBH Subjects: disasters, nuclear energy

26. Fusion Education Information Administration Information on energy sources, including natural gas, coal,nuclear, renewables, end use MIT's Plasma Science and fusion Center, has http://www.ofes.fusion.doe.gov/Education.html

F u s i o n E d u c a t i o n The Fusion Energy Sciences Program includes a diverse set of disciplines - from modern plasma physics theories dealing with chaotic systems of energetic particles and waves to more conventional engineering problems of applied electromagnetism. Throughout the scientific programs supported by this office, there is a conscious recognition of the importance of: Using real-life fusion examples to enhance science education nationwide. Using science education as a means to raise public awareness of fusion energy. While there are several programs specifically supported by the Office of Fusion Energy Sciences for the purpose of science education, all of the efforts within the fusion program are highly dependent on voluntary efforts by personnel across the program. These scientists, engineers, and technical support staff give lectures, conduct tours, develop displays, and otherwise contribute their time and energy to this purpose. Questions or suggestions regarding fusion education programs should be addressed to Dr. Darlene Markevich

27. Nuclear (and Energy) nuclear fusion . nuclear fusion is the energyproducing process whichtakes place continuously in the sun and stars. In the core http://www.dist214.k12.il.us/users/asanders/nuc.html

Nuclear Energy compiled by Audrey Sanderson: send updates, corrections, and additions to email asanders@dist214.k12.il.us. History This Seattle Times series traces the history, impacts and future of atomic weapons and nuclear power. Uranium Resource Centre archive: A comprehensive Australian site offering educational resources , (such as radiation and life, chemistry of uranium waste management , etc)an electronic textbook Nuclear Electricity, briefing papers, as well as information about uranium mining! Excellent Nuclear electricity :a 2000 electronic textbook in process.5 stars! The text includes LINKED chapters on mining uranium and reactors , waste managemen t, uses of nuclear energy peaceful and deterrents, energy resources and demand. Presented by Uranium Information Council in Australia Virtual Nuclear Tourist a visual page with numerous EXCELLENT links. . Focus is on the design,operation, and regulation of all nuclear plant types. Photos and descriptions are included for plants around the world. Dr. Gonyeau's intent is to make the site a texbook. He has visited and worked at the cited facilities! There is even an opportunity to ask questions Radioactive Waste Institute The 5400 links posted here attempt to present a non-biased picture of all facets of nuclear waste disposal US Nuclear Regulatory Commission,

28. Nuclear Energy Since the energy required to overcome the mutual electric of the two nuclei is enormous,fusion occurs only the cores of stars and nuclear particle accelerators http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/01/7.html

Chapter Head Home Table of Contents Glossary ... Appendix Nuclear Energy Fission Fission occurs when the nucleus of an atom divides into two smaller nuclei. Fission can occur spontaneously; it may also be induced by the capture of a neutron. For example, an excited state of uranium (created by neutron capture) can split into smaller " daughter " nuclei. Fission products will often emit neutrons because the N/Z ratio is greater at higher Z. With a proper arrangement of uranium atoms, it is possible to have the neutrons resulting from the first fission event be captured and to cause more uranium nuclei to fission. This "chain reaction" process causes the number of uranium atoms that fission to increase exponentially. When the uranium nucleus fissions, it releases a considerable amount of energy. This process is carried on in a controlled manner in a nuclear reactor, where control rods capture excess neutrons, preventing them from being captured by other uranium nuclei to induce yet another uranium fission. Nuclear reactors are designed so that the release of energy is slow and can be used for practical generation of energy. In an atomic bomb, the chain reaction is explosively rapid. Fusion Fusion last updated: August 9, 2000

29. CORDIS: Nuclear Energy: Overview The goal of the nuclear energy Programme is to help exploit the full potential ofnuclear energy, both fusion and fission, in a sustainable manner, by making http://www.cordis.lu/fp5-euratom/src/overview.htm

[ Highlights ] Programme Overview This overview is taken from Part 1, Section II of the Guide for Proposers for the Research and Training in the field of Nuclear Energy . It has been made available in browsable format for information purposes only. The official Guide for Proposers (Part 1) can be downloaded from the Library domain on this web service. Table of Contents Programme objectives Programme strategy Programme structure and contents Synergies with other programmes ... Implementation of the programme 1. Programme objectives The goal of the Nuclear Energy Programme is to help exploit the full potential of nuclear energy, both fusion and fission, in a sustainable manner, by making current technologies even safer and more economical and by exploring promising new concepts. The availability of secure, sustainable and competitive sources of energy is essential to economic growth, prosperity and quality of life in Europe. In view of the expected growth in demand for energy, continued use will need to be made of all potential sources. Nuclear energy has the potential to provide Europe with a secure and sustainable electricity supply at a competitive price. It also makes a significant contribution to the policy of diversifying energy supply and reducing overall emissions of CO2. Efforts to develop the safety and security of nuclear energy systems can strengthen the Community's industrial competitiveness, through exploiting the European technological advance and enhance the acceptability of nuclear energy.

30. CORDIS: Nuclear Energy: Library: External Advisory Group-Fusion (EAG-FUSION) Highlights External Advisory Groupfusion (EAG-fusion) Opinionof the External Advisory Group (EAG) for the Euratom Key Action http://www.cordis.lu/fp5-euratom/src/lib_eag_fusion.htm

[ Highlights ] External Advisory Group-Fusion (EAG-FUSION) Opinion of the External Advisory Group (EAG) for the Euratom Key Action "Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion" on the Commission's Draft Work Programme concerning Fusion RTD in FP5

31. Nuclear Energy encyclopediaEncyclopedia nuclear energy. nuclear energy, the energy stored in thenucleus of an atom and released through fission, fusion, or radioactivity. http://www.factmonster.com/ce5/CE037850.html

Encyclopedia nuclear energy nuclear energy, the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom and released through fission, fusion, or radioactivity . In these processes a small amount of mass is converted to energy according to the relationship E mc , where E is energy, m is mass, and c is the speed of light (see relativity ). The most pressing problems concerning nuclear energy are the possibility of an accident at a nuclear reactor or fuel plant, such as those which occurred at Three Mile Island Chernobyl (1986), and Takaimura, Japan (1999), and the potential threat to the continued existence of the human race posed by nuclear weapons (see disarmament, nuclear Sections in this article: Introduction Nuclear Reactions Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion Bibliography Nubian Desert nuclear physics AD AD AD AD AD Print this page Cite this page Awards and Press Link to Fact Monster Add Fact Monster search ... Privacy

32. Fission, Fusion, Helium 3, Nuclear, Energy, Free Energy, Alternate Energy, Elect Isotopic lithium releases about 43 Mev per fusion to fission Lithium isotopic reactionsyield twice as much energy as uranium in a nuclear reactor; but http://www.nuenergy.org/IsoLithium.htm

Clean Nuclear Energy via Isotopic Transformation The First Artificial Accelerated Decay Transformation On April 28, 1932, at a meeting of the Royal Society, Lord Rutherford announced that two of the workers in Cavendish Laboratory, J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, had successfully demonstrated the release of excess radioactive energy from lithium elements and other light elements by protons entirely artificially generated by high electric potentials. The most surprising feature at the time was the relatively low voltage necessary. The generator installed had a peak voltage of about 750,000 volts, but artificial decay started at only one-sixth of this, 125,000 volts. Indeed, later Rutherford, using deuterons (atoms of the hydrogen isotope of mass 2) instead of protons, pushed back the starting point to some 20,000 to 40,000 volts, which is well within the range of quite a small x-ray induction coil. The protons were generated in a long vertical hydrogen vacuum-tube, specially designed to withstand the high voltage, and with a window of the thinnest possible mica leaf at the end, through which they emerged to impinge on the target element being bombarded. The protons were estimated to have a velocity of one-thirtieth of that of light, and their range in air was only 1 cm. The bombarded substance was examined by the scintillations produced in

33. Nuclear Energy nontechnical audience. There are links to other nuclear energy andenvironmental sites. UKAEA fusion, The EURATOM/UKAEA fusion http://psci-com.org.uk/browse/detail/78dad6b943904168e84dad2859da1b62.html

Nuclear energy [ back to keyword index British Nuclear Industry Forum BNIF is the trade association and information body for the British civil nuclear industry. Its main objectives are "to influence the climate of public and political opinion in favour of nuclear energy as part of a sustainable balanced energy policy, and to improve the commercial performance of the UK nuclear industry by assisting and supporting member companies to develop their businesses at home and overseas." There are links to membership organisations, together with information on national and international news (including an archive); educational resources including details on university courses and nuclear statistics; campaign details and an events diary. Nuclear industry - Great Britain Nuclear energy Institute for Energy and Environmental Research "The Institute for Energy and Environmental Research (IEER) is dedicated to increasing public involvement in and control over environmental problems through the democratization of science." It provides the public with understandable and accurate scientific and technical information on energy and environmental issues, particularly energy, climate change and the nuclear industry. The site contains newsletters, factsheets and a range of technical reports suitable for the lay person. There is an online "Technical Training Classroom" designed to teach a non-technical audience. There are links to other nuclear energy and environmental sites.

34. Fission And Fusion changed into energy. fusion. energy can also be produced by combininglight nuclei in a process is called nuclear fusion. As an energy http://reactor.engr.wisc.edu/fission.htm

College of Engineering University of Wisconsin - Madison University of Wisconsin Nuclear Reactor Tour Nuclear Energy Atoms are the building blocks from which matter is formed. Everything around us is made up of atoms. Nuclear energy is contained within the center of the atom in a place known as the nucleus . Particles within the nucleus are held together by a strong force. If a large nucleus is split apart (fission) , generous amounts of energy can be liberated. Small nuclei can also be combined (fusion) with an accompanying release of energy. Using this strong force that holds the nucleus together to produce energy is essentially what the field of nuclear power generation is about. In the fission process certain heavy elements, such as some forms of Uranium , are split when a neutron strikes them. When they split, they release energy in the form of kinetic energy (heat) and radiation . The process not only produces energy but also additional neutrons that can be used to fission other Uranium nuclei and start a chain reaction.

35. University Of California At Berkeley, Nuclear Fusion Home Page Department of nuclear Engineering of UCBerkeley carries our research on magnetic and inertial confinemen Category Science Physics nuclear fusion Organizations...... nuclear fusion Section. nuclear fusion promises clean energy with an essentiallyinfinite fuel supply, harnessing a reaction that also heats the stars. http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/fusion/fusion.html

University of California at Berkeley Department of Nuclear Engineering Nuclear Fusion Section Nuclear fusion promises clean energy with an essentially infinite fuel supply, harnessing a reaction that also heats the stars. Nuclear fusion research at UC Berkeley focuses on four disciplines: Magnetic Confinement Fusion Magnetic fields can confine fusion fuel at temperatures and densities sufficiently high for the fuel to burn. Berkeley research in magnetic confinement fusion focuses on theory, and experiments with the Berkeley Compact Toroidal Experiment. Inertial Confinement Fusion When compressed to a sufficiently high density, the inertia of fusion fuel can confine it long enough to burn. Berkeley research in inertial confinement fusion supports national efforts to reach ignition in ICF targets, and to design power plants to harness energy these targets would produce. Our Tutorial on Inertial Fusion Energy provides a nontechnical introduction to this energy source. Neutron Sources The Rotating Target Neutron Source at U.C. Berkeley provides the largest source of fusion-energy neutrons in North America. Plasma Sciences Plasma sciences research at U.C. Berkeley focuses on the theory and application of plasmas in a range of important uses.

36. UCB Inertial Fusion Energy Tutorial material that could be released by accident or careless waste disposal, fusion poweraddresses the primary concerns for nuclear energy sources, while retaining http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/thyd/icf/IFE.html

UCB ICF Target-Chamber Research IFE: A Tutorial on the Technology and Economics Introduction Audience Energy from Fusion How to Build an IFE Power Plant ... ICF Glossary INERTIAL FUSION ENERGY: A TUTORIAL ON THE TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMICS Per F. Peterson Professor University of California, Berkeley Scientists have conceived of a number of approaches to harness fusionthe source of energy that heats the starsas a future nonpolluting energy source. These web pages explore one potential route, called inertial confinement fusion , providing a largely nontechnical introduction to the technology. Introduction F usion's promise as an energy source comes from its inexhaustible fuel supply, and from its potential for almost negligible environmental impact compared to the environmental costs of competing energy sources: the air pollution and carbon dioxide emission from fossil fuel combustion; high-level radioactive waste generation from nuclear fission; and the emissions from the production of the larger quantities of concrete, steel, glass and other materials required to collect dilute solar energy. Significant technical barriers must be overcome before fusion could compete economically with these other energy sources. These notes focus on a specific technologyinertial confinement fusion (ICF)and outline reasons to be optimistic that the inertial route to fusion energy also promises economical viability. Thus, besides discussing the basics of fusion reactions, how ICF "targets" work, and what major components would go into an inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plant, these notes also present the latest economic estimates for IFE power.

37. Nuclear Engineering Links Foundation of China (NSFC); Sonoluminescence, a possible source of fusion nuclearenergy FAQ; nuclear energy Software Applications; Software Resources in nuclear http://www.ne.uiuc.edu/links.html

The World of Nuclear Engineering The ANS Local ANS Section Information ANS National Other Student Chapters Georgia Tech Massachusetts Institute of Technology North Carolina State University Penn State University ... University of Wisconsin-Madison Other ANS Information Fusion and Plasmas General Information What is Fusion? Why is Fusion Important? Office of Fusion Energy Homepage Fusion Energy Education Site ... News Group: sci.physics.fusion Magnetic Confinement General Information on Tokamaks What is a Tokamak? Some Links at the University of California at Berkeley Actual or Proposed Tokamaks The Joint European Tokamak (JET) JT-60U Tokamak Web Page at JAERI Alcator C-mod Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) ... The DIII-D tokamak at General Atomics in San Diego, California Inertial Confinement The X Division at LLNL Institute of Laser Engineering (ILE) University of California at Berkeley Other Fusion-Compact Auburn Torsatron Torsatron/Stellarator Laboratory Magnetized Target Fusion Abstract for 1995 IEEE Conference on Pulsed Power Abstract for Irv Lindemuth P/T Division Colloquium, 19 January 1995

38. Nuclear Energy - Fission And Fusion nuclear fusion. Another form of nuclear energy is called fusion. fusion meansjoining smaller nuclei (the plural of nucleus) to make a larger nucleus. http://www.geocities.com/eddly_17/nuclear_energy_.htm

Nuclear Fission An atom's nucleus can be split apart. When this is done, a tremendous amount of energy is released. The energy is both heat and light energy. This energy, when let out slowly, can be harnessed to generate electricity. When it is let out all at once, it makes a tremendous explosion in an atomic bomb. The word fission means to split apart. A nuclear power plant (like Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant shown on the right) uses uranium as a "fuel." Uranium is an element that is dug out of the ground many places around the world. It is processed into tiny pellets that are loaded into very long rods that are put into the power plant's reactor. Inside the reactor of an atomic power plant, uranium atoms are split apart in a controlled chain reaction. In a chain reaction, particles released by the splitting of the atom go off and strike other uranium atoms splitting those. Those particles given off split still other atoms in a chain reaction. In nuclear power plants, control rods are used to keep the splitting regulated so it doesn't go too fast. If the reaction is not controlled, you could have an atomic bomb. But in atomic bombs, almost pure pieces of the element Uranium-235 or Plutonium, of a precise mass and shape, must be brought together and held together, with great force. These conditions are not present in a nuclear reactor.

39. Office Of Nuclear Energy, Science & Technology countries in the areas of nonproliferation, nuclear energy research and development,nuclear safety and emergency preparedness, fusion energy science research http://www.ne.doe.gov/home/05-03-00.html

PRESS RELEASES Japan and United States Issue Statement on Future Cooperative Activities May 3, 2000 List Japan's Minister of State for Science and Technology Hirofumi Nakasone and U.S. Secretary of Energy Bill Richardson today issued the following joint statement announcing future cooperative activities between the two countries in the areas of nonproliferation, nuclear energy research and development, nuclear safety and emergency preparedness, fusion energy science research and development, and basic scientific research. Nuclear Nonproliferation Minister Nakasone and Secretary Richardson noted their strong interest in preserving and strengthening the international nonproliferation regime. Towards that end, they will continue collaborative activities in the following areas: Plutonium Disposition in Russia The Science and Technology Agency (STA) and the Department of Energy (DOE) will expand joint activities to facilitate Russian disposition of surplus weapons-grade plutonium, including modification of Russia's BN-600 fast reactor core to burn plutonium. STA and DOE will also explore opportunities to promote ongoing research and development of the Gas Turbine-Modular Helium Reactor, which holds promise for efficiently using, while destroying, plutonium fuel. International Nuclear Safeguards STA and DOE plan to continue collaborative research and activities in the area of international nuclear safeguards, including projects that promote implementation of strengthened and integrated International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards.

40. Belfer Center For Science And International Affairs - Publications - Recent Publ FEDERAL energy R D FOR THE CHALLENGES OF THE 21st CENTURY Table of Contents CHAPTER5 nuclear energy FISSION AND fusion Many of the technologies that will http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/BCSIA/Library.nsf/pubs/pcast97-6

document.cookie = "CoC_js_id" + "=" + 0; Contact BCSIA Site Map Kennedy School Search Advanced Search BCSIA Home Publications Recent Publications Publications . . . . People Fellowships Events ... Search Order By: Year Program Title Author Subject Type Feigenbaum, Evan A. China's Techno-Warriors: National Security and Strategic Competition from the Nuclear to the Information Age . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 7 April 2003. Allison, Graham. " A War Played to Many Audiences Boston Globe A (31 March 2003): 19. Frankel, Jeffrey. " Advice to a Fledgling Economic Advisor The Financial Times (31 March 2003). Juma, Calestous. " Agricultural Biotechnology in Development: Challenges and Opportunities ." 26 March 2003. Nye, Joseph. " The Right War at the Wrong Time Boston Globe (24 March 2003). Nye, Joseph. " Divided We War Globe and Mail (24 March 2003).

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