41. Human Rights And Environment Resources United Nations environment Programme, ozone Secretariat Status of Ratification/Accession/Acceptance/Approvalof the Agreements on the Protection of the http://shr.aaas.org/hrenv/categories.php?cat_id=66

42. Ozone: Good Up High, Bad Nearby An introductory and comparative look at the environmental effects of stratospheric and ground level ozone. http://www.policyalmanac.org/environment/archive/ozone.shtml

Almanac of Policy Issues Home Search Archive Ozone: Good Up High, Bad Nearby EPA/451/K-97-002 October 1997 Contents: What is Ozone? How Can Ozone Be Both Good and Bad? What is Happening to the "Good" Ozone Layer? How Does the Depletion of "Good" Ozone Affect Human Health and the Environment? ... For More Information GOOD UP HIGH What is Ozone? O zone is a gas that forms in the atmosphere when 3 atoms of oxygen are combined (0 ). It is not emitted directly into the air, but at ground level is created by a chemical reaction between oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of sunlight. Ozone has the same chemical structure whether it occurs high above the earth or at ground level and can be "good" or "bad," depending on its location in the atmosphere. How Can Ozone Be Both Good and Bad? O zone occurs in two layers of the atmosphere. The layer surrounding the earth's surface is the troposphere. Here, ground-level or "bad" ozone is an air pollutant that damages human health, vegetation, and many common materials. It is a key ingredient of urban smog. The troposphere extends to a level about 10 miles up, where it meets the second layer, the stratosphere. The stratospheric or "good" ozone layer extends upward from about 10 to 30 miles and protects life on earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays (UV-b). Too much here... Cars, trucks, power plants and factories all emit air pollution that forms ground-level ozone or smog.

43. Ozone Depletion - Air/Weather - Environment Canada ozone Guarding Our Earth; The ozone Layer. The Green Lane TM , EnvironmentCanada's World Wide Web site, Important Notices and Disclaimers. http://www.mb.ec.gc.ca/air/a00s20.en.html

Français Contact Us Help Search ... Weather Links Ozone Depletion A Primer on Ozone Depletion - The Environmental Citizenship Series The Ozone Layer - What's Going On Up There Ozone Guarding Our Earth ... Canada Site The Green Lane TM , Environment Canada's World Wide Web site URL of this page: http://www.pnr-rpn.ec.gc.ca /air/a00s20.en.html

44. Environmental Effects Of Ozone Depletion - 1998 UNEP Assessment Special issue of Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology (pdf format) presents the seven technical papers comprising the United Nations environment Programme assessment. http://www.gcrio.org/ozone/toc.html

United Nations Environment Programme Environmental Effects of Ozone Depletion 1998 Assessment The following files are available in Portable Document Format (pdf). To read the files you will need Adobe Acrobat Reader. Acrobat Reader can be downloaded and installed from http://www.adobe.com/prodindex/acrobat/readstep.html . As an alternative, you can access the HTML version of the 1998 UNEP assessment at http://www.gcrio.org/UNEP1998/ Environmental effects of ozone depletion: 1998 assessment J. C. van der Leun, X. Tang, and M. Tevini Executive Summary List of Abbreviations Changes in biologically active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface Health Risks J. Longstreth, F.R. de Gruijl, M.L. Kripke, S. Abseck, F. Arnold, H. I. Slaper, G. Velders, Y. Takizawa, and J. C. van der Leun Effects of increased solar ultraviolet radiation on terrestrial ecosystems Effects on aquatic ecosystems Effects of enhanced solar ultraviolet radiation on biogeochemical cycles R. G. Zepp, T. V. Callaghan, and D. J. Erickson Changes in tropospheric composition and air quality X. Tang, S. Madronich, T. Wallington, and D. Calamari

45. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) - Atmospheric Environments Programme - Ozo Substances (ODS). Extensive global cooperation is essential to deal withthe global threat to health and environment from ozone Depletion. http://www.sei.se/atmosphere/ODS/

SEI Home Ozone Layer Research Group Atmospheric Environment Home Ozone Layer Protection A Swedish Bilateral Programme SEI-S's Ozone Layer Research Group forms part of SEI's Atmospheric Environment Programme RESEARCH GROUPS Ozone Layer Protection Atmospheric Pollution Strategies SEARCH RESEARCH GROUPS - Ozone Layer Research - Atmospheric Pollution Strategies PROJECT HOMEPAGES - POPs - RAPIDC On the SEI Website: About SEI Milestones Board Factsheets SEI Centres - Boston - Stockholm - Tallinn - York Staff PROGRAMMES Atmospheric Environment Sus. Development Studies Water Resources Publications - List - Search - Downloads Sitemap Contact OZONE LAYER PROTECTION PROGRAMME Sweden, through its bilateral Ozone Layer Protection Programme, assists developing countries and CEITs (countries with economies in transition) in meeting the Montreal Protocol obligations for the phase-out of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS). Extensive global cooperation is essential to deal with the global threat to health and environment from Ozone Depletion. Sweden began phasing out ODS in the 1980s and has successfully phased out ODS (including HCFCs) without problems with illegal import or disruptions to functions in business and society and without phasing in other hazardous chemicals. Cooperation between the authorities in charge and industry has proven to be a key factor for achieving successful phase-out.

46. Ozone And Your Environment ozone and Your environment. Concepts You will learn about ozone in the environmentwhile practicing your library and Internet research skills. http://www.homeschoollearning.com/hsc/unit_09-12-01.html

Ozone and Your Environment Learn the terminology and skills used by today's scientists while focusing on one of Earth's most pressing environmental problems-Ozone in our environment. Recently, ozone, a simple molecule made from three oxygen atoms, has been discussed with great concern in headline stories such as, "Rising Ozone Levels in LA Cause Smog Alert," and "Depletion in Ozone Layer May Lead to Cancer!" Whether it is too much or too little, the effect of human activities on the level of ozone in our environment is under close scrutiny by environmentalists, politicians, and lawmakers. The lessons in this unit well help you discover why. Ozone can be found in two very different layers of our atmosphere, the troposphere and the stratosphere. The environmental problems related to the levels of ozone in these two atmospheric layers are very different. In the troposphere, the level of the atmosphere that we live in, ozone is a component of the air pollution commonly referred to as "smog." The amount of ozone in our troposphere is increasing because of chemicals emitted wherever natural gas, gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, and oil are combusted. Nearly 90% of our Earth's ozone is found in the atmospheric layer above ours called the stratosphere. This layer extends from about 14.5 kilometers to 50 kilometers (9-31 miles) in altitude and is where airplanes fly. The ozone layer is within the stratosphere, approximately 15-40 kilometers (10-25 miles) above the Earth's surface. This ozone is important for blocking the Earth from the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays by absorbing the UV energy and keeping the rays from penetrating to the Earth.

47. Öko-Recherche Analyses of material flows of chemicals in the environment, including chemicals damaging the ozone layer. http://www.oekorecherche.de/english.html

48. The Home School Learning Network, The Sky Is The Limit! Learn the terminology and skills used by today's scientists while focusing on oneof Earth's most pressing environmental problemsozone in our environment. http://www.homeschoollearning.com/units/unit_09-12-01.shtml

Join HLN Members Login: Home Educators Teachers Sign Up Now! [3-Day Free Trial] What We Offer Membership Plans Support About Us Contact Us Free Resources Homeschool Links Teacher Links Free Unit Studies Free Newsletter NEW! HLN Presents the Spring, 2003 Virtual Science Fair HLN Subscribers Register for Free! March 31 - June 2, 2003 Learn More! Home Free Units This is a free thematic unit provided by the Homeschool Learning Network. View more free thematic units, or enroll to receive daily thematic units, plus much more! Ozone and Your Environment Learn the terminology and skills used by today's scientists while focusing on one of Earth's most pressing environmental problems-Ozone in our environment. Recently, ozone, a simple molecule made from three oxygen atoms, has been discussed with great concern in headline stories such as, "Rising Ozone Levels in LA Cause Smog Alert," and "Depletion in Ozone Layer May Lead to Cancer!" Whether it is too much or too little, the effect of human activities on the level of ozone in our environment is under close scrutiny by environmentalists, politicians, and lawmakers. The lessons in this unit well help you discover why. Ozone can be found in two very different layers of our atmosphere, the troposphere and the stratosphere. The environmental problems related to the levels of ozone in these two atmospheric layers are very different. In the troposphere, the level of the atmosphere that we live in, ozone is a component of the air pollution commonly referred to as "smog." The amount of ozone in our troposphere is increasing because of chemicals emitted wherever natural gas, gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, and oil are combusted.

49. Regulations - Environment - Ozone Layer Protection (k) leak test means a procedure performed on equipment to determine whetheror not an ozonedepleting substance is being released to the environment;. http://www.gov.ns.ca/just/regulations/regs/env5495.htm

Consolidations of Nova Scotia regulations are prepared by the Registry of Regulations for reference only and have no official sanction. For all purposes of interpreting and applying the law, users should consult the original documents filed with the Registry of Regulations , or refer to the Royal Gazette Part II Although every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this electronic version, the Registry of Regulations assumes no responsibility for any discrepancies that may have resulted from reformatting. This electronic version is for your personal use and may not be copied for the purposes of resale in this or any other form. Ozone Layer Protection Regulations made under Section 112 of the Environment Act S.N.S. 1994-95, c. 1 Order in Council 95-293 (April 11, 1995), N.S. Reg. 54/95 Citation These regulations may be cited as the "Ozone Layer Protection Regulations". Definitions In these regulations (a) "Act" means the Environment Act; (b) "Administrator" means a person appointed pursuant to Section 3 of these regulations, and includes an acting Administrator; (c) "approved environmental awareness course" means an environmental awareness course approved by the Minister respecting ozone-depleting substance control in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry;

50. Nearctica - Geophysics - Global Change - Ozone Depletion A Primer on ozone Depletion. environment Canada. Information on environment Canada'sefforts to curtail the continuing depletion of the ozone layer. http://www.nearctica.com/geology/global/ozone.htm

Geophysics - Global Change - Ozone Depletion Return to Geophysics Main Page Go to Environment Main Page About 90 percent of the earth's ozone molecules are concentrated in a layer of the stratosphere called the "Ozone Layer". Stratospheric ozone is a naturally occurring gas that filters the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A depleted ozone layer allows more radiation to reach the Earth's surface. Among other problems overexposure to UV rays can lead to skin cancer, cataracts, and a weakened immune systems in humans. Increased UV can also lead to reduced crop yields and disruptions in the marine food chain. Ozone depletion is caused by the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODS), which were used widely as refrigerants, insulating foams, and solvents. Although CFCs are heavier than air, they are eventually carried into the stratosphere in a process that can take as long as 2 to 5 years. When CFCs reach the stratosphere, the ultraviolet radiation from the sun causes them to break apart and release chlorine atoms which react with ozone, starting chemical cycles of ozone destruction, and depleting the ozone layer. One chlorine atom can disassociate more than 100,000 ozone molecules. The most notable news about ozone depletion is the appearance of a hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica. The links below will give you both basic and technical material on the subject of ozone depletion.

51. ESA Portal - Protecting The Environment - Ozone Levels At Noon Today* From KNMI/ ozone levels at noon today* from KNMI/ESA Click for a large image This global mapof ozone for local noon (GMT) is generated by the GOME Fast Delivery Service. http://www.esa.int/export/esaCP/ASE2UZ9KOYC_Protecting_0.html

ESA Life in Space Expanding Frontiers Improving Daily Life ... Benefits for Europe 10-Apr-2003 17:20:26 UT Contents More about GOME Services Subscribe Contact Us Search All ESA Home Advanced Search Ozone levels at noon today* from KNMI/ESA This global map of ozone for local noon (GMT) is generated by the GOME Fast Delivery Service. This unique service is provided by the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), using data from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) aboard the European Remote-Sensing satellite, ERS-2. The ozone fields are generated with the operational data assimilation system TM3-DAM, which is driven by the meteorological fields (wind, surface pressure, temperature) from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). On the basis of these fields, it is possible to give a forecast for the ozone fields for the next four days. Knowledge of these ozone fields enables a clear-sky UV index forecast at local noon for today and the following four days. Clicking on the pictures below will show the forecasts of the ozone field and the clear-sky UV index forecast at local noon for the following four days. You may notice that there are no data available for some parts of the Earth surface and wonder why it is possible to forecast the ozone levels for the whole Earth. Indeed, the GOME instrument measures the backscattered sunlight and, so, depending on the season there are parts of the Earth not illuminated by the sun at all times. However, these gaps can be filled by using assimilation techniques which are modelling the movement of the ozone using ECMWF windfields.

52. ESA Portal - Protecting The Environment - Ozone Holes ozone holes Thinning of the stratospheric ozone layer, first conspicuous as a “hole”over Antarctica, is now apparent also in the north, and the response http://www.esa.int/export/esaCP/GGGF97G3KCC_Protecting_0.html

ESA Life in Space Expanding Frontiers Improving Daily Life ... Benefits for Europe 10-Apr-2003 17:20:38 UT Services Subscribe Contact Us Search All ESA Home Advanced Search ERS-2/GOME map of ozone thinning over Europe Ozone holes Thinning of the stratospheric ozone layer, first conspicuous as a “hole” over Antarctica, is now apparent also in the north, and the response to curbs on manmade emissions of ozone-harming chemicals is slower than expected. ESA joined in the worldwide effort to measure ozone and study its chemistry with the GOME instrument in ERS-2 (1995). An improved version, SCIAMACHY, will be carried on Envisat (2002). Two other instruments will detect ozone and other chemicals in the atmosphere seen on the limb (edge) of the Earth from Envisat’s viewpoint, by their absorption of starlight (GOMOS) and their emission of infrared signatures (MIPAS). Last update: 12 March 2002 Related links ESA press release 5/2000 Cold spell in the stratosphere (PR47-99) Ozone loss over Europe SCIAMACHY ... ERS instruments

53. Climate Change And Ozone Layer Publications [Ministry For The Environment] Name, Date, Reference. Halons, ozone layer protection and you, August 2002,. To Keep Your environment Cool keep your appliances healthy, June 2002,-. http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/climate/

Home Contact us Related links Site map ... Ministry Site search Publications About the Ministry Air quality Biodiversity Climate change and ozone layer Energy General Hazardous substances Land ... Water You are here: Publications Climate change and ozone layer publications Climate change and ozone layer publications For more background information on Climate Change, including information sheets, technical working papers, economic analysis reports and general publications, visit the New Zealand Government's Climate Change website General publications Technical reports Consultation documents General publications Name Date Reference Halons, ozone layer protection and you August 2002 June 2002 Climate Wise newsletter: issue 2 April 2001 Climate Wise newsletter: issue 1 March 2001 Climate Change: frequently asked questions November 2000 Climate Change: developing solutions November 2000 November 1999 back to top Technical reports Name Date Reference Climate change impacts on New Zealand June 2002 National Communication 2001 January 2002 January 2002 Climate Change: A Consultation Snapshot October 2001 Climate Change Issues: A Study of Public Awareness and Level of Concern March 2001 November 1999 Summary of Submissions on the consultation document Climate Change: Domestic Policy Options Statement October 1999 Technical Design Issues for a Domestic Emissions Trading Regime for Greenhouse Gases August 1998

54. Ozone Layer Protection Act [Ministry For The Environment] provision for the Minister for the environment to require that people handlingozonedepleting substances develop codes of practice and/or know their http://www.mfe.govt.nz/laws/ozone.html

Home Contact us Related links Site map ... Ministry Site search Laws and treaties Biosecurity Act Climate Change Response Act Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act ... HSNO Act Ozone Layer Protection Act Resource Management Act Multilateral Environmental Agreements You are here: Laws and treaties About the Ozone Layer Protection Act 1996 About the Ozone Layer Protection Act 1996 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer are contained in the Ozone Layer Protection Act 1996 and the Ozone Layer Protection Regulations 1996. The Ozone Layer Protection Act lays down the broad controls for ozone-depleting substances. Its provisions include: a prohibition on the import, manufacture, sell or export products controlled by regulation except as allowed under the Regulations (Section 6) provision for exemptions for essential uses, such as the import of CFCs for meter dose inhalers for asthma and related conditions (sections 8 and 9) provision for the Minister for the Environment to require that people handling ozone-depleting substances develop codes of practice and/or know their obligations under the Act and have sufficient knowledge to be able to fulfil them (sections 10 to 13) making it an offence to release controlled substances knowingly during installation, servicing, operating or dismantling equipment (Section 13(f))

55. The Academy Of Natural Sciences - Research - Know Your Environment - Open Season Section 2, But, Don't We Need ozone? Section 3, ozone and the environment.Section 4, ozone and Human Health. BACK TO TOP. ozone and the environment. http://www.acnatsci.org/research/kye/ozone1.html

You are in Research Know Your Environment S E A R C H Help us make Know Your Environment even better with our quick reader survey Articles K NOW Y OUR E NVIRONMENT A publication of the Environmental Associates About Article Index Links Other Publications Republishing Articles Feedback Open Season on Ozone EPA Expands its Fight Against Ozone the Bad Kind, That Is by Chris Reuther , Science Writer, Environmental Associates, Academy of Natural Sciences October 1998 Section 1 Introduction Section 2 But, Don't We Need Ozone? Section 3 Ozone and the Environment Section 4 Ozone and Human Health Section 5 EPA's New Standard Section 6 Ozone Transport O zone gas is one of the six air pollutants that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

56. The Academy Of Natural Sciences - Research - Know Your Environment - Disappearin a shortage of ozone in the upper atmosphere, people are also worried about too muchozone in the air that we breathe (see Know Your environment, October 1998). http://www.acnatsci.org/research/kye/ozone2.html

You are in Research Know Your Environment S E A R C H Help us make Know Your Environment even better with our quick reader survey Articles K NOW Y OUR E NVIRONMENT A publication of the Environmental Associates About Article Index Links Other Publications Republishing Articles Feedback Disappearing Ozone Despite International Action, the Antarctic Ozone Hole Is Still Growing by Chris Reuther , Science Writer, Environmental Associates, The Academy of Natural Sciences December 1998 Section 1 Introduction Section 2 Way Up There Section 3 But, Why Antarctica? Section 4 Fixing the Hole Section 5 The Ongoing Threat More Info Selected Links I n October of this year, scientists who study the atmosphere made an alarming announcement: The ozone layer, the thin shell of atmospheric gas that prevents the sun's most harmful rays from reaching earth, is showing some of the worst signs of damage ever. During the onset of the 1998 Antarctic spring (autumn in the Northern Hemisphere), a hole three times the size of Australia over 3500 miles in diameter developed in the ozone layer over the South Pole. This year's ozone hole is the largest ever observed, and it stands as testament to the power humans have to degrade the earth's fragile environment.

57. Ozone Generator Melzon Series environment with ozone, environment with ozone ozoneenvironmentallyFriendly, History of ozone generator. Principle of ozone generator. http://global.mitsubishielectric.com/bu/ozone/index_b.html

58. Environment Agency - Ozone Depletion ozone Secretariat information from the United Nations environment Programmeon the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the ozone Layer and for the http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/pollution/ozone/?version=1&lang

59. Environment Agency - Ozone Depletion Thursday 6 February 2003, You are in Your environment Indicators Atmosphere ozone depletion. environment Agency, http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/indicators/Atmosphere/v4-6_ozone/?v

60. Stockholm Environment Institute - SEI - Atmosphere Programme - Ozone Projects CE, Derwent, RG (2000) The European regional ozone distribution and its links withthe global scale for the years 1992 and 2015. Atmospheric environment 34255 http://www.york.ac.uk/inst/sei/ozone/about-atmos.htm

Atmosphere Home E-mail Sitemap AIR POLLUTION IMPACTS BY TROPOSPHERIC OZONE BACKGROUND PROJECTS STAFF PUBLICATIONS ... LINKS BACKGROUND Tropospheric Ozone and Vegetation Impacts Evidence of the harmful effects to vegetation caused by tropospheric or ground level ozone has accumulated over recent decades. The first observations of large-scale vegetation damage were made in USA during the 1950s with the occurrence of widespread forest decline. During the 1970s and 1980s forest decline was also observed in central Europe. These observations of injury initiated various research programmes that have resulted in established links between elevated ozone concentrations and damage. Economic assessments of annual crop losses due to ozone have also been performed; perhaps the most well-known study carried out by Adams et al. (1988) estimated annual USA crop losses caused by tropospheric ozone at $3000 million US dollars. Figure 1 : Ozone visible injury on commercially grown muskmelon (Cumis melo) cv. Gali recorded at Thessaly plain, Greece. Left: Typical foliar injury. Right: Field damage. (

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