21. Plight Of Panama's Indigenous William Barrington, spokesman for the National Council of indigenous peoples inPanama, denied the allegation. If we Ngobes and Bugles had such an arsenal. http://www.foreignwire.com/panama.html

PANAMA'S INDIANS CONFRONT NEW CONQUISTADORES By Jon Mitchell (Dec. 14 1996) PANAMA CITY - When Spanish conqueror Balboa first arrived on the isthmus of Panama looking for land, silver and gold, there were around sixty indigenous groups opposing his presence. Five hundred years later, that number has shrunk to around six. But perhaps for the first time since the Spanish conquest, Panama's indigenous are presenting a united front, with the modern-day conquistadores represented by a Canadian mining company seeking to exploit one of the world's largest copper reserves in the northern province of Chiriqui. And while hard-hats have replaced helmets upon the slopes of the Cerro Colorado mountain range - where the concession is being studied - for the Ngobe-Bugle and other indigenous groups, the mining plan is the latest example that Balboa's spirit lives on in the high echelons of government. "Politically, we are all united on this issue," said Atencio Lopez, an indigenous human-rights lawyer from the San Blas Archipelago. Mr Lopez is of the Kuna tribe, who have historically held more autonomy over their region than Panama's other indigenous groups. Although many of the Ngobe-Bugle living around the town of San Felix and on the concession itself welcome the mine, worries persist over possible environmental problems and how much the community will actually benefit. "We are fighting for a law that guarantees protection of the environment, to reinforce traditional authority, to strengthen our cultural identity and some degree of territorial control," said Marceli no Montezuma, the President of the Ngobe-Bugle, who is spearheading the campaign. Other indigenous groups share his worries and ambitions. Aside from mining activities, logging and ranching also threaten indigenous lands - defined or otherwise. Even the people of Kuna Yala, who were granted strong autonomous powers in 1953, have to frequently defend the limits of their comarca (reserve) against loggers and subsistence farmers. In the past few years these confrontations have become violent, often resulting in gun battles between campesinos and Kunas.

22. Choike : Indigenous Peoples The DobboYala Foundation is a private, indigenous organization with the missionto develop the indigenous peoples and conserve the environment. panama. http://chasque.choike.org/links/4/34/links.html

Home People Society Environment ... En Español Choike: A Portal on Southern Civil Societies Home People : Indigenous Peoples our directory NGO sites document.write(''); document.write('People'); document.write(description[0] + codigo[0]); document.write('Society'); document.write(description[1] + codigo[0]); document.write('Environment'); document.write(description[2] + codigo[0]); document.write('Communication'); document.write(description[3] + codigo[0]); document.write('Globalization'); document.write(description[4] + codigo[0]); document.write(''); feature Indigenous Peoples - Jueves 04/07/2002 Peruvian Farmers and Indigenous People Denounce Maca Patents document.write(''); Indigenous peoples' and farmers' organizations from the Andes and the Amazon gathered at the offices of the Ecological Forum in Lima, Peru on 28 June 2002 to formally denounce US patents on maca, the high-altitude Andean plant (of the Cruciferae [mustard] family) that has been grown for centuries by indigenous peoples in the Puna highlands of Peru. ETC Group recommended web sites Indian Law Resource Center ILRC is dedicated to the protection of indigenous peoples’ human rights, cultures, and traditional lands. The Center provides legal and technical support to indigenous communities working on these issues.

23. Roundtable On Intellectual Property And Indigenous Peoples while in other countries, notably panama, it is a highly controversial subject, tosuch an extent that it has become a campaign banner for indigenous peoples. http://www.wipo.org/eng/meetings/1998/indip/rt98_4b.htm

WIPO WIPO/INDIP/RT/98/4B ORIGINAL: Spanish DATE: July 6, 1998 WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION GENEVA ROUNDTABLE ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Geneva, July 23 and 24, 1998 INITIATIVES FOR THE PROTECTION OF HOLDERS OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES INITIATIVES FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF HOLDERS OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES Brief Analysis of the Situation in Central America Intellectual Property Legislation in Panama Since the establishment of what we now know as the "intellectual property system" just over a century ago, indigenous knowledge, which is rich in medicine, art, crafts, music, literature, etc. has been steadily marginalized, simply because it has to do with the collective rights of a people and because it does not have a known author or creator. This legal vacuum could be looked upon as the continuation of an unending genocide inflicted on indigenous peoples from time immemorial. One might think that our culture had been intended solely to give mankind its folklore image, to the extent of being catalogued as the heritage of that same mankind, with no recognition of its true origin. We are living through a period of wholesale plundering or pirating of indigenous knowledge and products without any related benefits for our peoples. For instance, until quite recently the involvement of indigenous botanists and medicine men was considered retrograde in medicine, while today many of medicine's transnational pharmaceutical companies are investing large or smaller amounts of money to gain control of traditional indigenous medicine, and even registering sacred plants as if they have been developed in a laboratory. At the same time indigenous designs are gradually gaining a foothold in fashion and on the runways, but with alien labels or marks that have nothing to do with our peoples.

24. ROUNDTABLE ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES of indigenous and Tribal peoples (ICITP), Ahmedabad Doreen SPENCE (Ms.), Canadianindigenous Women's Resource de la Juventud Kuna (MJK), panama City, panama. http://www.wipo.org/eng/meetings/1998/indip/list.htm

WIPO WIPO/INDIP/RT/98/INF/1 ORIGINAL: DATE: July 23, 1998/23 juillet 1998/23 de julio de 1998 WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION GENEVA ROUNDTABLE ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Geneva, July 23 and 24, 1998 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS/ LISTE DES PARTICIPANTS/ LISTA DE PARTICIPANTES prepared by the International Bureau/ preparada por la Oficina Internacional I. INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPANTS/PARTICIPANTS INDIVIDUELS/ PARTICIPANTES INDIVIDUALES Ghulam ALI HAIDARI, Tanzeem Nasle Nau Hazara Mughal Quetta, Quetta, Pakistan Nadir BEKIROV, Mejilis of the Crimean Tatar People, Simferopol Crimea, Ukraine Egor BEKRENEV, Shoria People Council of Elders, Kemerowskaja Oblast, Russian Federation Jean BURGESS (Ms.), Cape Cultural Heritage Development Council (CCHDC), Cape Town, South Africa Marco Antonio CURUCHICH MUX, Escuela Maya de Derechos Humanos Ixim-Che, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala Laurentious S. DAVIDS, Khoekhoegowab Curriculum Committee, Okahandja, Namibia Herminia DEGAWAN (Ms.), Cordillera Peoples Alliance, Baguio City, Philippines Carlus DHARMA DHANGDA, All Indian Coordinating Forum of the Adivasi, Thane District, India

25. LPDC | October 12, 2002 } International Indigenous Peoples Day Events Listing of Events for International indigenous peoples Day. CENTRAL AMERICA AND SOUTHERNMEXICO Mobilizing Against Plan Puebla panama indigenous and Campesino http://www.freepeltier.org/iipd_events.htm

Listing of Events for International Indigenous Peoples Day Within the U.S. NEVADA TEST SITE/WESTERN SHOSHONE NATION Resist! Action for Nuclear Abolition Nonviolent Direct Action Camp October 11th - 14th Action for Nuclear Abolition Nonviolent Direct Action Camp Join with others and enjoy the beautiful Great Basin Desert. Oct 12th - World Indigenous Day - Ceremonies, sweatlodges and events to honor and stand in solidarity with Indigenous People of the world who have suffered the deadly consequences under the worldwide abuse of nuclear colonialism. Sunset candle light procession to the gates of the Nevada Test Site. Please join us as we take a stand for indigeous people rights everywhere. http://www.shundahai.org/indigenous_fall2k2_flyer.pdf DENVER, CO Transform Columbus Day (TCD) Columbus Day began in Colorado and according to TCD organizers, it will END in Colorado. TCD is a diverse local coalition of labor, youth, religious and community folks that have joined to oppose

26. Indigenous Leaders Lambast World Bank, IMF chief of panama's Kuna Yala indigenous region, said the Mireya Moscoso governmentdid not provide support for the Conference of indigenous peoples underway here http://www.arena.org.nz/Indigenous Leaders Lambast World Bank.htm

Indigenous Leaders Lambast World Bank, IMF By Kintto Lucas PANAMA CITY, May 10 (IPS) - The policies of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) harm indigenous communities around the world and are a new form of colonization, charge native leaders meeting this week in the Panamanian capital. The social programmes targeting indigenous communities that are sponsored by the IMF, the World Bank and by certain non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are implemented without taking into account the cultural reality of these societies, said delegates to the First Millennium Conference of Indigenous Peoples, Wednesday. The conference, organized by Panama's Napguana (''core of the earth'', in the Kuna language) Association, and sponsored by the Netherlands Centre for Indigenous Peoples (NCIV-Nederlands Centrum Voor Inheemse Volken), is to conclude Friday with the signing of the ''Panama Declaration''. Approximately 200 indigenous representatives, as well as United Nations experts and representatives from several international aid organizations and agencies, have spent this week in Panama debating issues related to native rights and culture. The indigenous leaders have dedicated long hours of discussion to the impact of the multilateral institutions' policies on their communities, and it has proven to be the most controversial matter since the meet began on Monday.

27. Indigenous People, Culture And Lifestyle Education (not only NGOs, but a list of organizations and schools offering classeson indigenous peoples and Rainforest Preservation). PHOTO GALLERIES. panama http://www.nativeplanet.org/indigenous/indigenous.htm

Native Planet Indigenous Cultures Indigenous Peoples The Indigenous Peoples of the world are the exclusive guardians of large wilderness habitats upon which modern societies depend (plants, animals, climate, water). Their lifestyles are models for the practices of conservation and sustainable consumption of biological resources. Maintaining and understanding the earth's most biologically diverse areas is dependent on maintaining the cultural diversity and integrity of Indigenous peoples who live there. In the following pages we present: Human Rights Issues NGO's Discoveries: Cultures and Lifestyles Eco-Tourism and Local Guides and our Photo Gallery Indigenous People and Human Rights (Text) Why and How we should support the cause Who are the Indigenous people? Why should we help Indigenous people? What problems are they facing? In aid of the cause The role of our expedition in support of their cause Discoveries: Cultures and Lifestyles (Texts and Photographs) Mentawai (Indonesia, previous expedition)

28. Health Of Indigenous People: A Challenge For Public Health indigenous health in their ministries of health. panama and Hondurashave published documents on the health of indigenous peoples. http://www.paho.org/English/DPI/100/100feature32.htm

Quick Search Health of indigenous people: a challenge for public health Washington, DC, August 15, 2002 (PAHO) Although the term indigenous people in the Americas is widely used, that generalization encompasses more than 400 different ethnic groups, with different beliefs and different health practices. This diversity presents a challenge for public health in the Americas, where indigenous peoples are among the most excluded. The response of the Pan American Health Organization is its Health of Indigenous Peoples Initiative, started in 1993, which signifies a commitment by PAHO and its Member States to work with indigenous peoples to improve their health and well being. It is also a recognition of the value and need to conserve indigenous cultural heritage and knowledge. Photos available. Click here Serious health and social problems still exist for the estimated forty-three million indigenous peoples living in the Americas. Recent studies have indicated that these peoples are among the most poor and disadvantaged, and each of the more than 400 ethnic groups "has its own beliefs and practices with regard to health, as well as their own community resources for health promotion, disease prevention or cure of common ills," explains Dr. Sandra Land, PAHO's regional adviser in local health services. The initiative for health of indigenous peoples was launched due to the inequalities that existed in health status and in access to basic services between those communities and other social groups. Indigenous communities have higher rates of avoidable mortality and morbidity and lower life expectancy at birth, and many of them do not have regular access to essential health care due to economic, geographical, or cultural barriers.

29. Resolutions By Indigenous Peoples Kuna Yala, panama. Declaration of indigenous People of the Western Hemisphere Opposingthe Human Genome Diversity Project. World Council of indigenous peoples http://www.ipcb.org/resolutions/

Search IPCB: Use for more specific results Resolutions by Indigenous Peoples Model Tribal Resolution to Establish Local and National Policy Protection for Indigenous Knowledge and Biological Resources Model Tribal Resolution to Oppose the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP) i. Key Points for a Resolution Opposing the HGDP ii. Summary of Indigenous Opposition to the HGDP Resolution of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation, Montana Declaration from Kuna Yala, Panama Declaration of Indigenous People of the Western Hemisphere Opposing the Human Genome Diversity Project World Council of Indigenous Peoples Resolution on the Human Genome Diversity Project The Mataatua Declaration on Cultural and Intellectual Property Rights of Indigenous Peoples , Aoteoroa New Zealand Beijing Declaration of Indigenous Women , NGO Forum, UN Fourth World Conference on Women Huairou, Beijing, Peoples Republic of China The "Heart of the Peoples" Declaration

30. Indigenous PeoplesOpposition To The HGDP the US, Canada, panama, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina to focus specificallyon the HGD Project. Our responsibility as indigenous peoples is to ensure http://www.ipcb.org/resolutions/htmls/summary_indig_opp.html

Search IPCB: Use for more specific results Indigenous Peoples Opposition to the HGDP 1. Karioca Declaration (June 1982) Brazil An assembly of indigenous peoples worldwide who met prior to the UN Conference On Environment and Development (Earth Summit) in Rio De Janeiro. 2. The Mataatua Declaration (June 1993) A meeting of over 150 participants, from 14 UN member states, who developed and tabled with the United Nations the Declaration: 3.5 Calls for an immediate halt to the ongoing Human Genome Diversity Project until is moral, ethical, socio-economic, physical and political implications have been thoroughly discussed, understood and approved by indigenous peoples. 3. The UN-Working Group on Indigenous Populations (July 1993-94) An annual UN meeting at which on average 300-400 indigenous representatives attend. The working group and the Sub-commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (comprised of 26 human rights experts) in Aug. 1994 approved Article 29 in the Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Article 29: Indigenous peoples are entitled to the recognition of the full ownership, control and protection of their cultural and intellectual property. They have the right to special measures to control, develop and protect their sciences, technologies and cultural manifestations including human and other genetic resources, seeds, medicines, knowledge of the properties of fauna and flora, oral traditions, literatures, designs, and visual and performing arts.

31. Defending Indigenous Cultures Against Globalization The First Millennium Conference of indigenous peoples has been organized by panama'sNapguana (''core of the earth'', in the Kuna language) Association, and http://www.commondreams.org/headlines01/0509-03.htm

Home Newswire About Us Donate ... Archives Headlines Published on Wednesday, May 9, 2001 by the Inter Press Service Defending Indigenous Cultures against Globalization by Kintto Lucas PANAMA CITY, May 8 - Indigenous leaders from around the world are gathered this week in the Panamanian capital, where they have launched a global appeal to defend their traditions against the imposition of mass culture they contend is inherent in the globalization process. Delegates to the First Millennium Conference of Indigenous Peoples discussed in the Monday plenary session the progress their communities have made in development since 1994, the year marking the start of the International Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples, declared by the United Nations. The approximately 200 native leaders also deliberated the creation of a Permanent Forum on Indigenous Peoples within the UN system, as well as the economic and cultural impacts of globalization in their communities, and mechanisms to ensure respect for indigenous rights. Tuesday saw the reinforcement of the common stance the world's native peoples will take at the UN World Conference against Racism and Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, to take place this September in Durban, South Africa.

32. OneWorld.net - The First Millenium Conference of indigenous peoples is being organised by panama'sNapguana (''the centre of the earth'', in the Kuna tongue) Association, and http://www.oneworld.net/ips2/apr01/01_34_010.html

OneWorld.net OneWorld Africa OneWorld Austria OneWorld Canada OneWorld Finland OneWorld Italy OneWorld Latin America OneWorld Netherlands OneWorld South Asia OneWorld Spain OneWorld SouthEast Europe OneWorld United States AIDSChannel CanalSIDA Digital Opportunity Kids Channel LearningChannel 10 April 2003 Search for in OneWorld sites OneWorld partners CURRENT IN DEPTH PARTNERS GET INVOLVED ... OneWorld.net Bringing together a network of people and groups working for human rights and sustainable development from across the globe. In English Africa Canada Latin America South Asia ... United States Other languages Catala Espanol Deutsch, Osterreich Espanol, America Latina ... Suomi Supported by What's new? About OneWorld After NAFTA, now CAFTA? The White House is pushing Central American nations to commit to its free trade proposals - to the dismay of civil society watchdogs. Find out more from OneWorld América Latina Today's News Fighting cuts off Liberia aid Widespread fighting in Liberia is cutting off humanitarian aid from those most in need, the United Nations said yesterday, and donors have provided only 2 per cent of the $43 million requested in a UN emergency appeal. Read more From: ReliefWeb UN OCHA Related topics/regions: [West Africa] [Liberia] [Conflict] [Refugees] ... The rest of today's news Special Report: Iraq UN urged to help end Iraqi impunity The establishment of a United Nations commission to consult Iraqi society and make proposals to end impunity is one of several recommendations made to the Security Council by an international rights group.

33. FOR Panamá Update, Spring-Summer 1996 The National Coordinating Body of indigenous peoples of panama, the Catholic Church,human rights and environmental organizations have sought the annulment of http://www.forusa.org/Programs/panama/Archives/696urgen.htm

Fellowship of Reconciliation Panama Campaign FOR Task Force on Latin America and the Caribbean 2017 Mission St. #305, San Francisco, CA 94110 Tel: (415) 495-6334, Fax: (415) 495-5628, E-mail: forlatam@igc.apc.org Urgent Action: Copper Mine Imposed on Affected Indigenous Communities On February 29, the Panamanian government authorized the Canadian mining company Panacobre (owned by Tiomin Resources) to begin exploration and then copper exploitation at the Cerro Colorado mine, in Remedios, Chiriquí, thought to be the third largest porphyry copper reserve in the world. But the area where the mine is located is inhabited by Ngobe indigenous people. The Ngobes have worked for more than 20 years for legal recognition of their Constitutional right to demarcation of their lands - that is, for the Ngobe-Buglé Reserve (or comarca) law. The Ngobe-Buglé people number 123,000 (about 60% of all Panama's indigenous population), distributed between Chiriqu', Bocas del Toro and Veraguas provinces. They were not consulted when the mining concession was made, although there is a Inter-governmental Commission for writing the demarcation bill, which includes Ngobe-Buglé representation and to which the government had committed itself. The Ngobe General Congress has also demanded that the government not go ahead with the concession before the Comarca is defined. There are also serious concerns about the social, political and ecological effects that the mining concession will have on the indigenous people. The National Coordinating Body of Indigenous Peoples of Panama, the Catholic Church, human rights and environmental organizations have sought the annulment of the mining contract. Ecologists say that mining projects in Panama lack environmental impact studies and that cyanide spills have recently resulted from the Remance Mine.

34. Global Announcement Indigenous Peoples' Millennium STATEMENT OF INTEREST. YES, I would like to participate in the IndigenousPeoples Millennium Conference in panama City, from 613 May 2001. http://www.treff-raum-espaciotime.com/englisch/Articles/globalannounce.html

Global Announcement Indigenous Peoples' Millennium Subject: Global Announcement for The Indigenous Peoples’ Millennium Conference Amsterdam, December 2000 Dear Friends, NAPGUANA and The Netherlands Centre for Indigenous Peoples (NCIV) have the honour to announce The Indigenous Peoples’ Millennium Conference, which is scheduled to take place in Panama City, Panama, from 6-13 May 2001. The Indigenous Peoples’ Millennium Conference is to be a global conference for Indigenous Peoples. OBJECTIVES: To provide Indigenous Peoples with an opportunity to have their own Mid Term Review of the present United Nations Decade of the World’s Indigenous Peoples (1995-2004) and, more importantly, to set their own goals for the achievements to be accomplished within the remainig Decade and beyond. To prepare and influence the upcoming UN World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, which will take place in South Africa from 31 August until 7 September 2001. To provide an opportunity for Indigenous Peoples worldwide, to exchange experiences, as well as to draft common strategies, resolutions and recommendations in order to actively contribute towards the success of the UN Decade.

35. Defending Indigenous Cultures Against Globalisation The First Millennium Conference of indigenous peoples has been organised by panama'sNapguana ( core of the earth , in the Kuna language) Association, and http://www.treff-raum-espaciotime.com/englisch/Articles/againstglobal.html

Defending Indigenous Cultures against Globalisation PANAMA CITY, May 8 (IPS) - Indigenous leaders from around the world are gathered this week in the Panamanian capital, where they have launched a global appeal to defend their traditions against the imposition of mass culture they contend is inherent in the globalisation process. Delegates to the First Millennium Conference of Indigenous Peoples discussed in the Monday plenary session the progress their communities have made in development since 1994, the year marking the start of the International Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples, declared by the United Nations. The approximately 200 native leaders also deliberated the creation of a Permanent Forum on Indigenous Peoples within the UN system, as well as the economic and cultural impacts of globalisation in their communities, and mechanisms to ensure respect for indigenous rights. Tuesday saw the reinforcement of the common stance the world's native peoples will take at the UN World Conference against Racism and Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, to take place this September in Durban, South Africa. The delegates gathered in the Panamanian capital agreed that in recent years a ''cultural and economic racism'' has gained strength and is hurting the native populations' development potential.

36. Canadian Aboriginal News indigenous peoples' Millennium Conference panama City, panama, from 711 May in 2001. Theindigenous peoples' Millennium Conference panama City, 7-11 May 2001. http://www.canadianaboriginal.com/education/education9a.htm

1) Become a Sponsor of Canadian Aboriginal.Com for $25.00 CDN per year. More Information Indigenous Peoples' Millennium Conference Panama City, Panama, from 7-11 May in 2001. From: Don Bain dbain@telus.net -Original Message- From: miriam anne frank [mailto:reachmiriam@hotmail.com] Subject: Global Announcement for The Indigenous Peoples' Millennium Conference Amsterdam Dear Friends, NAPGUANA and The Netherlands Centre for Indigenous Peoples (NCIV) have the honour of announcing The Indigenous Peoples' Millennium Conference, which is scheduled to take place in Panama City, Panama, from 7-11 May in 2001. The Indigenous Peoples' Millennium Conference is to be a global conference for Indigenous Peoples. OBJECTIVES: . To provide Indigenous Peoples with an opportunity to have their own Mid Term Review of the present United Nations Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples (1994-2004) and, more importantly, to set their own goals for the achievements to be accomplished within the remaining Decade and beyond. .To prepare and influence the upcoming United Nations World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance, which will take place in South Africa from 31 August until 7 September, 2001.

37. Let's Go - Central America - Non-Maya Indigenous Peoples NonMaya indigenous peoples. Non-Maya indigenous groups inhabited more than halfof Central America at south of the Maya, the Chibcha inhabited panama and Costa http://www.letsgo.com/CEAM/01-CentralAmerica-30

@import "/styles/main.css"; Home Series Resources Forums ... Panama This content is from Let's Go: Central America 2003. Central America Central America Central America: an Introduction History to Independence Precolonial History: the Maya ... Non-Maya Indigenous Peoples Non-Maya Indigenous Peoples Non-Maya indigenous groups inhabited more than half of Central America at the time of the Conquest. East and south of the Maya, the Chibcha inhabited Panama and Costa Rica after migrating from South America; the Kuna populated Panama; the Pipil and Nicarao groups lived in modern-day El Salvador and Nicaragua; and the Miskito, Sumo , and Rama tribes filled the Mosquito Coast of Honduras, where they still live today. These cultures were sedentary and agricultural like the Maya, but for a variety of reasons were slower to organize. Chieftains-instead of building the massive pyramids, stelae, or temples that existed farther north-boosted their prestige with ornamentation . They used their amazing wealth to import raw jadeite (a variety of a jade) from the Motagua Valley in Guatemala and fashioned the jadeite and seashells into figurines and pendants. Around AD 600 they discovered metallurgy, and gold displaced jadeite and shells; the burial site Sitio Conte The jaguar, the cult animal of several groups in Costa Rica and Panama, connoted fierceness, suggesting the frequency of war. Stone sculptures depict warriors in fighting gear, sometimes toting axes and even heads as trophies. These southern groups stood up to the Spaniards, but the better-armed

38. DECLARATION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES ON CLIMATE CHANGE Hector Huertas, panama MesoAmerican indigenous Organizations on Climate Change,CEALP. Victor Kaisiepo, Papua (Indonesia) West Papua peoples Front. http://www.amazonwatch.org/newsroom/newsreleases00/nov1100indigdecl.html

See November 16 2000 Press Release Second International Indigenous Forum on Climate Change DECLARATION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES ON CLIMATE CHANGE The Hague, November 11-12, 2000 I. PREAMBLE We, the Indigenous Peoples of our Mother Earth, as partners with in the United Nations Family, have collectively developed our rights, responsibilities and aspirations in international law and formal declarations, including the U.N. Draft Declaration on Indigenous Peoples Rights. In the light and spirit of these instruments we welcome this opportunity to participate in the UNFCC -Process, for the recognition, promotion and protection of our rights. As the Delegates of Indigenous Peoples and organisations convened on the occasion of the Sixth Conference of the Parties of the Framework Convention on Climate Change in the Second International Indigenous Forum on Climate Change at the Hague from November 11th to the 12th, 2000, we affirm the Albuquerque Declaration, the Quito Declaration, Lyon Declaration and Position Paper of the First Forum of the Indigenous Peoples on Climatic Change. Furthermore, we address the Parties and other participants at this Conference to share the conclusions of our Forum: II. CONSIDERATIONS

39. Adventure In Panama Kuna peopleand the Darien Gap Jungle and its Embera communities, panama has incrediblediversity. The Government’s policies on indigenous peoples are the http://www.jpsviewfinder.com/travel/country/panama/panama.htm

Adventure in Panama The Canal may have made Panama world famous but the country is becoming renowned as a destination for eco-travelers. With 11,000 foot volcanic peaks, Caribbean archipelagos of Bocas del Toro and San Blasthe homeland of the Kuna peopleand the Darien Gap Jungle and its Embera communities, Panama has incredible diversity. The Government’s policies on indigenous peoples are the most progressive in Central America. The isthmus is a corridor between North and South America for truly unique species of wildlife. Our documentaries, photos, and travel tips give you all you need to discover Panama by yourself. History Native People Kuna Ngobe About Native Planet Natural Highlights The Canal San Blas Archipelago Bocas del Toro Volcan Baru Cultural Highlights Panama City Cuisine Travel Information Destinations Health ... History, Politics and Society Maps Adventure Stories and Photos from: Central American Sea Kayak and Jungle Expedition ( CASKE 2000 Journals Itinerary Photos Expedition Highlights "Watch your step in a Banana Republic" - Puerto Armuelles, Panama

40. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES' SEATTLE DECLARATION On The Occasion Of The Third Ministerial indigenous Environmental Network, USA/Canada Ø Clemente Ibe Wilson, Movimientode la Juventad Kuna, panama Other indigenous peoples' Organizations, NGOs and http://www.treatycouncil.org/section_21171.htm

International Indian Treaty Council CONSEJO INTERNACIONAL DE TRATADOS INDIOS “WORKING FOR THE RIGHTS AND RECOGNITION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES" INDIGENOUS PEOPLES' SEATTLE DECLARATION on the occasion of the Third Ministerial Meeting of the World Trade Organization November 30-December 3, 1999 We, the Indigenous Peoples from various regions of the world, have come to Seattle to express our great concern over how the World Trade Organization is destroying Mother Earth and the cultural and biological diversity of which we are a part. Trade liberalization and export-oriented development, which are the overriding principles and policies pushed by the WTO, are creating the most adverse impacts on the lives of Indigenous Peoples. Our inherent right to self-determination, our sovereignty as nations, and treaties and other constructive agreements which Indigenous nations and Peoples have negotiated with other nation-states, are undermined by most of the WTO Agreements. The disproportionate impact of these Agreements on our communities, whether through environmental degradation or the militarization and violence that often accompanies development projects, is serious and therefore should be addressed immediately. The WTO Agreement on Agriculture (AOA), which promotes export competition and import liberalization, has allowed the entry of cheap agricultural products into our communities. It is causing the destruction of ecologically rational and sustainable agricultural practices of Indigenous Peoples.

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