61. Magnesium Diboride Superconductors Summarized Publication and Citation Data from ISI® for the Analysis ofResearch Trends Performance in Magnesium Diboride superconductors. http://www.esi-topics.com/mgb2/

All Topics Menu Help About Contact Magnesium Diboride Superconductors Methodology The baseline time span for this database is 1992 - May 2002. The resulting database contained 438 papers; 1,331 authors; 44 countries; 63 journals; and 309 institutions. Read the methodology used to create this special topic. Top Papers Top 25 papers overall 1992 - May 2002 Top Authors Top 25 overall 1992 - May 2002 Top Institutions Top 25 overall 1992 - May 2002 Top Nations Top 25 overall 1992 - May 2002 Top Journals Top 25 overall 1992 - May 2002 Time Series 1 year 5 year Field Representation, Distribution Field representation 1992 - May 2002 Read interviews and first-person essays about people in a wide variety of fields, and information on journals

62. Are Superconductors The Future? - Chapter 6 - Are Superconductors The Future? Are superconductors the Future? by Jacob Eapen. Chapter 6 Are superconductorsthe Future? Are superconductors the future? Supercomputers http://www.eapen.com/jacob/superconductors/chapter6.html

Are Superconductors the Future by Jacob Eapen Chapter 6 Are Superconductors the Future? Are superconductors the future? Supercomputers, SQUIDS, electric power transmission, motors, and magnetically levitated trains are just some of the things superconductors can do; without wasting any energy. The Department of Energy is using much of its money for the research of high temperature superconductors. A federal study says that superconductivity could be a $15 billion dollar business by year 2000. This chapter will discuss some of the things superconductors are being used for today. Transmission Lines Transmission cables that carried electricity without any loss of energy would mean more electricity could be transferred than before. Regular transmission lines lose about 3% of the energy transferred. This would also mean saving money and not much amount of space would be needed. Motors Motors made of superconductive wire would mean they would be smaller and more efficient. These could be especially used in submarines and ships.

63. Are Superconductors The Future? - Chapter 5 - High Temperature Superconductors Are superconductors the Future? by Jacob Eapen. Chapter 5 High Temperaturesuperconductors. Since Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered http://www.eapen.com/jacob/superconductors/chapter5.html

Are Superconductors the Future by Jacob Eapen Chapter 5 High Temperature Superconductors Since Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity, people have been creating superconductors with higher critical temperatures. If there were room temperature superconductors we could replace the conductors in our homes and cities with superconductors, thus saving billions of dollars. The Beginning of High Temperature Superconductors High temperature superconductivity began in 1986 when Johannes Georg Bednorz and Karl Alexander Müller in IBM Research Laboratories in Zurich, Switzerland discovered a compound of barium, lanthanum, copper, and oxygen superconductor. The oxide superconductor had a critical temperature of 35K. Müller had decided to study oxide ceramics to see if they could become superconductive. The idea that ceramics could become superconductive was rather strange considering that ceramics are usually not very good conductors of electricity. Müller was interested in a group of ceramics called pervoskites. This group of ceramics were a compound of oxygen and other metals. Many scientist believed that oxides could not be superconductors. The reason he researched oxide ceramics was because the lab he worked in had researched oxides for quite a while, and scientists at the University of Caen in France had found traces that a ceramic compound of copper, oxygen, lanthanum, and barium had electrical conduction.

64. Technology : Superconductors & Superconductivity Subjects Technology superconductors Superconductivity. You stores!AC Loss and Macroscopic Theory of superconductors by WJ Carr Jr. http://www.allbookstores.com/browse/TEC039000

Search By: Keyword Title Author ISBN This Subject Only Art Children's Books Christian Books History ... Technology You may browse this category by title or by publication date 648 titles (showing 1-20) A. C. Losses and Flux Pinning in High Temperature Superconductors : Studies of High Temperature Superconductors by Anant Narlikar (Edited by) Hardcover - June 2000 List price: $98.00 Lowest price on 04/09/2003: $98.00 AC Loss and Macroscopic Theory of Superconductors by W. J. Carr Jr. Hardcover - January 1983 List price: $252.00 Advances in High Temperature Superconductivity by D. Andreone R. S. Gonnelli E. Mezzetti Hardcover - March 1993 List price: $121.00 Advances in High-Tc Superconductors by J. J. Pouch (Edited by), S. A. Alterovitz (Edited by), A. F. Hepp (Edited by), R. R. Romanofsky (Edited by) Hardcover - December 1993 List price: $266.00 Lowest price on 03/31/2003: $209.93 Advances in Superconductivity by B. Deaver (Edited by), John Ruvalds (Edited by) Hardcover - August 1983 List price: $95.00 Advances in Superconductivity Hardcover - November 1995 List price: $250.00

65. Ceramic Superconductors Compare prices on Ceramic superconductors by JA Cogordan (Edited by), T.Akachi (Edited by), E. Sansores (Edited by), AA Valladares (Edited by). http://www.allbookstores.com/book/9810202121

Search By: Keyword Title Author ISBN Browse: Choose a subject: Art Children's Books Christian Books History Gardening Horror Mystery Oprah Book Club® Photography Reference Romance Science Science Fiction Sports Technology Travel Art Children's Books Christian Books History ... Store Directory Ceramic Superconductors Author: J. A. Cogordan (Edited by), T. Akachi (Edited by), E. Sansores (Edited by), A. A. Valladares (Edited by) Format: Hardcover Published: February 1991 ISBN: List Price: Pages: Publisher: World Scientific Publishing Company, Incorporated Add this book to your wish list View your wish list Click on this books subject categories to see related titles: Subjects Technology Add your own review! Search By: Keyword Title Author ISBN Browse: Choose a subject: Art Children's Books Christian Books History Gardening Horror Mystery Oprah Book Club® Photography Reference Romance Science Science Fiction Sports Technology Travel About Us Affiliate Program Contact Us Help ... Webmasters

66. Introduction To Superconductors Copyright 1987,1989, 1999 Colorado Futurescience, Inc. AN INTRODUCTION TO THENEW OXIDE superconductors. by. Jerry Emanuelson Colorado Futurescience, Inc. http://www.futurescience.com/scintro.html

This is a 1989 revision of a paper delivered at the October 9, 1987 Conference of the American Society of Test Engineers. An appendix was added in September, 1999. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS by Jerry Emanuelson Colorado Futurescience, Inc. Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, the Dutch physicist known for his research into phenomona at extremely low temperature. In 1908, Onnes had become the first person to liquify helium. He was investigating the electrical properties of various substances at liquid helium temperature (4.2 degrees Kelvin) when he noticed that the resistivity of mercury dropped abruptly at 4.2 K to a value below the resolution of his instruments. In 1933, W. Meissner and R. Oschenfeld discovered that a metal cooled into the superconducting state in a weak magnetic field expels the magnetic field from its interior. In 1945, the Russian physicist V. Arkadiev first performed the now-classic experiment of using this expulsion of a magnetic field to levitate a small bar magnet above the surface of a superconductor. Advances in superconductivity continued to proceed slowly. During the first 75 years of superconductivity research, the critical temperature (the temperature below which superconductivity is present) was raised by less than 20 degrees . In 1973, a niobium alloy was produced with a critical temperature of 23.2 K. This is still the highest temperature for a metallic superconductor.

67. Superconductors Information At Business.com superconductors industry web links for business products, services, informationand resources. superconductors. CATEGORIES Research Development. http://www.business.com/directory/energy_and_environment/energy_storage/supercon

Superconductors - Resources for the superconductor industry, including manufacturers, publications, research firms, training programs and organizations. All of Business.com Just this category Search Tips Help Try Inc Magazine! Subscribe to Variety YOU ARE HERE: Home Energy Storage Superconductors Superconductors CATEGORIES: RESOURCES: Associations Events Reference FEATURED LISTINGS Feature Your Site Here Featured Listings? Get this top spot Drive more traffic to your site. Increase your visibility when you upgrade a Standard Listing to a Featured Listing. Your site will be listed in this top spot in addition to the alphabetized listing below. Superconductivity (VJ) Advertisement Shop at Amazon.com for Quaternary Borocarbide Superconductors... Shop for books, DVDs, music CDs, electronics such as digital cameras, software, tools, housewares, toys, and other products. Free shipping on orders over $25. Advertisement LISTINGS List Your Site Abbess Instruments Provider of custom instruments and systems for science and industry, including tools to test superconductors. American Superconductor AMSC news profile American Superconductor Corporation. The principal activities of the Company development and manufacture products using superconducting materials for electric power applications. The Company also develops and manufactures products that incorpor...

68. BW Online | March 15, 2001 | A Plastic Future For Superconductors A Plastic Future for superconductors. Researchers at Bell Labs have founda way to make polymers conduct electricity with virtually no resistance. http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/mar2001/nf20010315_424.htm

window.epulse_content_group = "cg1=daily_briefing,cg2=news_analysis"; Register/Subscribe Home Search Advanced Search Latest Issue Magazine Search Special Reports ... News Headlines GETTING IN Full-Time MBA New Full-Time MBA Search Full-Time MBA Comparator ROI Calculator Part-Time MBA ... Profiles New Part-Time MBA Search Part-Time MBA Comparator Distance MBA Profiles New Executive MBA EMBA Search EMBA Comparator Exec Ed ... GMAT Prep B-SCHOOL LIFE MBA Journals Reading List B-School Videos CAREER MOVES Career Advice Company Research Who's Hiring VC People Finder ... Careers Main NEWS News Archive Career Strategies For Managers Work Life ... Who's Hiring New Company Research Compare Salaries Compare Living Costs Exec MBA Search ... Marketplace MARCH 15, 2001 NEWS ANALYSIS A Plastic Future for Superconductors Researchers at Bell Labs have found a way to make polymers conduct electricity with virtually no resistance Printer-Friendly Version E-Mail This Story Find More Stories Like This How SARS Is Strangling Hong Kong Two Virus Whizzes Talk about SARS The Postwar Stakes for Business An Arabic-Speaking General's Tough Task ... More Headlines By virtue of their chemical makeup, plastics have no business conducting electricity. But in the 1970s, scientists discovered that impurities added to certain polymers made it possible for them to carry small electrical currents. Now, researchers at Lucent Technologies' Bell Labs have gone a step further. By "tricking" a common polymer, they've found a way to make plastic conduct electricity with no resistance at very low temperatures.

69. Superconductivity - Uses Of Superconductors Uses of superconductors. The US Department of Energy are actively encouragesthe use of superconductors as energy efficient devices. http://www.chemsoc.org/exemplarchem/entries/igrant/uses_noflash.html

Uses of Superconductors Efficient Electricity Transportation Superconductors have many uses - the most obvious being as very efficient conductors; if the national grid were made of superconductors rather than aluminium, then the savings would be enormous - there would be no need to transform the electricity to a higher voltage (this lowers the current, which reduces energy loss to heat) and then back down again. Superconducting magnets are also more efficient in generating electricity than conventional copper wire generators - in fact, a superconducting generator about half the size of a copper wire generator is about 99% efficient; typical generators are around 50% efficient. The US Department of Energy are actively encourages the use of superconductors as energy efficient devices. At the moment, the problem lies with the critical temperature - unless a material is found that can superconduct above 300K, some sort of cooling system needs to be employed, which would be expensive, although companies are developing prototypes - in December 1998, Pirelli Wire built a test 150ft cable that transmitted electricity using high temperature superconducting materials.

70. KLUWER Academic Publishers | Superconductors GBP Add to cart. Electromagnetic Absorption in the Copper Oxide superconductorsFrank J. Owens, Charles P. Poole Jr. January 1999 http://www.wkap.nl/home/topics/N/1/8/

Title Authors Affiliation ISBN ISSN advanced search search tips Home Browse by Subject ... Materials Superconductors Sort listing by: A-Z Z-A Publication Date Advances in Cryogenic Engineering Quan-Sheng Shu, Peter Kittel, David Glaister, John Hull, Bill Burt, Al Zeller, John Zbasnik, Vitalij Pecharsky, Steven W. Van Sciver, Ray Radebaugh, Michael DiPirro, J. Patrick Kelley, Klaus D. Timmerhaus, Jay Theilacker, Charles Reece October 2000, ISBN 0-306-46443-8, Hardbound Price: 348.50 EUR / 330.50 USD / 228.50 GBP Add to cart Advances in Cryogenic Engineering (Materials) U. Balu Balachandran, Donald G. Gubser, K. Ted Hartwig, Victoria A. Bardos June 2000, ISBN 0-306-46398-9, Hardbound Price: 265.50 EUR / 252.00 USD / 173.50 GBP Add to cart Advances in Cryogenic Engineering (Materials) Volume 44 Structural and Cryocooler Materials U. Balu Balachandran, Donald G. Gubser, K. Ted Hartwig, Richard P. Reed, William H. Warnes, Victoria A. Bardos January 1999, ISBN 0-306-45918-3, Hardbound Set only of 2 vols. Price: 269.00 EUR / 277.00 USD / 167.25 GBP Add to cart Cryocoolers 10 Ronald G. Ross Jr.

71. KLUWER Academic Publishers | Stability Of Superconductors Books » Stability of superconductors. Stability of superconductors. Add to cart.eBook available. by Lawrence Dresner Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, USA http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-306-45030-5

Title Authors Affiliation ISBN ISSN advanced search search tips Books Stability of Superconductors Stability of Superconductors Add to cart eBook available by Lawrence Dresner Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, USA Book Series: SELECTED TOPICS IN SUPERCONDUCTIVITY In this definitive text in the field, the author gives a detailed account of the major problem of applied superconductivitiy-the stability of superconductors. His work focuses on the application of superconductiors to the construction of magnets. Students and engineers will discover the underlying principles of applied superconductivity and will learn how to solve mathematical problems with advanced methods of calculation. Contents Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers Hardbound, ISBN 0-306-45030-5 May 1995, 246 pp. EUR 77.50 / USD 80.00 / GBP 48.25 eBook, ISBN 0-306-47064-0 June 2002, EUR 103.50 / USD 107.00 / Home Help section About Us Contact Us ... Search

72. - ALSTOM Power Conversion - Magnets & Superconductors wires, cables and magnets for the superconductivity market. The companyis a world leader in the field of low TC superconductors. http://www.powerconv.alstom.com/msa.html

73. AT/MAS/CC superconductors. SC Section. Mandate. · Design and procurement ofsuperconducting cables for all the LHC Project. · Followup of http://lhc-div-mms.web.cern.ch/lhc-div-mms/MMSPAGES/SC/SC.html

Phone Group Name Sections: Divers: SuperConductors SC Section Mandate Design and procurement of superconducting cables for all the LHC Project. Follow-up of the Raw Material (NbTi and Nb) supply to the cable manufacturers according to a very demanding specification. Follow-up of the LHC cable manufacturing distributed in 8 contracts. Measurements of the physical properties of the superconducting strands and cables in a dedicated laboratory at CERN, with all the necessary equipment, controls, instrumentation and tests to assure the cable quality. Organisation of all the measurements performed in the firms and at CERN in an Oracle Data Base to allow correct technical decisions and to ensure the traceability of the cables. Analysis of the properties of cable in magnets to feed back production procedures and to study, with MA section, the possible mixing schemes to easy magnet installation. Act as a technological centre of expertise and excellence in the design and qualification of new superconducting materials and wires and the know-how of superconducting cables in magnets. Server e-maill - January 2003 V. Remondno

74. The ESF "VORTEX" Programme . . Vortex Matter in superconductors at Extreme Scales and Conditions. http://www.fys.kuleuven.ac.be/vortex/

Vortex Matter in Superconductors at Extreme Scales and Conditions NEW: Third European Conference on Vortex Matter in Superconductors 20-28 September 2003 Crete, Greece Conference Topics : Nano-engineered Pinning Arrays: Regular and Disordered Vortex Visualization Vortex Matter at Extreme Conditions Vortices in Mesoscopic Superconductors Vortex Dynamics, Driven Vortex Lattices, Melting Vortices in other physical systems (superfluids, Bose - Einstein condensates, plasmas, meteorology and cosmology) Andreev reflection, SC-Ferro, SC-Normal heterostructures Superconducting cuprates in high magnetic field Organization : Victor V. Moshchalkov More detail can be found at the dedicated Web site: VORTEX III The Joint Ninth International Workshop on Vortex-Dynamics and Vortex Matter (ESF) 22-27 June, 2003 France, Island of Oleron eligible for support from ESF. participation is by invitation only , and there will be no publication of the proceedings.

75. Prof. F. Nori, U. Of Michigan simultaneous voice. Microscopic Derivation of the Kim and Bean Statesin superconductors; Vortex Plastic Flow in superconductors; Plastic http://www-personal.engin.umich.edu/~nori/

Franco Nori Condensed Matter Theory and Complex Dynamical Systems, Department of Physics, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1120 (permanent address) Also with the Center for Theoretical Physics, Applied Physics Program, and the Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan. Also with the Digital Materials Laboratory, Frontier Research System, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan. Click the above image for details. ... Access to several of out E-prints (very incomplete list) (abstracts, RevTeX, Postscript, and other formats) Scientific Outreach (Our research results featured in the news) Abbreviated Curriculum Vitae Student Awards Recent Graduate Research Projects Collective Transport in Disordered Systems Vortex Dynamics and Collective Transport in Disordered Systems Vortex Dynamics: Brief Overview non-technical summaries from the APS News and The University Record Seminar on Vortex Dynamics. (including an introduction) This seminar is a slide presentation with simultaneous voice. Microscopic Derivation of the Kim and Bean States in Superconductors Vortex Plastic Flow in Superconductors Plastic Motion in Twinned Superconductors Periodic Arrays of Pinning Sites ... Fractal Networks, Braiding Channels, and Voltage Noise in Vortex Rivers

76. ATS: Australian Superconductors Pty Ltd -- High Temperature Superconducters -- E Tel 61 2 4226 6330. Company Australian superconductors Pty Ltd. Fax 61 24226 6997. URL www.superconductors.com.au. Email tim_beales@bigpond.com. http://ats.business.gov.au/aws/NSW_137/

Thank you for your interest. For the most updated information please visit our home page at: http://ats.business.gov.au Technology: High Temperature Superconducters Address: CONISTON NSW 2500 Industry/Technology Group: Energy, Environment, Waste Management Tel: Company: Australian Superconductors Pty Ltd Fax: URL: www.superconductors.com.au Email: tim_beales@bigpond.com Australian Superconductors High Temperature Superconductors: tape and devices High temperature superconductors have the potential to revolutionise industry by providing the technology to make electrical devices which are more powerful, significantly lighter and consume much less electricity than products using conventional systems. Australian Superconductors are at the forefront of this field in Australia. Superconductors can achieve these results because they have no electrical resistance. Electricity can pass through them without losing energy or creating heat. This makes them ideal for the production of transformers, cables, motors, and numerous other electrical products. Australian Superconductors make their superconducting wire and tape using a compound called Bi-2223 in a "powder-in-tube" fabrication process. This technique makes it possible to produce superconductors capable of carrying high current loads over long distances without the conductor developing resistance, which would cause a consequent loss of energy. This efficiency of electricity transmission can reduce power requirements and lessen the emission of greenhouse gases produced during its generation.

77. E2TAC Technology Thrusts - Next Generation Superconductors High temperature superconductors based on YBCO has significant commercial opportunitysince operation at temperatures above liquid nitrogen are now possible. http://www.e2tac.com/technology/superconductor.cfm

April 11, 2003 technology thrusts photovoltaics fuel cells superconductors ... infrastructure and facilities High temperature superconductors based on YBCO has significant commercial opportunity since operation at temperatures above liquid nitrogen are now possible. HTS conductor can save up to 20 % of electrical output that is currently lost in transmission due to resistance. It also has applications in motors, generators, transformers and fault current limiters. However, the critical current and current density must be increased, while cost needs to be reduced before YBCO will be a cost-effective replacement for conventional materials. E2TAC is focused on improving superconductors. Superconductor Technology Development Areas: Process Optimization of Metal-Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition Alternate layer deposition Plasma enhanced deposition Surface modification for multi layer deposition to increase Ic and improve losses Introduce nano-particles for pinning to increase Jc Physical (sputtering and ISD) for buffer and intermediate layers Modeling superconductor deposition Low ac loss coated conductor Characterization Non-destructive, XRD, FE-SEM, RBS, AFM

78. Emerging Device Technology: Fundamental Studies Of Superconductors At Microwave Emerging Device Technology Fundamental Studies of superconductorsat Microwave Frequencies, University Fast Find. http://www.edt.bham.ac.uk/supermwf.htm

Emerging Device Technology: Fundamental Studies of Superconductors at Microwave Frequencies University Fast Find Site Index Schools / Departments Telephone Directory Email Directory Useful Contacts Frequently Asked Questions Directions / Maps Acronym Directory Vacancies EMERGING DEVICE TECHNOLOGY: FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS AT MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES For: Emerging Device Technology Welcome Introduction People Contact Us Facilities The EDT Centre Manufacturing and device fabrication Opportunities For Study For Business Research Areas Ferroelectirc materials Micromachined microvwave circuits Superconducting antennas Superconducting microwave circuits ... Superconductors at microwave frequencies Emerging Device Technology School of Engineering University of Birmingham Measurements of the microwave properties of superconductors has been going on for over a decade in the EDT research centre. The objectives of the work are three fold, to enhance our understanding of superconductors, to optimise the superconducting for low loss and to provide information to microwave device designers on the properties. Measurements have taken place on thin and thick film materials, single crystals and bulk polycrystalline specimens. All have helped in meeting the three objectives of the work. The characterisation tools for measuring the surface resistance and penetration depth of the superconducting materials are now well established. The main ones being the coplanar resonator for patterned films, the dielectric resonator for un-patterned surfaces and a cylindrical cavity resonator for single crystals and other small pieces of superconductor. With all these techniques the surface impedance of the superconductor can be measured as a function of frequency, temperature, magnetic field, microwave power and more recently two tone intermodulation. Examples of some of these techniques and the results obtained are given below.

79. Superconductors See The Light At Shorter Wavelengths superconductors see the light at shorter wavelengths. Roman Sobolewski,a scientist from the Univ. of Rochester (Rochester, NY), along http://www.spie.org/web/oer/march/mar99/supercond.html

Number 183 March 1999 Synthetic Aperture Radar Digital Micromirrors ... International Technical Groups Superconductors see the light at shorter wavelengths As Sobolewski puts it, "Detecting single photons is amazing, and ours is one of a few detectors that can do so. But what really distinguishes our device is its speed 25 Ghz is very fast for an IR detector." Sobolewski says that conventional IR detectors are typically either much less sensitive or slower. In some ways the instrument, known as a hot-electron photodetector (HEP), is "a very sensitive electron thermometer," according to Sobolewski. When IR light hits it, the temperature of its electrons goes up. At an atomic level, when a photon hits the niobium nitride, an electron absorbs it and becomes extremely energetic. This rogue electron goes on to collide with other electrons, which in turn run into still others, causing a cascade, rather like a snowball rolling down a hillside and gaining in size. The temperature of these excited electrons quickly rises enough that the material itself temporarily loses its ability to be a superconductor. The result is an electrical signal that engineers can readily detect. This work marks one of the first times a superconducting material has been used to detect energy at such short wavelengths. Light at these energies is currently detected by other methods, including semiconductors, which must be carefully grown and are expensive to make.

80. Superconductors That Work At Room Temperature The tubes would be the first superconductors to work at room temperature. CARBONWOLRDS superconductors That Work At Room Temperature illustration only. http://www.spacedaily.com/news/carbon-01h.html

CARBON WOLRDS Superconductors That Work At Room Temperature illustration only by Adrian Cho for New Scientist London - Nov 28, 2001 Tiny tubes of carbon may conduct electricity without any resistance, at temperatures stretching up past the boiling point of water. The tubes would be the first superconductors to work at room temperature. Guo-meng Zhao and Yong Sheng Wang of the University of Houston in Texas found subtle signs of superconductivity. It wasn't zero resistance, but it's the closest anyone's got so far. "I think all the experimental results are consistent with superconductivity," Zhao says. "But I cannot rule out other explanations." At the moment no superconductor will work above about 130 kelvin (-143 ¡C). But if a material could carry current with no resistance at room temperature, no energy would be lost as heat, meaning faster, lower-power electronics. And electricity could be carried long distances with 100 per cent efficiency. Zhao and Wang studied the effects of magnetic fields on hollow fibres of carbon known as "multiwall carbon nanotubes". Each nanotube is typically a millionth of a metre long, several billionths of a metre in diameter and with walls a few atoms thick. The nanotubes cling together in oblong bundles about a millimetre in length. The researchers did not see zero resistance in their bundles. They think this is because the connections between the tiny tubes never become superconducting. But they did see more subtle signs of superconductivity within the tubes themselves.

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