21. Ethiopia Map Flag Description Three Equal Horizontal Bands Of Major peoples Oromo 40%, Amhara and tigre 32%, Sidamo 9 areas inhabited by Somaliand Oromo peoples; an invasion 197778 in support of indigenous SOMALI rebels http://www.gateway-africa.com/countries/ethiopia.html

Ethiopia Map: Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and red with a yellow pentagram and single yellow rays emanating from the angles between the points on a light blue disk centered on the three bands; Ethiopia is the oldest independent country in Africa, and the colors of her flag were so often adopted by other African countries upon independence that they became known as the pan-African colors Location: Eastern Africa, west of Somalia Geographic coordinates: 8 00 N, 38 00 E Climate: tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation Independence: oldest independent country in Africa and one of the oldest in the world - at least 2,000 years Nationality: Ethiopian(s) Capital City: Addis Ababa Population: Head of State: President NEGASSO Gidada (since 22 August 1995) Area: 1,127,127 sq km Type of Government: federal republic Currency: 1 birr (Br) = 100 cents Major peoples: Oromo 40%, Amhara and Tigre 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1% Religion: Muslim 45%-50%, Ethiopian Orthodox 35%-40%, animist 12%, other 3%-8%

22. J. W. E. Bowen (John Wesley Edward), 1855-1933, Ed.. Africa And The American Neg africa; THE ABSOLUTE NEED OF AN indigenous MISSIONARY AGENCY and the modern Amharaand tigre, languages of Pygmies differ from the other brown peoples of africa http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/bowen/bowen.html

Africa and the American Negro: Addresses and Proceedings of the Congress on Africa: Held under the Auspices of the Stewart Missionary Foundation for Africa of Gammon Theological Seminary in Connection with the Cotton States and International Exposition December 13-15, 1895. Electronic Edition. Bowen, J. W. E. (John Wesley Edward), 1855-1933, Ed. Funding from the Library of Congress/Ameritech National Digital Library Competition supported the electronic publication of this title. Text transcribed by Apex Data Services, Inc. Images scanned by Meredith Evans Text encoded by Apex Data Services, Inc., Elizabeth S. Wright and Jill Kuhn Sexton First edition, 2001 ca. 750K Academic Affairs Library, UNC-CH University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Source Description: (title page) Africa and the American Negro...Addresses and Proceedings of the Congress on Africa Held Under the Auspices of the Stewart Missionary Foundation for Africa of Gammon Theological Seminary in Connection with the Cotton States and International Exposition December 13-15, 1895. Edited by Prof. J. W. E. Bowen, Ph.D., D.D., Secretary of the Congress.

23. Country Profiles: Sub-Saharan Africa populations of Christian and indigenous peoples who practice are official languages,but other indigenous languages along groups Tigrinya and tigre and Kunama http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/442/453175/profiles.html

Country Profiles: Sub-Saharan Africa Angola Angola is a poor country in west central Africa of about 1.25 million sq. km (about twice the size of Texas). One part of Angola, Calinda, is an exclave, separated from the rest of the country by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC). It has a narrow coastal plain that rises abruptly to a vast interior plateau. It has a semiarid climate but heavy rainfall can cause flooding on the plateau. Angola's population is just over 11 million people. However, Angola's average life expectancy is only a little over 48 years. Angola also has a very high infant mortality rate. Most Angolans are from indigenous ethnic groups. About half of the population follows indigenous beliefs and, of the rest, nearly 40% are Catholic. The official language is Portuguese, but Bantu and other African languages are also spoken. Angola has experienced several years of civil war. Currently the government is trying to transition to a multiparty democracy with a strong presidential system. The government also includes a unicameral legislature and a supreme court. In view of continued civil unrest, the level of progress toward a multiparty democracy cannot be determined. The capital is Luanda. Civil war has also had a detrimental effect on the economy. Despite its abundant natural resources, Angola's output per capita is among the world's lowest. About 85% of the population is employed in subsistence agriculture. Angola has significant petroleum and mineral resources but developing this is still somewhat hampered by civil unrest. The large numbers of mines that still remain have had a negative impact on farming, forcing Angola to import much of its food needs. By far, Angola's largest export is crude oil (90%), and the U.S. accounts for 65% of the export trade. Angola's main imports include machinery and electrical equipment, vehicles and spare parts, medicines, food, textiles, and clothing. Besides the U.S., its trading partners include Portugal, the EU, China, and South Africa.

24. Tomfolio.com: Literature: Latin American Lit spent several years studying the literature of indigenous peoples. Dientes blancos, and El tigre by this essays forming a travelogue of africa, Turkey and http://www.tomfolio.com/bookssub.asp?catid=26&subid=3274

25. McNutt - Fathers Of The Empty Spaces; Strangers Forever own exogenous spatial imaginations and the indigenous imaginations of intermarrywith the Amhara and tigre; and in peoples of the Horn of africa Somali, Afar http://www.cwru.edu/affil/GAIR/papers/2001papers/mcnutt.htm

Spatiality and Marginal Social Groups in Ancient Israel Paula M. McNutt Canisius College AAR/SBL Constructions of Ancient Space Seminar 2001 Introduction One of the primary difficulties in trying to reconstruct the intended meanings of the writers of biblical texts, and how these were understood by their ancient audiences, is our inability to observe directly their socially shared experiences, and how these were expressed in their beliefs. My aim in this paper is to suggest some possible scenarios for understanding the social location of marginal social groups in ancient Israel, with a particular emphasis on how "otherness" and "difference" are represented spatially. I will be drawing in particular on the ideas of geographer Edward Soja (1996) and French "metaphilosopher" Henri Lefebvre, whose ideas have heavily influenced Soja. I am particularly interested in what Soja has to say about marginality, boundaries, and "otherness" or "difference." Soja's work is particularly interesting because he encourages us to look at space and constructs of spatiality in radically new ways. In doing this, he is not pressing us to give up our old and familiar ways of thinking about space and spatiality, but rather suggesting that we question them in new ways that are aimed at opening up and expanding the scope and critical sensibility of our already established spatial or geographical imaginations (1996: 1). As intrinsically spatial beings, and active participants in the construction of our own spatialities, Soja argues, we need to begin thinking about the spatiality of human life in much the same way that we approach life's historicality and sociality, and to become more aware of the social consequences of our constructions. In his work Soja emphasizes the interdependence and interwoven complexity of the social, the historical, and the spatial as

26. Ethan Frome They are indigenous to Ethiopia and endemic to africa The Oromo (40%) and the Amharaand tigre (32 in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and peoples Region for http://www.inbar.int/publication/pubdownload.asp?publicid=80&filetype=txt

27. Kalyx.com Ethnobotany Books on additional fieldwork in africa, he considers Rio tigre and Beyond The Amazon Jungle byeveryone interested in rainforests, indigenous peoples, shamanism, hal. http://www.kalyx.com/catalog/ethnobotanybooks.htm

Home Herbalism Ethnobotany Shamanism Ethnobotany Books The Ancient Wisdom Click the Cover or Title to Order from Amazon Agaves of Continental North America by Howard Scott Gentry "The bible of the Agaves" You can learn how to brew up a few cups of killer Mescal and weave a mat to rest on while you contemplate the authority of your brew... Dr. Gentry gave twenty-five years of his life to the Agaves, conducting field research from central Nevada south to the islands off the coast of Panama. Widely recognized as the world's leading authority on the Agaves, Dr. Gentry was an agricultural explorer for the U.S. Department of Agriculture for more than 30 years. 670 pages, hardcover, $110.00 American Medicinal Plants An Illustrated and Descriptive Guide by Charles Frederick Millspaugh The 1892 classic, with 180 full-page plates. A treasure-trove of serious 19th century herbalism. 806 pages, 6.5x9.2", paperback, $19.95, Less 20%

28. Honduras. In: Amnesty International Report 2001 indigenous peoples staged renewed demonstrations to promote longstanding the buildingof the El tigre dam, which would displace indigenous people and http://web.amnesty.org/web/ar2001.nsf/webamrcountries/HONDURAS?OpenDocument

29. El Tigre Journeys El tigre Journeys is a privatelyowned and operated educational travel to appreciationand conservation of wildlife, plants, indigenous peoples, and their http://www.biztravel.com/TRAVEL/SIT/top_pages/562.html

Home Categories Active Adventure Affinity Family Hobby ... Sports Destination Africa Asia Australia Caribbean ... South America Unique Stays Castle Hotel Eco Lodge Resorts Diving El Tigre Journeys El Tigre Journeys travel programs focus on intellectually and spiritually stimulating adventures to exotic New World destinations. Our workshop programs and tours are led by experienced professionals with expertise in personal growth, transcultural, and natural history facilitation. We specialize in high-quality and unforgettable ecological, intercultural, and spiritual immersion experiences for the discriminating traveler. El Tigre Journeys is a privately-owned and operated educational travel company affiliated with International BioPark Foundation,a non-profit organization dedicated to appreciation and conservation of wildlife, plants, indigenous peoples, and their shared natural environments. We can customize any tour to your travel needs. Please contact us on how to customize a tour to your travel requirements. Please contact us for any questions you may have in regards to any of the tours we offer. We can share unique information that only we can provide as the operators of the tours.

30. 100gogo Expedition Of Africa, Africa's Super Predators & Mammals Safari In Ethiopia also are the Semiticspeaking Amhara, tigre, and others. The other indigenousgroups are all Bantu-speaking peoples, originally from the area http://www.100gogo.com/africa/

Africa - The Birthplace of Modern Humans You either love it or hate it . . . Africa Map Click here to see large map Introduction Features of Africa Africa is the second-largest continent , after Asia, covering 30,330,000 sq km; about 22% of the total land area of the Earth. It measures about 8,000 km from north to south and about 7,360 km from east to west. The highest point on the continent is Mt. Kilimanjaro - Uhuru Point - (5,963 m/19,340 ft) in Tanzania. The lowest is Lake 'Asal (153 m/502 ft below sea level) in Djibouti. The Forests cover about one-fifth of the total land area of the continent. The Woodlands, bush lands, grasslands and thickets occupy about two-fifth. And the Deserts and their extended margins have the remaining two-fifths of African land. World's longest river : The River Nile drains north-eastern Africa, and, at 6,650 km (4,132 mi), is the longest river in the world. It is formed from the Blue Nile, which originates at Lake Tana in Ethiopia, and the White Nile, which originates at Lake Victoria. World's second largest lake : Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the is the world's second-largest freshwater lake - covering an area of 69,490 sq km (26,830 sq mi) and lies 1,130 m (3,720 ft) above sea level. Its greatest known depth is 82 m (270 ft).

31. Medium-Sized Projects and Protection of Laguna del tigre National Park (WB Minihydropower Project; SouthAfrica Solar Water Substances, Food Security, and indigenous peoples of the http://www.gefweb.org/operport/msp/3msps.htm

Medium-Sized Projects Regional: A Participatory Approach to Managing the Environment: An Input to the Inter-American Strategy for Participation (ISP). (MS Word 80,536) Mauritania: Rescue Plan for the Cap Blanc Colony of the Mediterranean Monk Seal. (MS Word 56,635) Lao PDR: Off-Grid Electrification Pilot Demonstration, a component of the Laos Southern Provinces Rural Electrification (SPRE) Project. (MS Word 48,241) Regional: Conservation Priority-Setting for the Upper Guinea Forest Ecosystem, West Africa. Regional: Promoting Compliance with the Trade and Licensing Provisions of the Montreal Protocol in Countries with Economies in Transition (CEITs) Global: Global Biodiversity Forum (GBF): Broadening Support for the Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity Phase II ... Tunisia: Barrier Removal to Encourage and Secure Market Transformation and Labeling of Refrigerators (MS Word 69,700) Sudan: Conservation and Management of Habitats and Species, and Sustainable Community Use of Biodiversity in Dinder National Park. (MS Word 80,179) El Salvador: Promotion of Biodiversity Conservation within Coffee Landscapes.

32. Get Involved is dedicated to legalizing ownership for indigenous peoples of ancestral rights ingeneral and indigenous rights in World Bankfunded 'El tigre' Hydro-electric http://www.cohre.org/inbody01.htm

COHRE will only place the names of grassroots groups here if we have had direct and sustaining working relationships with them, attesting to their credibility, effectiveness and democratic nature. The Civic Council of Indigenous and Popular Organizations in Honduras (COPINH) COPINH is an organization of indigenous Lenca peoples from the departments of Intibuca, La Paz, Lempira and Santa Barbara, located in western Honduras, bordering El Salvador. COPINH is dedicated to legalizing ownership for indigenous peoples of ancestral lands, and promoting community-controlled development and defending their economic, cultural, civil, political and social rights. It has representation in 700 communities in the area, many of which are inaccessible by road. National Context Honduras, similar to other Central American countries, experienced serious and systemic violations of political and civil rights at the hands of a US-backed military regime during the 1980s and 1990s. The presence of military bases of the US-backed Contras and of the US Army contributed to the militarization of Honduras and the maintenance of a discriminatory, unjust "development" economic order. Today, the general human rights situation of the marginalized majority - and of the indigenous people in particular - is characterized by:

33. NewsLinks2 Unreached People Profiletigre; The Unreached People Christian missionary organizationsupporting indigenous missionaries in Gospel by Radio to all peoples http://www.wongel.com/newslinks.html

Mission Information of The Horn Of Africa Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan , Djibouti, Somalia... The Horn of Africa... "Cush will stretch her hands to God".. God's Time in the Horn of Africa Strategic Towns in the Horn of Africa ... International Teams-ETHIOPIA ... providing our missionaries with the tools and resources they need... Sub-Saharan Africa ... Typically, when I arrive the entire village gathers and I tell them about Jesus. They will listen all day - or as long as my voice holds out! At one village I taught for several hours then ... Ethiopian Church Planting One, the charismatic renewal which began in many churches around the world has not left out the Ethiopian churches. In the late sixties it also... Christian Persecution in Ethiopia No government sponsored acts of religious persecution ... Ethiopian Team Leader We try to heighten an awareness of the biblical view of racism among the ethnically divided groups even within the... Adoption Gudance Program The Bible mentions Ethiopia over 60 times, with Acts 8 giving the The Move of God In Ethiopia ...the vision of Ethiopian Christian leaders is to ensure that every Ethiopian hears the gospel...

34. Earthdance: Chapter 20 - The Indigenous Way scientific and technological prowess of peoples who consciously Cordoba succeeded,using only indigenous knowledge and by Bruce Lamb in Rio tigre and Beyond. http://twm.co.nz/Saht_indig_way.html

TWM The Indigenous Way EARTHDANCE: Living Systems in Evolution Elisabet Sahtouris [Abridged] Go to: Sitemap Index Interview Redefining God ... Proceedings of UN Policy In Chapter 17, we observed that industrial humanity is still immature from an evolutionary perspective. We also expressed hope that it will mature by learning from the organization of ecosystems and from some of the non-technological indigenous and traditional cultures that have survived the colonial process and the more recent impetus to modernization. In this chapter we will explore the worldviews and knowledge of indigenous peoples to see why cooperation between indigenous and industrial humanity is so important at this critical time in our evolution as the body of humanity. Indigenous cultures are generally held to be non-industrial cultures with ancient roots in their land, though some have been migratory and others forcibly displaced. They range from very simple material lifestyles to extensive historical urban/rural systems such as Inka and Aztec. For all their great diversity, we will see that they do hold some common elements of worldview and values that unite them with each other and distinguish them from modern or post-modern industrial cultures, which are also diverse, yet united by their basic worldview and values. In today's world, there are very few even relatively intact indigenous cultures. Yet we do have indigenous people to whom traditional knowledge and ways have been passed on and who live by this knowledge. This knowledge represents a relationship with the rest of our living planet that has been essentially rejected by industrial culture, yet is very relevant to our healthy future.

35. Yes, The People Of The Arabian Peninsula Are Not Africans At All! and language lives on as Tigrigna, tigre and Amharic, the One last group of partlynon indigenous or immigrant is constituted by the Afroasiatic peoples of the http://www.mumia.org/wwwboard/messages/711.html

Yes, the people of the Arabian Peninsula are not Africans at all! Follow Ups Post Followup Afrikan Frontline NEWSBoard Posted by Zeru Isaac on May 05, 1998 at 21:35:16: In Reply to: Is Afrika exclusive of Saudi peninsula? posted by Bessai ibn Atta on January 20, 1998 at 21:17:17: My personal interpretation of who is African is that it is not determined by geology or even geography but by ethnicity (culture and language)as well as race or genetics. These two concepts are not always the same because people might assimilate to a varying degree to an ethnic group without having or only partly having their genetic background. For example Arab is an ethnic group which infact includes many races and genetic backgrounds who have assimilated to the original Arabs in language, religion and to some extent the culture (Arabian culture has also been under non Arab influence like Berber, Phoenician, Byzantine, Turkish, Roman, Hellenistic and so on). Ethnicity is to me generally a state of mind but somehow genetics can´t be neglected or ignored. If one is similar to the ethnic group from the beginning (genetically that is) then one can simply adopt the culture and language and assimilate. A Swede and a

36. EPC Lectures 2001/2 dressed stone, inscriptional material in indigenous script, major movement of Semiticspeakingpeoples was out BCE western part of tigre region associated with http://www2.soas.ac.uk/Africa/courseunits/cultural/epc/epclec2.htm

Lecture 2: Aksumite Origins : between Africa and Arabia (Handouts: map (p. xx) from Henze, Layers of Time ; map (p. 69) from Connah, African civilizations old interpretation = Semitic -speaking South Arabian merchants crossed Red Sea ca mid-1 st Cushitic -speaking people of Ethiopia, described as “a vastly superior civilization, both material and cultural” (Ullendorff, p. 47), SA immigrants went on to establish political as well as cultural dominance = Ancient Ethiopia as a SA colony old view still repeated, although in modified form, as in Phillipson, Ancient Ethiopia newer interpretation = presence of SA, especially Sabaean , immigrants in Ethiopia in mid-1 st but Evidence Supporting the Old Interpretation: South Arabian Civilization:- handout – Henze map various SA states, e.g. Saba (the first, longest enduring and most powerful of the SA kingdoms), Main, Qataban, Raidan, Hadhramawt Himyar (indicate location on map) which succeeded Saba as chief of these states by end of 1 st cent. CE , Saba later reasserted itself until Aksumite invasions of 3 rd cent . CE - hence Sabaean titles assumed by Aksumite rulers SA civilization characterized by monumental architecture in dressed stone, inscriptional material in indigenous script, major irrigation construction (dams, cisterns), trade

37. Pour Une Réforme Des IFI ! take place in Johannesburg (South africa) in September pipeline in the Laguna delTigre nature reserve and the social equilibrium of indigenous peoples who are http://www.globenet.org/ifi/anglais/actions/camp57.htm

What's new ? Links Search Agir ici ... back Take action Topics About us With the World Bank Global Consumption in the North, Global Warming in the South ! Campaign for an alternative energy and mining policy Why this campaign ? Today, the international financial institutions (IFI) play a key role in development policies not only through the large sums of money they mobilise for Southern countries, but especially through the control they exert over their public policies. For twenty years, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and its structural adjustment programmes have forced Southern countries to over-exploit their natural resources for exportation purposes and reduce budgetary expenses to the detriment of the protection of the environment. As for the World Bank, it pretends to fulfil its official mandate of fighting poverty and financing sustainable development by encouraging Southern countries to exploit their natural resources. To this end, the World Bank injects billions of dollars in petrol, mining and gas industries. Yet, in general, countries which intensively exploit their natural resources experience limited growth and neglect diverse and sustainable development activities. The population does not benefit at all from the profits generated, but suffer all the consequences. Repeated violations of their elementary rights, pollution and public health offences are multiplying. World Bank financing directly contributes to strengthening autocratic regimes and fuels armed conflicts. Moreover, the destruction of ecosystems and the consumption of fossil fuels is adding to climate change, a planetary threat whose primary victims are, yet again, the poorest in the South ! And who are the big winners ? Once again, the multinationals in Northern countries, large consumers of fossil fuels and raw materials...

38. Africa: Bosques Amenazados peoples Programme e bajas (pertenecientes a las tribus tigre, Beni Amer e http://www.wrm.org.uy/paises/Africa/problema4.html

Publicaciones Africa: Bosques en peligro CONGO, RD El incierto futuro de los bosques A pesar de ser un país muy rico en minerales y bosques, la República Democrática del Congo está entre los países más pobres del mundo según señalan sus indicadores sociales. Aparentemente el gobierno ha reaccionado para defender las vastas superficies de bosque remanentes y en abril de 1999 fue prohibida la exportación de rollizos. Las compañías extranjeras reaccionaron de inmediato, dramatizando con que esto sería "el fin del sector forestal en el país" y pronto los troncos sin procesar reiniciaron el camino de la exportación. El caso de los Twa en el Parque Nacional Kahuzi-Biega El reciente trabajo de Albert Kwokwo Barume "Heading Towards Extinction? Indigenous Rights in Africa: The Case of the Twa of the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo" ("¿Hacia la extinción? Derechos indígenas en el Africa: el caso de los Twa en el Parque Nacional Kahuzi-Biega"), publicado por Forest Peoples Programme e IWGIA, examina la situación y perspectivas del pueblo indígena Twa en dicho país. Para intentar "legalizar" sus operaciones, DARA Forest firmó un contrato en mayo de 2000 con SmartWood y el Rogue Institute for Ecology and Economy de Oregon, EE.UU., dirigido a obtener la certificación para su madera. El plan consistía en certificar el bosque de Budongo en Uganda (en el que DARA ni siquiera tenía una concesión en ese momento), y utilizar dicha certificación para comercializar la madera extraída en forma ilegal y no sustentable en el Congo.

39. Upd61 of writing were established, such as tigre, Tittering, or the migration of the Puntitepeoples of Upper Egypt southward, and is therefore indigenous to africa. http://www.ccsu.edu/Afstudy/upd6-1.html

Africa Update Vol VI, Issue 1 (Winter 1998/99) Africa Update is the quarterly newsletter of the Central Connecticut State University African Studies Program Table of contents Editorial: African Writing Systems by Dr. Gloria Emeagwali, Chief Editor Dr. Ayele Bekerie, Cornell University, African Writing Systems David S. Zerbe, Ayele Bekerie, Ethiopic, An African Writing System - a Review Dr. Ayele Bekerie, Cornell University, Rejoinder Dr. Haines Brown, History Dept., C.C.S.U., Africa and the Net Shauna Brown, CCSU Student, Hollywood's African-Americans Editorial: African Writing Systems By Gloria Emeagwali - Chief Editor Vai, Bamum, Nsibi, Mande and Ajimi are significant West African writing systems of indigenous origin. In Northeast Africa, the now extinct ancient Egyptian writing systems coexisted with the Nubian Meroitic and Ethiopic writing systems. In this issue of Africa Update, Dr. Ayele Bekerie of Cornell University reflects on the latter writing system. He argues that there are fundamental connections between the spiritual beliefs, language and writing system of precolonial ancient Egypt This issue also contains a review of Ayele Bekerie's Ethiopic: An African System (Red Sea Press, 1997). The reviewer, David Zerbe, examines some of Bekerie's basic propositions in a provocative analysis. We asked Dr. bekerie to respond to Zerbe's critique and received a lucid and scholarly clarification on issues such as the syllabic nature of Ethiopic; distortions and misceptions in Ethiopian historiography; connections between the Puntites, ancient Egyptians and ancient Ethiopians; and the interconnections between the Agau language, Ge'ez, and Ethiopian writing systems in general.

40. Boletin10-news Español-1 indigenous peoples OF COLOMBIA. shall reflect the equality of the nations, nationalities,peoples and religions 1. tigre 2. Afar 3. Amhara 4. Oromia 5. Somali 6 http://www.ctv.es/USERS/jolle/internet13.htm

Salir By JAUME OLLE. Av. Vall d'Aran, 21 43206 REUS (Catalonia) e-mail: jolle@ctv.es INDEX 1999 WELCOME INDEX 1997 ... WHATS NEW I N T E R N E T V E R S I O N ISSUE 13 , first January 2000. NUMERO 13 , 1 Enero 2000. RESUMED VERSION The complet version available only in exchange or subscription. Information here: EXCHANGE OR SUBSCRIPTION Translated from Spanish by JOSE MANUEL ERBEZ. ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN On 9 August 1999, Dagestani and Chechen islamist fighters leaded by Chechen former prime minister and hero of the Independence war against Russia, Shamil Basaev, took several villages in Dagestan, in the border zone with Chechenia. On 10 August 1999 the Shura of Dagestan proclaimed the Islamic Republic of Dagestan, under the law of the Sharia , and declared the Djihad (Holy War) to Russia. The Congress of the Peoples of Ichkeria and Dagestan, created by Basaev, was recently renamed Mejlisul (probably meaning Supreme Mejlis or Council) of the Musulmans of Ichkeria (Chechnya) and Dagestan. According to the statement of the Shura Declaration of Independence In the name of God the Merciful, the Compassionate! We, the Muslims of Dagestan, officially declare the restoration of the independent Islamic state of Dagestan.

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