21. Anthropology 11: Review ForTest 4-Family, Religion, And Groups Associations in the PostIndustrial world • Original study indigenous peoplesin Cyberia. Tiriki, Kenya, africa. Hutu, tutsi, Rwa peoples Rwanda, africa. http://www.umsl.edu/~wolfordj/courses/a11ws02/test4review.html

Weeks 14-16: Anth r opology 11 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Review fo r Test 4 (May 2, 2002) Covering Chapte rs 9, 13, and Family and Household (242- 267) Culture and the Supernatural (360- 387) Grouping by Sex, Age, Common Interest, and Class Professor John Wolford Department of Anthropology University of Missouri-St. Louis Email wolfordj@msx.umsl.edu : This review sheet does not purport to be all-inclusive of all possible material that will be covered on the test. In fact, it is not all-inclusive. It is the responsibility of the student to cover the assigned readings and to know the lecture material sufficiently well to do well on the test. This review sheet is intended only to be an aid to studying for the test. GO TO BOTTOM OF THE PAGE Links to outside web pages Wolford's A11 Web Page My Gateway Page Reserves Page ... Lecture Notes for Chapter 11 Links to Section Headings inside this page: Chapter 9 (Family) Outline Chapter 9 (Family) Terms Chapter 13 (Supernatural) Outline Chapter 13 (Supernatural) Terms ... People to Know Chapter 9: Family and Household (242 - 267) The Core Questions of this Chapter—know how to answer them • What is the family?

22. Over A Period Of 100 Days In 1994, The Hutu Tribal Majority Of Rwanda Slaughtere slaughtered an estimated 800,000 of the tutsi minority which ends today in Durban,South africa was supposed take up the plight of indigenous peoples, the caste http://www.sover.net/~mjez/newspapercolumns/racismandun.htm

Back to Newspaper column index Back to Home Page RACISM AND THE U.N BY Marty Jezer Over a period of 100 days in 1994, Hutu tribesmen in Rwanda slaughtered an estimated 800,000 of the Tutsi minority. In the Balkans, it took a belated and blunderbuss NATO intervention to stop ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and Kosovo. Ethnic Macedonians and Albanians neighbors are still killing one another. Protestants and Catholics still can’t agree to a definitive peace in Northern Ireland. Russian continues its war on the Chechen people. The plight of untouchables in India is unconscionable. Indonesia faces numerous tribal and ethnic-based conflicts. The Chinese are still determined to stamp out Buddhism in Tibet; but they, with South Korea and other Asian countries, want Japan to acknowledge its racist actions during the Second World War. Throughout Europe, the Roma (Gypsy) people face discrimination. And in the United States, black and native Americans, despite achieving legal equality, still experience everyday racism. And that’s not the all of it. Racism often has an economic or political component. Sometimes it’s inflamed by a dispute over land. The genocide in Rwanda, for example, was a direct result of Western (especially Belgian) colonialism (and also of the refusal of the U.S. to support a UN intervention that could have stopped it). But when neighbors start murdering neighbors or when one group tries to totally annihilate another group, something basic and barbaric is going on.

23. MOST Ethno-Net Publication: Anthropology Of Africa the incorporation of the various indigenous African peoples Lyar Mutanen Arewa’– Northern peoples’ Congress was purpose of excluding the tutsi and Twa. http://www.ethnonet-africa.org/pubs/p95modo.htm

MOST ETHNO-NET AFRICA PUBLICATIONS Anthropology of Africa and the Challenges of the Third Millennium - Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflicts, PAAA / APA, 1999 An Anthropologist’s View of Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflicts in Africa I.V.O. Modo Department of Social Anthropology/Sociology National University of Lesotho P.O. Roma 180 ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Ethnicity denotes an extreme consciousness of and loyalty to a particular linguistic and cultural group unidentified with any other group (Udoh 1998:38). Such groups usually possess myth of origin, traceable to an epical ancestor or ancestress. With a strong ruling house such ethnic groups like the Yoruba, Edo, Fante were able to organize themselves into Empire or Kingdoms, conquering and incorporating other lesser ethnic groups as vassals. With the coming of colonial masters, treaties were signed with such kingdoms wherever they existed; especially during the 17th and 18th centuries (Bradbury et al 1965; Igbafe 1972). Origin of ethnicity in Africa Ethnicity in post-colonial Africa is principally a response to the new social structure the indigenous people found themselves in during the colonial era and at independence. The cultural upbringing is seriously at variance with the social processes of the modern era. Bohannan (1957) speaks of the philosophy of limited good among the Tiv of Nigeria. All goods are communally owned and so the possession of a good by one person is the loss of that good by another. This concept is applicable to every tribe in most circumstances. Ethnic discrimination has its root in the favouritism shown to kin group members as could be seen from the principle of segmentary opposition among the Tiv of Nigeria (Bohannan 1969) or Nuer of Southern Sudan (Evans-Pritchard 1940).

24. TOPIC 7: THE UN CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF RACIAL DISCRIMINAT the World Conference Against Racism, South africa, 2001 and people of Asian descentand indigenous peoples were victims the mass killings of the tutsi population http://www.ucc.ie/law/students/materials/humanrights/RacialDiscrimination.htm

Topic 7: The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Basic Documents: The 1966 UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Final Declaration and Programme of Action, adopted at the World Conference Against Racism, Durban, South Africa, Sept., 2001 Internet References http://www.unhchr.ch/html/racism/ Irish Legislation: Incitement to Hatred Act, 1989 (sections 1 and 2) Employment Equality Act, 1998 Equal Status Act, 2000 General Reading: Rehman J International Human Rights Law ch.10 Harris D J Cases and Materials on International Law pp.702-707 Alston and Steiner pp.749-761 (discussing the prohibition of Hate Speech and the Faurisson Case) Further reading Banton, Michael P. Title International action against racial discrimination. Oxford : Clarendon Press; New York : Oxford University Press, 1996. Internet Resources: http://www.unhchr.ch/html/racism/index.htm (Web-page for the World Conference Against Racism, South Africa, 2001) LECTURE OUTLINE The ICERD: Definitions and Substantive Obligations The CERD: Composition, Powers and Functions

25. Video Mainframe the Rwandan military and the tutsi rebels Education (CLEEN) of Nigeria, africa, providedWITNESS defend the rights of silent minorities and indigenous peoples. http://www.witness.org/video/africa.html

Africa Americas Asia Europe Middle East ... U.S.A. Africa ALGERIA RAFD- Rassemblement Algerien des Femmes Democrates (RAFD), Algeria. RAFD was created in 1993 to advance womenÕs human and legal rights and to defend women against violence on all levels of society. RAFD # 1 Description not yet available RAFD # 2 Description not yet available Interview with Zazi Sadou Zazi Sadou, a member of RAFD, (Algerian Assembly of Democratic Women) describes her work with the feminist organization. Sadou assists women whose human rights have been violated by the governing theopolitical state actors. She details the horrors faced by women who refuse to wear a veil, who continue to work, and who assert their rights. She discusses how rape is used as a weapon of war, and the devastating effects it has on the victim, her family and society as a whole. BURKINA FASO Mouvement Burkinabe des Droits de l'Homme et des Peuples (MBDHP), Burkina Faso. Created in February 1989, this non-governmental organization (NGO) promotes, protects, and defends human rights in the 30 provinces of Burkina Faso and aims to uphold the human rights principles established in the International Human Rights Charter and the African Human Rights Charter. MBDHP #1 This footage, from the Mouvement Burkinabe des Droits de l'Homme et des Peuples (MBDHP), depicts everyday life in a home for abandoned children in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. The footage includes interviews with people working at the children's home and with state employees who address the plight of these abandoned children.

26. Africa: "Tribe" Background Paper, 2 While there are many indigenous Zambian words which there are few places in Africawhere the geographically and culturally distinct Hutu and tutsi peoples. http://www.africaaction.org/docs97/eth9711.2.htm

Africa Policy Home Page Chronological Index (1997) Geographical Index (1997) Africa: "Tribe" Background Paper, 2 Date distributed (ymd): 971221 APIC Document APIC Background Paper 010 (November 1997) This series of background papers is part of a program of public education funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Ford Foundation. The attractively produced typeset version of this background paper is available from APIC for $2 each ($1.60 each for 20 or more). Add 15% for postage and handling. Order in bulk for your class or study group, or to send to news media in response to stereotypical coverage of Africa. Talking about "Tribe": Moving from Stereotypes to Analysis November, 1997 (continued from part 1) Case in Point: Zambia Zambia is slightly larger than the U.S. state of Texas. The country has approximately 10 million inhabitants and a rich cultural diversity. English is Zambia's official language but it also boasts 73 different indigenous languages. While there are many indigenous Zambian words which translate into nation, people, clan, language, foreigner, village, or community, there are none that easily translate into "tribe." Sorting Zambians into a fixed number of "tribes" was a byproduct of British colonial rule over Northern Rhodesia (as Zambia was known prior to independence in 1964). The British also applied stereotypes to the different groups. Thus the Bemba, Ngoni and the Lozi were said to be "strong." The Bemba and the Ngoni were "warlike" although the Bemba were considered the much "finer race" because the Ngoni had intertwined with "inferior tribes and have been spoiled by civilization." The Lamba were labelled "lazy and indolent" and the Lunda considered to have "an inborn distaste for work in a regular way." These stereotypes in turn often determined access to jobs. The Lunda, for instance, were considered "good material from which to evolve good laborers."

27. Wfn.org | RCC 2000 World Panelists Deflate Image Of Global Village obstacles, the cultural concerns of indigenous peoples, wars, political Julienne Munyanezaof Rwanda, africa, and the of the Hutu and tutsi, during Rwanda's war http://www.wfn.org/2000/04/msg00008.html

From the Worldwide Faith News archives www.wfn.org RCC 2000 World Panelists Deflate Image of Global Village From wfn@wfn.org Date 01 Apr 2000 14:20:10 Religious Communication Congress 2000 http://www.rcc2000.org Browse month Browse month (sort by Source) WFN Home

28. Genocide - Genocide Studies Indonesia, Rwanda, South West africa and Ukraine attacks on the Kurds, the tutsiHutuconflicts deliberate systematic eradication of indigenous peoples from the http://www.holocaustbookstore.net/sections/genocide/genstudy.htm

Genocide A Genocide Studies Genocide - Country-by-Country Current Location : Holocaust bookstore Genocide Genocide Studies Books 1 - 9 Title : Century of Genocide: Eyewitness Accounts and Critical Views Author : Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charney, editors This is the first overview of the subject with contributions from leading scholars and thinkers. It documents meticulously atrocities and crimes against humanity that have been perpetrated for reasons ranging from "the will of God" to "ethnic cleansing". Focusing on the major atrocities of our time, this book provides accurate and verifiable historical information on how and why particular genocides were committed. Each essay is accompanied by excerpts from survivors' accounts. Genocides included are: Armenia, Bangladesh, Burundi, Cambodia, East Timor, the Holocaust, Indonesia, Rwanda, South West Africa and Ukraine. Paperback Price: ISBN: 0815323530 Go to Top Title : Genocide and the Politics of Memory: Studying Death to Preserve Life Author : Herbert Hirsch More than sixty million people have been victims of genocide in the twentieth century, including recent casualties in Bosnia and Rwanda. Herbert Hirsch studies repetitions of large-scale human violence in order to ascertain why people in every historical epoch seem so willing to kill each other. He argues that leaders often invoke or create memories of real or fictitious past injustices to motivate their followers to kill for political gain or other reasons. In order to revise the politics of memory, Hirsch proposes essential reforms in both the modern political state and in systems of education.

29. GenInfo Aborigines (see above), but other indigenous peoples of the In 1972, the tutsidominatedgovernment of Burundi of the Zulu Kingdom in Southern africa from 1818 http://www.aihgs.com/geninfo.htm

Comparative Genocide Bibliographies Please click one of the title icons below for a bibliography on your topic A Antiquity This bibliography covers events from the Second Millenium B.C. to 556 B.C., and so covers "a period in which many genocides are likely to have been part of the conflicts among city-states and empires." (Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide [New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990], p. 58.) Recommended reading Click on book cover to view and/or purchase this work The Armenians Beginning on 24 April, 1915, the Government of the Ottoman Empire, dominated by the Young Turks, effected a policy of genocide in the form of systematic mass deportations and extermination of Armenians, lasting until 1923, and resulting in the death of 1.5 million people. Recommended reading Click on book cover to view and/or purchase these works The Australian Aborigines The genocide of Australia's Aborigines can be said to have lasted from the early days of European settlement up until the 1980s. The colonial authorities, and the Federal and State governments of Australia which succeeded them, abhorred the slaughter of Aborigines by settlers. However, other aspects of the genocide, such as the splitting of Aboriginal families and the relocation of Aborigines to mission stations, had the full blessing of the authorities. Recommended reading Click on book cover to view and/or purchase these works B Bangladesh In the March 1971 election, the Awami League achieved dominance of what was still East Pakistan. The League's desire for East Pakistan to be independent from West Pakistan incurred the wrath of the government in Islamabad. The resulting civil war became a war of attrition until India invaded East Pakistan and forced the West Pakistan Army to surrender. The long-sought transformation of East Pakistan into Bangladesh was achieved, but over the nine months of war, between one and three million Bengalis had been killed and ten million had been made refugees.

30. Education World® - *Social Sciences : Area Studies : Africa : Rwanda from UNPO Unrepresented Nations and peoples Organization presents details about thisgroup of indigenous people in Hutu and tutsi of Rwanda and Burundi Brief http://db.education-world.com/perl/browse?cat_id=3679

31. List Of Articles By Subject / Encyclopedia Of The World's Minorities South Asians in africa and the MiddleEast, 1000 words. South Asians in Asia and thePacific, 1000 words. Taiwan’s indigenous peoples, 1000 words. tutsi, 3000 words. http://www.fitzroydearborn.com/chicago/minorities/articles-subject.php3

Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities List of articles by subject Entries sorted alphabetically A: PERSONS B: TOPICS C: GROUPS ... D: COUNTRIES A: PERSONS (back to top) Achebe, Chinua (Nigerian) 1000 words Adams, Gerry (Northern Ireland Catholic) 1000 words Aga Khan (Ismali) 1000 words Ali, Muhammad (African-American) 1000 words Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji (Harijan) 1000 words Arafat, Yasser (Palestinian) 1000 words Ben Jelloun, Tahar (Algerian) 1000 words Bhindranwale, Jarnail Sant (India-Sikh) 1000 words Bonner, Neville Thomas (Aborigine) 1000 words Chavez, Cesar (Mexican-American) 1000 words Césaire, Aimé (Martiniquais) 1000 words Da Silva, Benedita (Afro-Brazilian) 1000 words Dalai Lama (Tibetan) 2000 words De Klerk, F.W. (Afrikaner) 1000 words Du Bois, W.E.B. (African-American) 1000 words Fanon, Frantz Omar (Algerian) 1000 words Farrakhan, Louis (African-American) 1000 words Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (India) 1000 words Garang, John (Sudanese) 1000 words Garvey, Marcus (Jamaican) 1000 words Gheorghe, Nicolae (Roma Romania) 1000 words Grant, Bernie (United Kingdom)

32. Alphabetical List Of Articles / Encyclopedia Of The World's Minorities South Asians in africa and the MiddleEast, 1000 words. Turks, 5000 words. tutsi,3000 words. United Nations Draft Declaration on indigenous peoples, 1000 words. http://www.fitzroydearborn.com/chicago/minorities/articles-alpha.php3

Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities Alphabetical list of articles Entries sorted by subject A B C ... W X Y Z A (back to top) Abadhi 1000 words Abkhazians 1000 words Aborigines 2000 words Acehnese 1000 words Achebe, Chinua (Nigerian) 1000 words Adams, Gerry (Northern Ireland Catholic) 1000 words Adare (Harar) 1000 words Adja 1000 words Afar 1000 words Affirmative Action 2000 words Afghanistan 1000 words Africa: A Continent of Minorities? 5000 words African-American Nationalism and Separatism 2000 words African-Americans 5000 words Africans: 1: Overview 1000 words Africans: 2: Asia 1000 words Africans: 3: Europe 2000 words Afrikaners 1000 words Afro-Arabs 1000 words Afro-Brazilians 2000 words Afro-Caribbean-Americans 1000 words Afro-Caribbeans 2000 words Afro-Cubans 1000 words Afro-Latin Americans 3000 words Afrocentricity 1000 words Aga Khan (Ismali) 1000 words Ahmadiyas 1000 words Ainu 2000 words Alawis 1000 words Albania 1000 words Albanians (Kosovars) 5000 words Alevis 1000 words Alfurs 1000 words Algeria 1000 words Ali, Muhammad (African-American) 1000 words Alsatians 1000 words Altai 1000 words Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji (Harijan)

33. China Practices Racism War II and the genocide against the tutsi in Rwanda South africa, which will hostthe WCAR, is still An estimated 300 million indigenous peoples worldwide face http://www.uyghuramerican.org/HumanRights/AIonracism.html

News Release Issued by the International Secretariat of Amnesty International 25 July 2001 ACT 40/028/2001 124/01 The experiences of millions of people worldwide testify to a simple fact racism undermines all human rights. Justice systems all too often perpetuate racism by mirroring the prejudices of their society. Ahead of the 2001 third UN World Conference against Racism (WCAR), to be held in Durban, South Africa, Amnesty International is urging governments to ensure that the administration of justice in their particular countries is free from prejudice, discrimination and racial bias. The following briefing summarizes Amnesty International's report, Racism and the Administration of Justice, and the organization's concerns regarding the current disputes among states within the context of the WCAR. What is racism? Racism is a blatant attack on the very notion of basic human rights that human rights belong to all people, equally. It infects, to varying degrees and in various forms, every country in the world. The prohibition of racial discrimination constitutes a general principle of international law, included in all fundamental human rights standards. The UN International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), adopted in 1965 and ratified by 157 countries, outlines substantive rights and a series of steps for the elimination of racial discrimination in all its forms.

34. Editorial a SubCommission dealing with the Rights of indigenous peoples. The 130 ethnic groups,some from africa, have already still at the throat of the tutsi minority http://home.mweb.co.za/sa/savimbi/editoria.htm

Final Conflict European News The following view expressed by a friend on the occasion of the Day of the Vow on December 16, 2000, coincides with our own view to such an extent, that we thought fit to include it here, under 'Editorial'. As usual with what we say at SCA, it is provocative, but true, all too painfully true. Not surprisingly, the organisers at the Day's function out at Donkerhoek decided not to read this commentary out, - an indication of how the renaissance of the Boer people of today is still held back by a mistaken belief in In a matter of 100 years we have deteriorated from a nation of people who – in 1899, in spite of their limited numbers and unpreparedness were prepared to take on the greatest power at the time "The British Empire" to retain their land and their freedom in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State. They were a people spiritually, morally and physically strong. The first paragraph of Sir Arthur Conen Doyles book "The Great Boer War" describes this Boere Afrikaner nation accurately:- I wonder what his description of the present Boere Afrikaner would be?

35. Search - 007-001 majority tried to exterminate the tutsi minority. questions about the continent ofAfrica; the influence and Christianity on the indigenous peoples; and links http://termpapersonfile.com/categories/007-001.html

CLICK HERE TO TRY A NEW SEARCH Accounting ... NEW SEARCH The Following Research Reports Are Available RIGHT NOW For Only $ 9.95/page + FREE Bibliography ! Just Choose Any Paper And Then Press the Red ORDER Button If You Don't See What You're Looking For, Choose A Category From The Left Side Of This Screen Papers On Africa Page 2 of 7 BACK NEXT send me this paper A 14 page report that traces the origins of the Mali Empire from inception to the modern African republic. The decline of a wealthy, prosperous state to one that is riddled with poverty and hardship is discussed in terms of governmental structures and economic conditions. Bibliography lists 10 sources. Filename: Mali.wps Mali, Songhay, and Ghana / Comparison and Contrast between them and other Civilizations send me this paper In 5 pages, the author discusses Mali, Songhay, and Ghana and makes a comparison/contrast between those empires of Africa and other civilizations. Bibliography lists 6 sources. Filename: PCmsghis.doc Solving the Problems of a Third World Country / Mali send me this paper An insightful 6 page report in which the writer attempts to act as a Malian leader and solve various socio-political problems in Mali. All answers are well-though and based upon documented research. Included in the discussion are : desertification, education, health care, political climate, and more. Bibliography lists 6 sources.

36. I: Where There Is Racism, There Can Be No Justice Intolerance due to be held in Durban, South africa, between 30 Most of those killed were tutsi. An estimated 300 million indigenous peoples still face http://www.peacelink.it/webgate/razzismo/msg00365.html

Date Prev Date Next Thread Prev Thread Next ... Thread Index I: Where there is racism, there can be no justice pck-razzismo@peacelink.it pck-diritti@peacelink.it Subject I: Where there is racism, there can be no justice From gallarous@tiscalinet.it Date: Wed, 25 Jul 2001 16:38:05 +0200 http://web.amnesty.org/ai.nsf/recent/ACT400202001?OpenDocument http://www.amnesty.org/news/ http://www.amnesty.org Prev by Date: PICCOLO MANUALE PER MANIFESTANTI ANTI-G8 Next by Date: I: Racism and the Administration of Justice Prev by thread: PICCOLO MANUALE PER MANIFESTANTI ANTI-G8 Next by thread: I: Racism and the Administration of Justice Index(es): Date Thread

37. I: Racism And The Administration Of Justice Jews during World War II and the genocide against the tutsi in Rwanda South africa,which will An estimated 300 million indigenous peoples worldwide face http://www.peacelink.it/webgate/razzismo/msg00366.html

Date Prev Date Next Thread Prev Thread Next ... Thread Index I: Racism and the Administration of Justice pck-diritti@peacelink.it pck-razzismo@peacelink.it Subject I: Racism and the Administration of Justice From gallarous@tiscalinet.it Date: Wed, 25 Jul 2001 18:51:28 +0200 http://www.amnesty.org/news/ http://www.amnesty.org Prev by Date: I: Where there is racism, there can be no justice Next by Date: Sulla militarizzarizzazione di Gorizia Prev by thread: I: Where there is racism, there can be no justice Next by thread: Sulla militarizzarizzazione di Gorizia Index(es): Date Thread

38. MRG - World Conference Against Racism Before Australia was colonized its indigenous peoples owned all its anxious aboutapartheid in South africa and a the conflict between Hutu and tutsi in Rwanda http://www.minorityrights.org/WCR/wcr_article13.html

MRG REPORT AND PROFILE- Combatting Racial Discrimination: The UN and its Member States by Michael Banton The World Conference against Racism is due to be held in 2001. This report offers a timely overview of how far various governments have moved, and how much remains to be done in the global fight to address racial discrimination. Using the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), this Report assesses the effectiveness of this Convention and its monitoring body against a backdrop of 'ethnic cleansing', genocide, racially motivated violence and other forms of racial hatred. REPORT PROFILE What next for Australia? The UN General Assembly did not contemplate such a situation in 1965 when it adopted ICERD. At that time it was anxious about apartheid in South Africa and a possible revival of Nazism in Europe. But the Convention is a living document. It has inspired actions and resolutions on many matters that were not considered in the drafting process: on the conflict between Hutu and Tutsi in Rwanda and Burundi; on ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and Kosovo;1 on the suppression of the rights of the Kurds; on discrimination against Roma; on terrorism (including the shooting of worshippers in the Hebron mosque); on the ethnic dimension to informal residential segregation in cities and partial segregation in schoolroom classes; on discrimination on grounds of ethnic or national origin in immigration rules and procedures; on the dissemination of racist propaganda over the internet; and so on. ICERD embodies standards against which all such developments are to be judged.

39. Beyond Development: Sub-Saharan Africa And The World Europeans advanced on africa inland via their coastal 1977 48).5 Manipulation ofthe indigenous peoples against one had once been (eg the tutsi monarchy in http://www.trinity.edu/dspener/global_free/presentations_2001/africa/brannen.htm

Sub-Saharan Africa and Development: Political History, Obstacles, and possible solutions by Sam Brannen Sub-Saharan Africa: Ignored and Exploited Trinity University does not specifically offer any classes on Sub-Saharan African history, politics, culture or religion. Of the classes I have taken during my career at Trinity, only three have directly mentioned anything at all about the nations and people who comprise this second-most-populated and second-largest continent in the world (containing an estimated 797 million people in 2000). On the contrary, I have been inundated with information regarding every other continent. It is correct to say that Sub-Saharan Africa is academically marginalized at Trinity, and this trend reflects general Northern hemispheric consideration and perspective on the continent. Africa has failed to advance through the development and globalization projects, and for the past two centuries it has been repeatedly exploited for the economic growth of the North, whether through expropriation of its resources, the exploitation of its people’s labor, or by way of structural adjustment programs. It is key to note that the exploitation of Africa has always existed through formal, institutional channels from the North.

40. Philadelphia NPC: Oppose U.S. Military Intervention In Africa This group, led by tutsi exiles, took over Rwanda the minority reactionary elementsamongst our own peoples. of neocolonialism and the indigenous bourgeoisie. http://www.2street.com/npc/Africa1.html

Oppose U.S. Military Intervention in Africa Neocolonialism is the worst form of colonialism. For those who practice it, it means power without responsibility, and for those who suffer from it, it means exploitation without redress. In the old days of old-fashioned colonialism, the imperial power had at least to explain and justify at home the actions it was taking abroad. In the colony those who served the ruling imperial power could at least look to its protection against any violent move by their opponents. With neocolonialism neither is the case. Kwame Nkrumah, from Neocolonialism, the Last Stage of Imperialism. Ever since the first phase of the current struggle broke out in Rwanda two and a half years ago, the big business media have reported it as a local conflict between the Hutu majority and the Tutsi minority. The interest of the West, they say, is humanitarian. How can we best bring relief? Must we intervene militarily to save lives? But Africa has always meant just one thing to the capitalists: booty. France, Britain, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, and Spain carved up Africa for colonial exploitation at the end of the last century. Belgian King Leopold 1st with the help of American journalist-explorer Henry Stanley, took over the Congo, now called Zaire, as his own personal domain.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 2     21-40 of 90    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | Next 20