81. Untitled africa came to be dominated by foreign peoples. Indian, over 1000 different indigenousgroups (including Sakalawa, Senufo, Toulou, Tuareg, tutsi, Twa, Wolof http://www.osearth.com/resources/sampleNWG/NWG_beta/reports/ssa/hist.html

Sub Saharan Africa National Archives Report from Head Archivist Sub-Saharan Africa was originally inhabited by a group of people who were probably the forefathers of the Pygmies, Bushmen and Hottentots of today. In 30,000 BC, they were pushed to the Northwest and South by another group of people who were taller and larger. Sub-Saharan Africa was home to several great kingdoms before European colonization. The Ghana Empire, which began in the fourth century and reached its height in the tenth century, commanding most of the area between Timbuktu and the Atlantic Ocean. The Mali Empire (also known as the Madingo Empire) was a trading kingdom which controlled most of West Africa as well as the city of Timbuktu and extended into the southern Sahara. Under Mansa Musa, the Mali Empire reached its apogee in the fourteenth century. The Arab traveler Ibn Batuta visited and wrote on the Mali empire in the mid-fourteenth century. Africa came to be dominated by foreign peoples. The Portuguese were the first to explore Sub-Saharan Africa in 1270. By the nineteenth century, Sub-Saharan Africa had been colonized by almost every European nation and was host to a series of battles, conflicts of interest and treaties. The dynamics of this colonial period for the most part determined Africa's borders today. Countries include: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

82. Historical Survey - Whitaker Report On Genocide, 1985 can threaten the extinction of some surviving indigenous peoples. from their own countryto the peoples of occupied of Jews in 1919, (14) the tutsi massacre of http://www.preventgenocide.org/prevent/UNdocs/whitaker/section5.htm

Home prevent genocide international UN Whitaker Report on Genocide, 1985, paragraphs 14 to 24, pages 5 to 10 Table of Contents Previous Section Next Section PART I: HISTORICAL SURVEY A. The crime of genocide and the purpose of this study 14. Genocide is the ultimate crime and the gravest violation of human rights it is possible to commit. Consequently, it is difficult to conceive of a heavier responsibility for the international community and the Human Rights bodies of the United Nations than to undertake any effective steps possible to prevent and punish genocide in order to deter its recurrence. 15. It has rightly been said that those people who do not learn from history, are condemned to repeat it. This belief underpins much of the Human Rights work of the United Nations. In order to prescribe the optimal remedies to pre- vent future genocide, it can be of positive assistance to diagnose past cases in order to analyse their causation together with such lessons as the international community may learn from the history of these events. B. The concept of genocide

83. February 2001 the recognition of Afro/Latins, indigenous peoples, lower castes the Roma, withhegemonic peoples must be Thus ‘tutsi’ signifies a social superior, whilst http://www.hrdc.net/wcar/ThinkPaper7.htm

February 2001 WCAR Think Papers A joint project of Human Rights Documentation Center (HRDC), International Service for Human Rights (ISHR) and South Asia Human Rights Documentation Centre (SAHRDC) WCAR Think Paper VII Caste-based Discrimination at the WCAR: One-quarter billion lives at stake The WCAR may be marked by a collision of forces: (1) those who consider caste-based discrimination a significant part of the WCAR’s mandate and an issue that should be explicitly included in the Declaration and Programme of Action; and (2) those who argue that caste discrimination is not a form of racial discrimination and the issue should therefore be excluded from the WCAR and its final text. At this point, India is the only State to publicly advocate the second position, but, notably, no other State has publicly opposed India either. I. What is at stake? If the Government of India attempts to scuttle international efforts to address caste-based discrimination, the stakes of the debate could not be much higher. According to both United Nations and NGO sources, the treatment of Dalits (the preferred term for “untouchables”) in South Asia ranks among the worst conditions for humans in the world. The Special Rapporteur on Racism, for example, recently stated: “According to several sources, the Dalits are most often the victims of forced relocation, arbitrary detention and summary executions in India.” In India alone, the Dalit population totals approximately

84. Foreign Policy In Focus - Self-Determination - Listserv to the profound implications of the demand for indigenous autonomy, Indian peopleshave found to escape from the predominantly tutsi Rwandan Patriotric http://www.selfdetermine.org/listserv/020809_body.html

9 August 2002 Self-Determination Conflict Watch is an electronic journal sponsored by Foreign Policy In Focus (FPIF), a joint project of the Interhemispheric Resource Center and the Institute for Policy Studies. FPIF, a "think tank without walls," is dedicated to "making the U.S. a more responsible global leader and partner." The project has received a grant from the Carnegie Corporation to advance new approaches to self-determination conflicts through web-based research and analysis. Conflict Watch presents the latest analysis about self-determination from our international network of experts. For more information, please visit our Self-Determination In Focus website at http://www.selfdetermine.org/index.html tom@irc-online.org Tom Barry, editor of Self-Determination Conflict Watch, is a senior analyst with the Interhemispheric Resource Center (IRC) (online at www.irc-online.org ) and codirector of Foreign Policy In Focus. The IRC is responsible for producing and publishing the Self-Determination Conflict Watch ezine. Table of Contents SELF-DETERMINATION AND AUTONOMY IN LATIN AMERICA: ONE STEP FORWARD, TWO STEPS BACK

85. Amnesty International Report 2002 - Introduction most of them from the tutsi ethnic group descendants in the Americas, the indigenouspeoples, migrants, economic August and September in Durban, South africa. http://web.amnesty.org/web/ar2002.nsf/intro6/intro6?OpenDocument

86. Adherents.com 1994, *LINK* Unrepresented Nations peoples Organisation web The Batwa are indigenousinhabitant of Rwanda. some 20,000 people, the Hutu and tutsi comprised 85 http://www.adherents.com/Na_617.html

Adherents.com 42,669 adherent statistic citations : membership and geography data for 4,000+ religions, churches, tribes, etc. Index back to Tuareg, world Tuareg, continued... Group Where Number of Adherents % of total pop. Number of congreg./ churches/ units Number of countries Year Source Quote/ Notes Tuareg world countries From Afar to Zulu: A Dictionary of African Cultures . New York: Walker Publishing Co. (1995); pg. 152-156. Tuareg : Population: 400,000; Location: Algeria, Mali, and Niger; Languages: Tamahaq, Arabic "; Pg. 154: "Although they retain some vestiges of their earlier Christian faiththeir favorite decorative motif is the crossfor the most part, the Tuareg have abandoned their ancestral way of life and have adopted that of the Muslims. "; Pg. 156: "Unlike other Muslim peoples, the Tuareg men take just one wife... " Tubatulabal North America - Pacific Coast Terrell, John Upton. American Indian Almanac . New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co. (1974); pg. 430-431. Tubatulabal world Terrell, John Upton. American Indian Almanac . New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co. (1974); pg. 430-431.

87. Community In Contention: Angles Of Approach Ethnic tutsi are in exile in Ugandan refugee camps The community claims of indigenouspeoples often come at an staterun National Parks in africa (Neumann 1999 http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/RockyCommun/angles.html

Rockefeller Humanities Fellowships : Institute of International Studies; University of California Berkeley Community in Contention: Culture of Crisis, Exile, and Democracy Rockefeller Foundation Humanities Fellowships Page 4 of 5 Angles of Approach The strength of the community as a keyword or building block for this project, namely its inclusiveness and its reach across fields and professions, is also of course a source of its weakness. In order not to founder on the reefs of replication or scale, Community in Contention will focus on three themes which confer the advantage of being both less well understood for example community reconstruction and cultures of tolerance rather than community deconstruction and violence and of providing a ground on which differing forms of intellectual activity, scholarship in and outside of the academe, and activist-practitioners can meet. Insofar as one major thread which runs across the themes is the linking of humanities with social science policy and practitioners, Community in Contention builds upon two existing programs with pronounced emphases on practice: the Human Rights Center's concern with the rebuilding of communities devastated by human rights violations, and the

88. Voices: Special Forum On Personal Experiences Of Racism (WCAR) Hutu man who married a tutsi woman and of globalization's devastating effects on indigenouspeoples and the in the United Kingdom, an indigenous doctor trying http://www.csvr.org.za/articles/artwcar.htm

Voices: Special Forum on Personal Experiences of Racism - A Report Part of the United Nations World Conference Against Racism Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance Convenors Ambassador Nozipho January-Bardill Member, UN Commitee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Gay J. McDougall Member, UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination N. Barney Pityana Chair, South African Human Rights Commission The World Conference Against Racism held in Durban, South Africa from 27th August to the 7th September was an important and unique opportunity for the global community to develop practical and effective strategies to combat contemporary forms and manifestations of racism. In order to achieve its objectives, the World Conference needed to make visible those individuals, groups and communities who have been confronted and harmed by racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. An essential aspect of the World Conference Against Racism had to be to amplify the voices of the victims. Indeed, one of the major themes on the conference agenda, as decided by governments during the first Preparatory Committee, was the session for "victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance". But, placing the topic on the official agenda, however, could only partially achieve the goal of placing the victims at the center of the World Conference proceedings. Official agenda items were to be discussed in a highly formal and structured forum, in which governments would be the principal actors. Likewise, the NGO Forum, while serving a number of other critical purposes, was never seen as providing an appropriate venue in which to give due recognition to the centrality of the experiences of the victims.

89. Zaire/Congo: Fragmentation Of A Pseudo-State under the leadership of a nontutsi, Laurent Kabila. is usually insignificant or non-indigenousthe Asians sytem and African leaders on the African peoples. http://www.ecn.org/communitas/en/en109.html

Main Index Africa Index Zaire/Congo: Fragmentation of a Pseudo-State Laurent Kabila came to power after the ouster of Mobuto Sese Seko, who had long been a client of state-capitalist countries of the "West". Under Mobuto Sese Seko's rule, Zaire-Congo had been a staging area for Western intervention in central, southern and eastern Africa against Soviet client regimes or "African Socialist" regimes in Africa. Zaire was widely reported to be a staging base, according to mainstream media reports, for American supplies and logistical support to Jonas Savimbi's UNITA movement. With the end of the "cold war", and neo-liberal's ideological triumph world-wide, Mobuto Sese Seko's regime was no longer deemed essential by his Western masters. Accordingly, when Kabila's rebels overthrew Mobuto Sese Seko, his former Western "allies" did not lift a finger to preserve his regime. In his quest for power, Kabila was supported by ethnic Tutsi militia who live in the eastern part of Zaire-Congo, their ethnic brethren in Rwanda/Burundi, and Angola's Museveni. It is widely believed that the Tutsi army of Rwanda (the minority tribe that has always dominated the majority Hutu tribe since Belgian colonial days) is the most proficient in the area. This is significant because they have proved the new power-brokers in the region. It was Mobuto Sese Seko's (widely-believed) support for the Hutu's that led the Tutsi warlord (leader ?) Paul Kagame to instigate a rebellion in eastern Zaire-Congo under the leadership of a non-Tutsi, Laurent Kabila. This rebellion was not hard to instigate as the kleptocracy of the Mobuto Sese Seko regime had led to the breakdown of what pretensions Zaire had had, to be a state. Most "Zairians", in reality a few hundred ethnic groups had had enough of Mobuto's "rule", and genuinely welcomed Kabila's ascent to power. Laurent Kabila took power with the assistance of the Rwandan Tutsis and the Zairian Tutsis who formed the bulk of his "rebel army" in a quick campaign of 6 months in 1997.

90. Untitled Document in Burundi in which the tutsicontrolled government as the participation of indigenouspeoples within a Ethnicity, constitutionalism, and governance in africa. http://old.weber.edu/jmbaku/ethnicity.html

Ethnicity and Governance in the Third World Edited By John Mukum Mbaku Pita Ogaba Agbese Mwangi S. Kimenyi Probably the most challenging issue facing developing nations today concerns the establishment of institutional arrangements that can effectively deal with ethnic diversity and allow population groups to coexist peacefully. In the past, leaders and intellectuals of these countries have proposed approaches to coexistence that involve suppressing ethnic identity . The assumption underlying this approach is that for the various groups to coexist peacefully, it is necessary to homogenize otherwise heterogeneous groups. This view of dealing with diversity is reflected by post-independence policies that included various provisions that sought to minimize or even deny group identity. For example, leaders argued that single-party political systems were more appropriate for uniting all groups (ethnic, religious and linguistic). The leaders warned that unity would be sacrificed if political party competition were to be introduced because different political parties would be dominated by particular ethnic and linguistic groups which in essence would politicize and promote tribalism (Winchester, 1986). Likewise, the elimination of

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