61. SouthAfrica.com Discussion Forum - Which Indigenous SA Language To Learn.... forumdisplay.php3?forumid=10) Which indigenous SA language by the Khoisan, Khoikhoiand xhosa peoples for many apartheid, benefiting all the peoples of the http://www.southafrica.com/forums/printthread.php3?threadid=2695

62. SouthAfrica.com Discussion Forum - Which Indigenous SA Language To Learn.... com Discussion Forum Language Which indigenous SA language by the Khoisan, Khoikhoiand xhosa peoples for many apartheid, benefiting all the peoples of the http://www.southafrica.com/forums/showthread.php3?threadid=2695

63. [youth International Internship Program] - Partner Orgs. Overseas Hello millipede” in the xhosa language, and interest law centre in Namibia, southernAfrica. for justice and democracy, particularly for indigenous peoples. http://www.claihr.org/youth_CLAIHR_partner_orgs.htm

CLAIHR Partner Organizations Overseas: - South Africa ( www.lhr.org.za Lawyers for Human Rights is a South African NGO based in Pretoria, South Africa, which aims to promote and protect fundamental human rights for all in South Africa and to this end commits the organization to: Molo Songololo - Cape Town, South Africa ( www.duram.de/molo/english Legal Resources Centre - South Africa ( www.lrc.org.za Human Rights Committee - South Africa ( www.hrc.org.za The HRC is a South African NGO with offices in Johannesburg, Capetown and Port Elizabeth. Somce 1994, its main activities have been to monitor, research, report, advocate and lobby for protection of the rights enshrined in the South African Bill of Rights. Legal Assistance Centre - Windhoek, Namibia ( www.lac.org.na Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA-K) - Nairobi, Kenya ( www.fidakenya.org Federation of Women Lawyers (FIDA-U) - Kampala, Uganda

64. A Dialog On Xhosa Cattle-killng, "mfecane" And History hand drive tens of thousands of xhosa into labor point of contention in South Africaat the European diaspora used for dispossessing indigenous peoples was a http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/37a/015.html

A dialog on Xhosa cattle-killing, "mfecane" and history From Africa-L. March, 1995. Date: Wed, 15 Mar 1995 15:46:48 PST Subject: Xhosa cattle-killing Hi Leendert, I would like to debate a bit with several aspects of your post responding to Thami Madinane. On history, you and others interested in the Xhosa cattle-killing should look to the works of Jeff Peires. His book, The Dead Will Arise The House of Phalo provides background on Xhosa history and culture, as well as on the effects of interactions with white colonizers (directly for close to a century, indirectly for longer) on Xhosa society. For those who want the short version, Peires published two articles on the event in the Journal of African History The Structure of Scientific Revolutions This is too long; will take up the "mfecane" on a separate post. Sala kahle, Date: Wed, 15 Mar 1995 16:28:15 PSTb Hi Leendert, Here is part two. You wrote: In the North, Chaka had united the Zulu tribes and, according to current opinion, probably due mostly to population pressures, launched (in the 1820's) the Difaqane (Mfecane), a war of extermination that destroyed most of the Northern half of the present day South Africa, and initiated large scale migrations. Why is land with 12,000 Africans "destroyed" or "empty," but counts as filled by half as many whites? But in any case research by John Wright of the University of Natal shows that shows that claims of the sort made by Fynn were self-serving distortions.

65. A Cultural Profile Of The Xhosa Of Tanzania Identity The xhosa people today have developed from The indigenous people they meton their migrations the Khoisan (Bushmen and Nama or Hottentot ) peoples. http://www.geocities.com/orvillejenkins/profiles/xhosa.html

Profiles Menu Orville Jenkins Home People Profile The Xhosa of South Africa Population Religion : Christianity Status : 25% African Traditional Religion NARRATIVE PROFILE Location : The Xhosa people are black Africans who are mostly known as cattle herders and live in beehive shaped huts in scattered homesteads ruled by chiefs. They live primarily in the Eastern Cape areas called Ciskei and Transkei. Xhosa are also found all over the Republic of South Africa in various occupations. History : The Xhosa were part of the gradual Bantu migration movement from southern Zaire in various directions to cover most of Africa south of the Sahara. They are descended from a clan of the Nguni. By 1600 the Xhosa people by that name were in the Eastern Cape and from 1705 there were periodic minor clashes with the sparse Boers (Dutch-Afrikaner farmers). As the number of Boers grew and they expanded further north and east from the Cape, clashes increased. As South Africa shifted politically between British and Dutch rule, clashes with the Xhosa grew in magnitude, as with the Zulu in the Natal area farther north. In British South Africa traditional areas of the Xhosa and other peoples were preserved as autonomous territories. These later became administrative districts of the Union of South Africa in 1910. The Union remained part of the British Empire and Commonwealth until after WW II.

66. MixedFolks.com - The Coloureds Of Southern Africa people, the Khoikhoi, the San and later the xhosa. The various other Coloured peoplesalso intermarried with the Khoikhoi, the indigenous people of the http://www.mixedfolks.com/africa.htm

Know Somebody that Might Like MixedFolks? Refer Them to the Site Site layout completed with help from Arus Threepersons Logo Design By Weldon Arts The Coloureds of Southern Africa All text taken from http://www.grmi.org/~jhanna/obj08.htm Religion: Christianity, Islam Population: 3,730,000 (South Africa); 125,000 (Namibia) Status: 80% Christian, 5% Muslim Location: The mixed-race people called Coloured, about 85% of them live in the Western Cape Province of the Republic of South Africa. The Cape Malay people are included in this group, though the Malay as a whole has maintained their Malay identity and features. They are found in Namibia also. In the 19th century, the Griqua Coloured established themselves in a homeland including the town of Kimberly, where gold was first found in South Africa. Griqualand was annexed by the British as a Crown Colony then assigned to the Cape Colony. The Rehoboth community in Namibia, about 80,000 people, are usually classified as Coloureds, but they consider themselves distinct, though of similar origin. There were some mixed offspring of Malay and Dutch, who were called Coloured. The settlers or soldiers also had mixed offspring with the indigenous people, the Khoikhoi, the San and later the Xhosa. An additional contribution to the gene pool were the slaves imported from West Africa. The various other Coloured peoples also intermarried with the Khoikhoi, the indigenous people of the cape, until they have largely been absorbed into the Coloureds. The term Coloured came to be applied to all mixed people. One group of Coloureds escaped to the bush and lived as an African tribe, but became fearsome warriors on horses. These were the Griqua, who are still an Afrikaans-speaking tribe today. (One group of less than 200 Griqua also speak a Khoikhoi language called Xiri.) After the introduction of Indians into South Africa, they contributed to the mix of Coloureds.

67. IMDiversity.com - MG Almanac - South Africa africa is composed of many peoples who, as the region's life and progressively diminishedindigenous prospects until them into contact with eastern Cape xhosa. http://www.imdiversity.com/villages/global/Article_Detail.asp?Article_ID=228

68. Alice Mertens extensively to study and photograph indigenous peoples of Southern South West Africaand its indigenous people (Text Die Xosas The xhosa (Text Fergus Grey ). http://www.stellenboschwriters.com/mertens.html

Photo by Alice Mertens Kavango Alice Victoria Mertens Author of 11 books with her photographs of life and peoples in Southern Africa Former lecturer at the University of Stellenbosch and professional photographer Alice Mertens was born on 27. February 1915 in Windhoek, South West Africa. She grew up on her parents farm in South West Africa, in Berlin, Germany, and in Cape Town. She studied Photography at the Reimann School in Berlin shortly before the war. Alice travelled extensively to study and photograph indigenous peoples of Southern Africa. Her photos can be found in many museums. Alice Mertens worked for 14 years as a photographer and journalist in Cape Town. 1964: Seventy of her photographs are used at the International Court of Justice in the Hague.1964 - 1980: Lecturer in Photography at the Arts Department of the University of Stellenbosch She figured in "Who is Who: South African Women", "Who is Who: International Writers ", "Who is Who: Woman of the World ". She had ten one man exhibitions in different cities of South Africa. Alice Mertens died on 25 October 2001 in Stellenbosch.

69. Armoria Patriæ - Republic Of Ciskei died 1820), who preached an indigenous form of has been cut down, possibly by Xhosaactivists wanting Southern africa – among Bantuspeaking peoples as well http://uk.geocities.com/binneskild/TBVC/CkeiE.html

iRiphabliki wase Ciskei Republic of Ciskei languages and people The arms of Ciskei, registered by the State Herald in Pretoria and published in the South African Government Gazette on 8 September 1972, may be blazoned: Arms: Upon a Nguni shield per saltire or and gules, in chief an ox-head caboshed proper, in base a milkwood tree on an island vert. Behind the shield a spear and a knobkierie sable in saltire. Crest: Four ivory rings conjoined, standing thereon a blue crane holding in his beak a sprig with nine leaves proper. Supporters: Two leopards rampant gardant proper. Motto: Siyakunqandwa ziinkwenkwezi. Arms explained: The shield is a typical Nguni shield , the shape found also in the arms of Gauteng , KwaZulu, Gazankulu, Botswana, Tanzania and Kenya. The Xhosa – the southernmost of the Nguni peoples – have not used shields in war for over a century, but formerly used large cowhide shields roughly the height of a man. The only shields still in use among them are stick-fighting shields, made to the same pattern, which are only some 300 mm across. Stick-fighting is the traditional exercise of young men in the rural areas. The ox-head not only points to animal husbandry as an important economic activity among the rural Xhosa but underlines the significance of cattle-keeping in their traditional culture, as well as symbolising wealth. Cattle are significantly important in traditional ceremonies. It is also said to symbolise the development of society.

70. SOUTH AFRICAN EMBASSY - ANKARA / TURKEY A DIVERSITY OF peoples. languages which besides English and Afrikaans include xhosa,Sotho, Venda These indigenous languages are as different to each other as http://www.southafrica.org.tr/eng/tourism10.htm

T Tourist Publications - Welcome to South Africa WELCOME TO SOUTH AFRICA PUTTING SOUTH AFRICA ON THE MAP South Africa is a magnificent country blessed with extraordinary natural beauty and a rich cultural heritage. Its climate runs from temperate to sub-tropical; its landscapes range from stark desert to spectacular mountain to lush grassland and forest; its peoples can be found in rural subsistence communities or in cities as sophisticated and cosmopolitan as anywhere in the world. Situated at the southern tip of the African continent, South Africa has a land area of 1,3 million square kms (500,000 square miles), five times the size of Great Britain, and greater than California, Nevada, Utah and Arizona combined. This impressive stretch of land runs from the great Limpopo River in the north, all the way down to the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas on the southernmost coast - a distance of nearly 2 000 kms (1 240 miles). Washed by the bracing Atlantic Ocean on the west and the balmy Indian Ocean on the east, South Africa has 3 600 kms of coastline (2 236 miles), so there is no shortage of stunning beaches for lovers of sunshine and water-sports.

71. Worldstats: Providing Information About Our World! from the earliest settlers and the indigenous peoples. 2%, Hindu 1.5% (60% of Indians),indigenous beliefs and Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, xhosa, Zulu. http://www.worldstats.org/world/south_africa.shtml

Home Countries Big Cities World ... Useful Links South Africa Quick Overview: Geography: History: Related Links: News News from South Africa Daily News Offical Sites Government Website Country Guides South Africa Net Department of Tourism Travel Guide on Cape Horn Education School Net Education in general See a map of South Africa

72. Workshop 5 TimeLine small and rely upon trade with the indigenous population to When it grows apparentthat the native peoples are not in the east occupied by the xhosa, a Bantu http://www.learner.org/channel/workshops/geography/wkp5time.html

Home Site Map Objectives and Structure Workshop Summaries Using the Videos and Website About the Contributors About Getting Course Credit Introduction Latin America ... Contact Us The Annenberg/CPB Channel is produced by Annenberg/CPB with the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Legal Policy 10,000 BCE For thousands of years before South Africa existed, this southernmost part of the African continent was populated by hunter-gatherer people known collectively as the San. c. 100 CE The Khoikhoi people and many Bantu-speaking peoples began migrating from the north into present-day South Africa, bringing with them iron technology, agriculture, and cattle herding. As more and more migrants arrived, the San retreated further south. The first Dutch settlement is established at the Cape of Good Hope to be a provisioning station for ships of the Dutch East India Company. Initially the Dutch planned to keep their settlement small and rely upon trade with the indigenous population to obtain cattle, sheep, and vegetables. When it grows apparent that the native peoples are not interested in sustained trade, the Dutch turn to farming, importing Asian and African slaves to perform the necessary labor. These settlers became known as the "Boers," the Dutch word for farmer. Wars between the Khoikhoi and the Dutch end with the Dutch greatly expanding into what were previously Khoikhoi pasture lands.

73. Lesotho English (official), Sesotho, Zulu, xhosa Religion Protestant 42, Roman Catholic 38,indigenous beliefs Education Ngunis, and Sothospeaking peoples settled in http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/countryfacts/lesotho.html

HOME Internet Access Broadband Easter ... Travel Search the Web: serveAd("REFERENCE.HOME") REFERENCE ENCYCLOPAEDIA Hutchinson's Encyclopaedia Country Facts On This Day ... Wildlife TOOLS Car Insurance Cheap Flights Downloads Email By Phone ... What's On TISCALI About Us Business Services Investor Relations Contact Us Find a country's flag, map or national anthem here. Click on a letter to find the country: A B C D ... Z Or search for a country: HUTCHINSON COUNTRY FACTS Lesotho General Information Government Economy and resources Population and society ... Chronology GENERAL INFORMATION National name Mmuso oa Lesotho/Kingdom of Lesotho Area 30,355 sq km/11,720 sq mi Capital Maseru Major towns/cities Qacha's Nek, Teyateyaneng, Mafeteng, Hlotse, Roma, Quthing Physical features mountainous with plateaux, forming part of South Africa's chief watershed back to top GOVERNMENT Head of state King Letsie III from 1996 Head of government Bethuel Pakulitha Mosisili from 1998 Political system emergent democracy Political executive parliamentary Administrative divisions ten districts Political parties Basotho National Party (BNP), traditionalist, nationalist, right of centre Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), left of centre

74. Pine Lodge George - Location The Garden Route africa's Garden of Eden aptly describes The primary language isXhosa (a version of major second language for the indigenous peoples and the http://www.caraville.co.za/pinelodgeg/locate.htm

75. African Timeout Tour Operators Enquiry We proceed to Lanseria where we discover the diverse cultural wealth of SouthAfrica's indigenous peoples. Meet some of the Pedi Zulu, xhosa and Basotho http://www.africantimeout.com/article.php?sid=7

76. Buxton, Thomas Fowell, Great Britain, Evangelical The hand of the proud oppressor in africa has been to investigate the treatment ofindigenous peoples in British gave evidence, bringing also a xhosa chief and http://www.gospelcom.net/dacb/stories/non africans/legacy_buxton.html

Buxton, Thomas Fowell 1786 to 1844 Evangelical Great Britain Perhaps the most striking of all the monuments and memorials that adorn St. George's Cathedral in Freetown, Sierra Leone, is a bust commemorating a person who never set foot there. It was set up by Africans in memory of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, described in the language of the times as "the Friend of the Negro." Thomas Fowell Buxton [1]he ordinarily used his second namewas born in 1786, the eldest son of a country gentleman. For a long while he combined a business career with managing his estate. He was brought up under both Anglican and Quaker influences and experienced evangelical conversion through the influence of Josiah Pratt, secretary of the Church Missionary Society. He married into a great Quaker family, the Gurneys (Elizabeth Fry, the prison reformer, was a sister-in-law). In 1818 he became Member of Parliament for Weymouth, which he represented until defeated in the election of 1837. Serious illness, increasing in later years, punctuated his public activity; he died in 1844, aged 57. An Evangelical in Politics Buxton was a public man by duty more than liking. An effective, but not a brilliant, speaker, he never enjoyed the rough-and-tumble of politics and believed that "good woodcock shooting is a preferable thing to glory."[2] He never held an appointive government office and was not regarded as a reliable party man either in religion or in politics.

77. Africa Science Procedure The class will discuss the parameters of indigenous architecture and the Nomadicpeoples are not relics of the past. xhosa Housing, South africa***. http://www.albanyacademyforgirls.org/webwork/africaody/af.sc.htm

The Odyssey Project A Technological Journey to Middle School Reform Africa Interdisciplinary Project Unit: Africa Grade Level: Middle School, Grade Six Class or Discipline: Science Title: Africa Look: Construction of a Bush Hut San or Bushman Dwelling* Goal: Harare, Zimbabwe** Procedure: The class will discuss the parameters of indigenous architecture and the relationship of form and function. Nomadic peoples are not relics of the past. Many nomadic groups exist today, for example the African Pygmies and the Australian Aborigines. These groups are hunting and gathering people moving from location to location in search of food. Bedouin herders in Northern Africa move about in order to provide feed and water for their various herds. Portable structures are usually constructed from easily obtainable and lightweight materials. These materials must allow for quick assembly and speedy deconstruction. Choice materials might include animal skins, fabrics, wooden poles, plant fronds and leaves. The teepee of the Plains Indians of North America and the igloo of the Alaskan people reflect solutions used by communities who do not require permanent dwellings. The so-called "bush hut" dwelling consists of wood, mud and foliage gathered near the construction site. Various photographs of such huts, past and present, can be located by students in various books and on the Internet prior to the construction effort. Many students will bring to class photographs of the dwellings of the nomads currently living in the Gobi Desert to indicate that modern materials can also be incorporated into age-old constructions.

78. Aloe - Throughout Ancient And Modern History societies as far removed as the indigenous peoples of South ferox was put by the KhoiSan,other indigenous groups used the xhosa use the pulped leaves of Aloe http://www.simply-aloe.com/history.htm

The history of the Aloe T hroughout ancient and modern history, aloe plants have been used for their remarkable medicinal properties. Notwithstanding the fact that Aloe Vera, together with a number of other aloe species from Africa, north of the equator, were spread round the world as new lands were discovered, it is important to note that isolated societies as far removed as the indigenous peoples of South Africa had independently discovered the uses of aloes. In addition to the many uses to which Aloe ferox was put by the KhoiSan, other indigenous groups used other aloe species for medicinal purposes, for example: the Xhosa use the pulped leaves of Aloe saponaria to treat human ringworm; for internal worms they use a decoction of Aloe tenuior root; the Zulus administer extract of Aloe marlothii by mouth for roundworms; it was common practice to apply the cut surface of Aloe ferox leaves to fresh skin wounds as well as to infected ulcers and boils; the Bakone used leaves of Aloe fossteri, warmed in hot ash, on wounds and sores; the so-called Cape Coloureds used Aloe variegata in the same fashion for gumboils and infected teeth;

79. Old Wynberg Village, Cape Town - South Africa of some of the iron was the xhosa in the diseases, like small pox, to which the indigenouspeople had Isaac Schapera in his book The Khoisan peoples of South http://www.oldwynberg.co.za/khoisan.htm

Old Wynberg Village Old Wynberg Village Cape Town - South Africa The Cape by the time Europeans started exploring the area Click the map to see a larger map of the Cape Colony in 1660. The San People The San people were hunter-gatherers evolving over thousands of years in relative isolation in the southern part of the sub-continent. They had extensive knowledge of their immediate environment, which they systematically exploited for their survival. They lived in small, loosely knit bands, based on the family unit, which facilitated nomadic behaviour. They were also accomplished fishermen, as indicated by the large number of fish bones found in coastal caves. For tens of thousands of years, the lifestyle of the San in southern Africa remained undisturbed. Then, about 2000 thousand years ago, nomadic groups started moving in from the north, in search for grazing for their domesticated animals. The Khoikhoi arrive By AD 500

80. Jordreformer - En Litteraturliste Fra MS Biblioteket Kalindi Land rights of the indigenous peoples of the International Work Group forindigenous Affairs, 2000. Med engelsk, zulu, sesotho, xhosa og afrikaans tale http://www.ms-dan.dk/bibliotek/netahtml/lister/jordreformer.htm

Jordreformer Udarbejdet af MS Biblioteket, 1. 2. 2001 Alle materialer kan lånes i MS Biblioteket, Borgergade 14, 1300 Kbh. K. Besøgsadresse: Borgergade 10, 2. sal. Tlf. 7731 0000, fax 7731 0131, e-mail: library@ms-dan.dk . Hjemmeside med mulighed for at søge efter flere materialer: www.msbiblioteket.dk Appu, P.S. Land reforms in India: a survey of policy, legislation and implementation . New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1996. xxiii, 363 s. Bibliografi. Siden uafhængigheden i 1947 har Indien i flere trin reformeret ejerforholdene til landbrugsjord. Reformernes indhold og virkninger gennemgås, og der sættes fokus på springet fra klare målsætninger over mere uklare formuleringer i lovgivningen til en meget mangelfuld implementering af reformerne. (MS opstilling: 98.231 AP) Christodoulou, Demetrios The unpromised land: agrarian reform and conflict worldwide . London: Zed, 1990. xvii, 236 s.

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