41. The Yoruba Faith is now a fusion of authentic yoruba from africa; indigenous native (Indian They combinebeliefs from the Kabbalah and yoruba speaking peoples of West http://www.founders.howard.edu/reference/YorubaFaith.htm

The Yoruba Faith The Yoruba people are descendants from a variety of West African communities. They are united by Geography, History, Religion and most importantly Language... They all speak Yoruba. In present day West Africa, the main countries where Yoruba speaking people live are Nigeria, Togo and Benin. These countries are very close together. Many years ago, before African slavery, the Yoruba people inhabited an area which stretched, along the coast of West Africa, all the way inward and down to Angola in South West Africa. During the period of African Slavery, from the late 1500's to the late 1800's, millions of Yoruba people were forcibly taken out of Africa. Their numbers dwindled and so did their land area. After Slavery, the European powers (i.e.) the British; French; Dutch; Spanish and Portuguese, cut up the continent of Africa into different pieces and imposed new countries and languages in Africa. The Yoruba people suffered greatly, they were divided. Their people were scattered all over the Americas. They now spoke many different languages...Spanish, English, Dutch, French, and Portuguese. Yoruba Culture in the Americas During the period of African slavery, millions of African peoples including the Yoruba, were forcibly brought here to the Americas. The Yoruba and many other African peoples (see the chart above) worked as slaves, or forced labor on the plantations of different European nations:

42. Africa Draft in Meillassoux (ed.), The Development of indigenous Trade and Women and the Pastin a yoruba Town Edinburgh Mair, L., peoples of africa, chapters 5, 10 (Nuer http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/Courses/SE512/Preceeding_Years/se5121999.html

AFRICAN SOCIETIES Michaelmas and Lent Terms Course Convenor: Room: Eliot Extension L31 Dr David Zeitlyn Email d.zeitlyn@ukc.ac.uk Telephone extension: 3360 Other Teachers: Room: Eliot Extension L41 Dr. N I Lovell Email n.i.lovell@ukc.ac.uk Telephone extension: 7845 Location of Lecture: DLT2 (Monday 2.00 p.m.) Location of Seminar: DLT2 (Monday 3.00 p.m.) Number Registered for Course : max 40 Email list for Course : af-anth@ukc.ac.uk Assessment Procedure : You will be assessed by a combination of two essays, a bibliography on one of the topics covered and contributions to the course email list. At the end, a three hour examination is held. Essays etc contribute 10% of all marks, the examination 90%. You must make at least four contributions to the email list which include at least two article summaries (but not including essays and the bibliography which should not be sent to the list). Assignment Requirements : Essays need to be of at least 2000 words, not more than 3000 in length and must be typed Deadlines for Assignments Essays must be handed in to the Departmental Office, L46 Eliot Extension and a receipt obtained as follows: first essay on 18 December 1998 by 3.00 p.m.

43. Africa South Of The Sahara - Culture And Society An annotated guide to internet resources on african culture and society.Category Regional africa Society and Culture...... twostory architecture, Islam and indigenous african cultures traditions, and Ife,an ancient yoruba city state The web site for her course peoples and Cultures http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/culture.html

Topics Search: Countries Topics Africa Guide Suggest a Site ... Africa Home See also: Countries Adire African Textiles - Duncan Clarke History, background, and photographs of adire, adinkra, kente, bogolan, Yoruba aso-oke, akwete, ewe, kuba, and nupe textiles. The symbolism of images is often provided. One can purchase textiles as well. Clarke's Ph.D. dissertation (School of Oriental and African Studies) is on Yoruba men's weaving. Based in London. http://www.adire.clara.net Africa e Mediterraneo (Roma : Istituto sindacale per la cooperazione allo sviluppo) In Italian. A quarterly magazine about African culture and society. Has the table of contents. Topics covered: literature and theatre, music and dance, visual arts (painting, sculpture, photography), cinema, immigration. Owned by Lai-momo, a non-profit co-operative. Contact: redazione@africaemediterraneo.it [KF] http://www.africaemediterraneo.it Africa: One Continent. Many Worlds Extensive site for the traveling art exhibit from the Field Museum, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

44. SESSION 2(a) LAND RIGHTS AND FOOD SECURITY. and that in this case yoruba women have urban provisioning and outlines its historyin africa. Macdonald, Ted, Working with indigenous peoples in Latin America http://www.brown.edu/Departments/World_Hunger_Program/hungerweb/WHP/briefing/2a.

SESSION 2(a): LAND RIGHTS AND FOOD SECURITY. Moderator: Parker Shipton, Associate Professor, Anthropology, Boston University and Faculty Associate, Harvard Institute for International Development Session Introduction Land reform can mean many things, but it has usually meant either redistributing holdings (usually called "land reform" proper) or changing the nature of the rights and duties underlying tenure ("land tenure reform"). Both kinds of changes have proved very hard to accomplish without perverse unintended consequences. Since the turn of the twentieth century, Latin America has seen a series of "land reforms"; and tropical Africa, a series of "land tenure reforms." In both continents most of the reforms have been rooted in simplistic economic ideologies and political dogmas originating overseas. Latin America is the continent with the most uneven distribution of landholdings overall. Here state land reforms have typically taken the form of militarily backed expropriation and reallocation of land. Usually the results have been nothing like the favorable outcome of the Taiwanese tenure reform (a most unusual case, undertaking under uncommonly auspicious historical circumstances), the one frequently pointed to as a model. Africa is the continent with the least uneven distribution of holdings still, though the picture is rapidly changing. In the region south of the Sahara, tenure reforms have variously attempted by legal means to privatize and individualize landholding, or alternatively to collectivize it. Africa's tenure reforms have been attempted under both colonial and independent governments, and some lately abetted by international financing agencies with hidden or not-so-well hidden political agendas. In recent years nearly all African governments trying to reform tenure have been attempting to emulate Euro-American freehold models, many with the direct involvement of the World Bank. These programs, and others like them designed and implemented under colonial and national governments since the turn of the century, have nearly always failed to attain their goals, and they continue to do so.

45. Readings: April 20-24: Indigenous Science: A Star In Africa's Future? in all traditional societies, african peoples have evolved recognizing and takingseriously africa's indigenous knowledge are fathered by a yoruba chief with http://www.utep.edu/its3350/readings/indigenous.html

Indigenous Science: A Star in Africa's Future? Indigenous Science: A Star in Africa's Future? by Thomas A. Bass Africa possesses a wealth of scientific knowledge developed independently from Western science and its methods. Bringing this knowledge to light and building upon it to benefit the continent are among the concerns of many scientists working in Africa today. Africa is a natural treasure house. It is endowed with fabulous examples of physical and cultural diversity. These riches hold the keys to answering many questions that can be answered-if they can be answered at all- only in Africa. When did humans first start using tools and fire? How do species evolve? Where do HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, and other new viruses come from? Is the Earth getting hotter and drier, and if so, what can be done about it? Africa is also a laboratory for studying the clash between modern scientific methods and technologies and traditional practices. As in all traditional societies, African peoples have evolved sophisticated realms of knowledge, derived from experimentation or observation, that explain, predict, or control natural phenomena. This indigenous knowledge often appears to differ from- or even run counter to-the scientific principles brought with the colonial powers. The seeming dichotomy thus raises another important question: Are modern science and its methods alien to traditional African cultures? The answer to this question is crucial to anyone concerned about the less developed world and the future of science in general.

46. Examples Of Term Papers On Africa - 007-003 Cuban society, including the biographies of the saints in the yoruba Pantheon notonly to the spread of Islam among the indigenous peoples of africa but also http://www.buypapers.com/categories/007-003.html

Search able by Keyword Or By Subject Category... DOCUMENTS ARE AVAILABLE FOR ONLY /page PLUS FREE BIBLIOGRAPHY! Papers On Africa Page 4 of 7 BACK NEXT Costs and Benefits of the Colonization of Africa send me this paper 8 pages. With the European influence in Africa during the years of colonization there were both costs and benefits on the African nation and the people of Africa. This paper explains how the European colonies hindered and in some ways helped Africa throughout history. Bibliography lists 3 sources. Filename: JGAafcly.rtf CRITICAL ANALYSIS: EMECHETA’S JOYS OF MOTHERHOOD send me this paper This 5 page paper discusses the major themes in Buchi Emecheta's book, The Joys of Motherhood. Examples are given from the book. Particular emphasis is given to the role of colonization in Nigeria and the effect on women. Bibliography lists 2 sources. Filename: MBemecheta.rtf Cross Cultural Relations: Kenya send me this paper A 5 page paper which examines the cultural conditions of Kenya from the hypothetical perspective of an outsider who has been living there for two years. The focus is on adjustment and adaptation. Bibliography lists 3 sources. Filename: RAkenya3.rtf

47. Chireau: 7/8/96 concerns than with the concerns of the indigenous peoples. back and forth betweenSpain/Portugal and africa. the genderedness of possession in yoruba religion. http://www.haverford.edu/library/special/webejl/nehnotes/sessionnotes/Chi78.html

Religion and Diversity in American Society: An Interdisciplinary Approach An NEH Summer Institute, 1996 Session Notes Yvonne Chireau, Department of Religion, Swarthmore, PA 19081 African religions in New World Diaspora Traditionally, the main source of written documentary evidence has been European chroniclers from 15th-18th c. Portugal, France, Netherlands, England, but now we can look at other sorts of evidence to get at the experience of Africans in the diaspora. Robert Faris Thompson's work suggests ways to get to the evidence.Wyatt MacGaffey's Society and Culture in the Congo is a good example of the use of historical and anthropological perspectives to get at non-verbal cultures. Even the names that are defined during the period (Ivory coast, Gold coast, slave coast) have much more to do with the invading cultures' concerns than with the concerns of the indigenous peoples. These areas include a vast area of west Africa, as well as the area around Madagascar. Large numbers of these people were Islamic, though often this was blended with traditional religions, and this blended with Christianity from early times, then re-invigorated during the 15th c. John Thornton writes about this religious development also. Result of this is Catholic conversions. His argument is that African Christianity begins on the continent, not in the new world and this is where the kind of Christianity that appears in NC really has its roots. (see his article in American Historical Review a few years ago) So some of the slave "recruitment" came through Christian conversions.

48. Field Trip: Explore The Heritage Of Indigenous Peoples These semiindependent peoples lived in highly complex kingdoms how the beliefs andways of the yoruba have been and ways of life of many indigenous people have http://teacher.scholastic.com/fieldtrp/socstu/indigeno.htm

SOCIAL STUDIES World History and Cultures Explore the Heritage of Indigenous Peoples The Inuit people survived the frozen Arctic north for centuries through a modest hunting and trapping lifestyle. Today, some Inuit writers have employed the most modern of technologies, the Internet, to tell about their culture and history . You can read about Nunavut , the lands inhabited by Inuit ancestors that in 1999 became a separate territory in Canada, and even see a map of it. Like the Inuit, the Sami people of Scandinavia have sought to regain land upon which their ancestors lived. In their Web site, these descendants of Europe's far north write of a history music From the far north, travel to sub-Saharan Africa to learn about the history and art of the Yoruba . These semi-independent peoples lived in highly complex kingdoms , but their way of life was vastly changed after many of their people were captured for the slave trade to the Western Hemisphere. By looking at their art and artifacts , you can see how the beliefs and ways of the Yoruba have been passed on until today.

49. ArtLex On African Art african art, defined with images of examples, great quotations, and links to other resources. of africa's northern Nigeria, yoruba, Ohori, africa, Brazzaville Zaire, Kongo people, Nail Fetish (Conde), no date, Minneapolis Institute of Arts. See fetish. Gabon, Fang peoples, http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/a/african.html

A frican art - Ceremonial sculpture masks , and crafts produced by African tribal cultures , as well as by the African cultures of colonial and post-colonial periods. Generally African art means sub-Saharan art, with the cultures of Africa's northern parts typically referred to as Egyptian and North African. Making generalizations about the visual culture of any group of people is a crude endeavor, especially with a culture as diverse as Africa's. With this thought in mind, know that this survey, as any must be, is tremendously limited in its breadth and depth. Examples of African art: Mali, Bougouni or Dioila area, Bamana peoples, Mother and Child , 15th-20th century, wood, height 48 5/8 inches (123.5 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY. Nigeria, Edo peoples, Court of Benin, Pendant Mask: Iyoba , 16th century, ivory iron copper , height 9 3/8 inches (23.8 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY. See mask and pendant Nigeria, Edo peoples, Court of Benin, Head of an Oba , c. 1575-1650, bronze , 9 3/4 x 7 1/2 x 7 3/4 inches, Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY. Mali, Dogon peoples

50. Religions Of The World -- African Background information and links.Category Society Religion and Spirituality African...... Buganda's indigenous Religion A southern Ungandan Tradition, ozric.eng an OverviewEssays and Bibliography (yoruba), www.stg The Shona Ndebele peoples, www.stg http://members.aol.com/porchfour/religion/african.htm

Interfaith Religion and Beliefs for an Internet Generation PORCH NUS The E-Zine of The Front Porch Religions of the World African Religions and Their Derivatives African and African-Derivative Religions are a large group of beliefs and practices based upon ancient indigenous faiths of sub-Saharan African peoples. Within the last 100 years in Africa (see Table of Statistics ) indigenous religion has declined under the influence of colonialism, Western acculturation and proselytizing by Islam and Christianity. In the African Diaspora (mainly in the Americas) African-derived belief systems are in a state of impressive growth. ithin just the last two years the amount of information made available through the Internet is also impressive. Some of the best information comes to us from Italy, Sweden and Brazil. We are no longer dependent upon reports from academia or encyclopedias. There are now numerous websites maintained by the faithful themselves and, while the quality and quantity of information varies enormously among them, one may now hear from practitioners their own statements of faith. In many, if not most, cases African spirituality has evolved in the Americas. Ancient practices brought westward by slaves became syncretized, more or less, with religious traditions of the slaves' masters. This syncretization is most noticeable in areas dominated by the Catholic faith and where the celebration of saints, votive offerings and other practices found parallels in ancient traditions.

51. Spotlight On Teaching permits us to recognize that peoples' religious representations film argues thatthe indigenous religious systems But the yoruba religious system (which from http://www.aarweb.org/Publications/spotlight/previous/1-2/01-02-05ment.asp

Spotlight on Teaching Volume 1, Number 2 May 1993 © American Academy of Religion 1993, 2002 Mental Illness, Ritual Action, Ritual Failure: Teaching About Religion in Africa E. Thomas Lawson Western Michigan Univ. The entire African continent, and especially the religious life and thought which permeates it, is largely ignored in the academic study of religion. Because of this unfortunate neglect, it is especially important that those scholars who do teach African religions confront the students with the complex issues resulting from systematic neglect. This is by no means an easy task. It is my view that the best way to handle this matter is by raising first the question of what is involved in studying the religious life and thought of any people anywhere on earth including ourselves, and how such study reveals as much about the studier as the studied. In other words there should be no attempt to avoid reflecting on deep methodological and theoretical issues involved in the study of the religious life and thought of humankind. The concept of the "primitive" has a long and complicated history and. despite the heroic attempts of Africanists to reverse this trend, has become almost synonymous with the cultures of the indigenous peoples of Africa. It is therefore not good enough to simply engage in "description" ("phenomenological" or otherwise) of African life and thought, because even description involves a point of view. This requires the teacher to deal with the fundamental question of what is involved in interpretation and explanation of religious behavior. The goal here is to point to the desirability of explanatory theories and to show how various interpretive perspectives color them.

52. SOSIG: Ethnographic Studies Of Peoples And Communities Browse this resource, 'The yoruba Today' JS Eades. this resource, Center For WorldIndigenous Studies. this resource, Come Explore West africa; peoples and Cultures http://www.sosig.ac.uk/roads/subject-listing/World/ethnostud.html

Ethnographic Studies of Peoples and Communities You are here : Home Ethnology, Ethnography, Anthropology > Ethnographic Studies of Peoples and Communities in Ethnology, Ethnography, Anthropology Conferences Courses Events ... Ethnology, Ethnography, Anthropology Search in whole catalogue current section Advanced Search Thesauri All subjects within Ethnology, Ethnography, Anthropology Ethnology, Ethnography, Anthropology > Ethnographic Studies of Peoples and Communities > None Europe UK Expert's Choice in Ethnology, Ethnography, Anthropology Editor: Centre for Social Anthropology and Computing, Manchester University Library Internet Resources Listed Alphabetically Sort: by type For a short description click the title. To access the resource directly click "Daily Life in Sierra Leone; The Sherbro in 1936-37"; African photographs from the University of Pennsylvania Museum Archives 'The Yoruba Today' J.S. Eades 1905-1907 Breasted Expeditions to Egypt and the Sudan; a Photographic Study 45 years in the Turkish Village 1949-1994;Paul Stirling's Ethnographic Data Archives ... 2003 SOSIG

53. MYTHOLOGY indigenous peoples. Amazonian peoples Andean peoples (Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northernChile Three Ashanti Folktales Sango, the GodKing of the yoruba Man and http://www.greatdreams.com/myth.htm

MYTHOLOGY APOLLO APHRODITE ARES ARTEMIS ... Childrens Mythology By Carol Hurst CHARON CUNEIFORM Day of Rest and Atonement, Azazel, Jarmo, Jericho, and Mythology EGYPTIAN GODS ... Icarus in Flight By Boris Vallejo INDEX to THE SECRET DOCTRINE Internet And Greek Mythology JAYNE'S EGYPTIAN RESEARCH PAGE JASON AND THE ARGONAUTS ... ZETA TALK - VISOGOTHS Here is a glittering collection of legends and myths, monsters and heroes, gods and demons and more that is here, make your choice below. A B C D ... Time . calendars, clocks, cycles, attitudes toward time. Nature Spirits of the World Australia's Aboriginal Peoples Old Europe The Wheel of the Year ... Samhain (Halloween) Mexico, Day of the Dead Archival Page Currently, this covers from May 26, 1999 to August 31, 1999. This page for teachers (or for those who homeschool) contains links to mythology, folklore, and general sites with data and lesson plans for grades K-12. Cross-cultural, Multi-regional, Interdisciplinary Collections Beginning with "The Voice of the Shuttle: Web Page for Humanities Research," this section looks at very large and comprehensive collections.

54. [Documents Menu] Documents Menu Date Mon, 27 Nov 1995 203628 between peoples such as the yoruba and Hausa of scholarly associations focused onAfrica can pool and the constant warfare against indigenous peoples (to name http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/30/063.html

Documents menu Date: Mon, 27 Nov 1995 20:36:28 GMT-5 Organization: East Tennessee State University Subject: QUERY: Democracy in Africa Democracy in Africa A dialog on the H-Africa list 27 November 1995 Date: Mon, 27 Nov 1995 This article reinforced my awareness that traditional African societies had important democratic features, albeit not the representative democratic forms touted in Western cultures, but democratic nevertheless. I also am aware that colonialized and poverty stricten peoples in Asia have been able to find their way toward contemporary democratic governments. Furthermore, eastern European poeples have struggled through to democratic structures is spite of pressures from their former Soviet neighbor. Romania is an example of where this took place against a repressive dictatorship. My musings went deeper into the Nigerian situation. I am aware that the old Habe kingdoms were always subject to the tempering effects of their princes; Habe kings could not be tyrants, at least not until they began to come into possession of guns and other weapons. It was then that they became tyrannical, and it was then that they faced the challenged of the Fulani revolt. So why do Africans, in spite of traditional patterns of democracy and in spite of 30 to 35 years of independent rule, have so much difficulty? More importantly, what are the prospects that they will be able to do it in the near future?

55. Ethnic Groups actively for the promotion of yoruba interests of information about the peoples ofAfrica links concerning Native, Aboriginal, and indigenous internet resources http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/cm/africana/ethnicit.htm

African Ethnicities Please note that I have a separate page available on African languages A number of Web pages have been produced by members of indigenous minority and majority ethnic groups world-wide. Rather than primarily serving as academic, encyclopedic, or anthropological resources, they are often self-promotional, but several provide excellent information and rigorous documentation. This is a small collection of such pages produced primarily by Africans, along with some material produced by others. Most often, these African ethnic group home pages are a direct expression of individual members of the group, but in several cases represent an academic, official, or institutional point of view. If you are looking for an "objective" presentation, these links may not be the best sources for your work. Nevertheless, most have very good cultural, historical, and other background information, and many provide links to related sites that you may also find useful. Below the list, there is a collection of Other sites with information on African ethnic groups with different kinds of resources, for example, with a national, cultural anthropological, or linguistic focus. Finally, because this is an area that is not well represented on the web, a

56. Rykodisc Catalog - The Yoruba/Dahomean Collection: Orishas Across The Ocean - Va These religions originated with the yoruba and Dahomean peoples, who were broughtfrom West africa to the Americas through the slave trade that lasted well http://www.rykodisc.com/Catalog/dump/rykoalbums_853.asp

The Yoruba/Dahomean Collection: Orishas Across The Ocean Various (RCD 10405) The Yoruba/Dahomean Collection: Orishas Across The Ocean is an historical document of monumental importance. The 24 tracks featured on this compilation are a musical snapshot of Haitian Vodou, Cuban Santería, Trinidadian Shango, and Brazilian Candomblé recorded between the late '30s and the mid-'50s. These religions originated with the Yoruba and Dahomean peoples, who were brought from West Africa to the Americas through the slave trade that lasted well into the 19th century. The Cubans, Brazilians, Haitians, and Trinidadians whose voices mingle on this CD are separated by hundreds of miles of water and differing colonial pasts. Despite this they all sing and drum to orishas (gods) from sources in the Yoruba and Dahomey religions of their West African ancestors. The recordists of the music presented here were Laura Boulton, Melville Herskovits, and Lydia Cabrera. Boulton was one of the most prolific and pioneering recordists; Herskovits and Cabrera were towering figures in the field of Afro-American studies, and their contributions are of the highest scholarly authority. These rare recordings show how the combined powers of drumming, singing, and dancing are vehicles of the spirit in the Yoruba and Dahomean religions, and how these peoples maintained their integrity and essential unity despite the sorrows of the slave existence and several hundred years isolation from their African sources. 1.Papa Legba ouve baye

57. The Metropolitan Museum Of Art - News From The Met as well as Australia and the indigenous peoples of Southeast vessels of Peru's Mochepeoples of about Individuality and Creativity among yoruba Sculptors, 1997 http://www.metmuseum.org/news/arts_afr.htm

Press Releases and General Information ARTS OF AFRICA, OCEANIA, AND THE AMERICAS Nearly 1,600 objects from Africa, the Pacific Islands, and the Americas are on view in The Metropolitan Museum of Art's Michael C. Rockefeller Wing. They span 3,000 years, three continents, and many islands, and represent a rich diversity of cultural traditions. Highlights of the collection include works from the Court of Benin in Nigeria and sculpture from West and Central Africa; wood sculpture from New Guinea and the island groups of Melanesia and Polynesia; and gold, ceramic, and stone objects from the Precolumbian cultures of Mexico and Central and South America. These collections are of varied materials and types, and range from ritual sculpture to gold and silver ornaments, costumes and textiles, impressive ceremonial figures, and monuments of wood and stone. Although The Metropolitan Museum of Art made its first acquisitions among these fields – a group of Peruvian antiquities – as early as 1882, no significant commitment to the arts of Africa, Oceania, or the Americas was made until 1969. At that time, Nelson A. Rockefeller offered the entire collection of a museum that he had founded in 1954, the Museum of Primitive Art, to the Metropolitan Museum. Included in the gift were 3,300 works of art, a specialized library, and a photographic archive. A separate department for the care, study, and exhibition of these works and study materials was then established at the Metropolitan. Today the collections of the Department of the Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas are housed in the Michael C. Rockefeller Wing, named for Nelson Rockefeller's son, who collected many of the Asmat objects from Irian Jaya, western New Guinea, that are now in the Museum. Among the most spectacular objects in the wing are the nine 15-foot-high Asmat memorial poles (bis) collected by Michael Rockefeller in the early 1960s. The Rockefeller Wing opened to the public in February 1982 and houses 40,000 square feet of exhibition space as well as an office mezzanine with art storerooms, a photograph archive, and the Robert Goldwater Library.

58. Met Timeline | Guinea Coast, 1400-1600 A.D. Islamic visual motifs and later indigenous Akan aesthetics. military campaigns againstthe yoruba and Igbo century migration of the Fulani peoples to Hausaland http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/08/sfg/ht08sfg.htm

See also Central Africa Eastern and Southern Africa and Western and Central Sudan The increase in size, centralization, and prosperity of the Owo and Benin kingdoms during this period is partially the result of their participation in trans-Saharan trade routes and trade with the Portuguese . Artistic production responds to refinements in metallurgic technologies and an intensified use of symbolic and ritualistic emblems of kingship. Artists of the Guinea coast are influenced aesthetically through contact with Islamic traders and the Portuguese, who often directly commission the carving of ivory objects. Additionally, the Akan (in what is now Ghana) develop an elaborate system of cast brass gold weights to measure the precious gold dust being traded to North Africa and then to Europe; the design of these gold weights is heavily influenced first by abstract Islamic visual motifs and later indigenous Akan aesthetics. The royal court of Benin is believed to have originated in the thirteenth century. According to Edo oral tradition, the kingdom was governed by the thirty-one "Rulers of the Sky," or Ogiso kings. The Ada ceremonial sword, which in contemporary Benin court ritual remains an important emblem of kingship, is believed to date to this period. Eweka I, who may have been from the neighboring Yoruba dynasty, is the first Benin oba (king), succeeding the Ogiso kings around 1300. Eweka's authority is undermined by conflict with autochthonous chiefs. Oba Ewedo of the kingdom of Benin reorganizes the

59. Expo Times the Kongors shapely isolated from the indigenous people, Liberia like the Asanteor Hausa or yoruba, Liberia had protocol of free movement of peoples of West http://www.expotimes.net/issue001025/Liberia.htm

KEVIN McPHILLIPS TRAVEL The world's sole specialist in travel to and Sierra Leone CLICK HERE for more information GUARDSHIP LTD Money transfer and shipping CLICK HERE for details Shipping, forwarding Air sea freight Money transfer Tel: (020) 7231 9000 Fax: (020) 7231 5657 TransAfrica TEL/FAX: MOBILE CLICK HERE for details INDEPENDENT Sierra Leone, 25 Oct-7 November, 2000 Vol 6 No 17 EXPO TIMES Exposing today for tomorrow RETURN TO HOME PAGE INDEX OF BACK ISSUES ESSAY I s Liberia West Africa's evil empire? Kofi Akosah-Sarpong writes from Ottawa, Canada Liberia, the oldest republic in Africa, is roughly 153 years old. Roughly, the country shaped like human teeth, has been a top newsmaker in West Africa, becoming a den for anarchic vibration, money launderers and drug dealers, and other unAfrican, evil practices. Sierra Leone's Foday Sankoh is a product of the Liberian rebel 'university.' In the book: Criminalization of the State in Africa (1999) we read about the Liberian state increasingly criminalised by the NPFL government via drug trafficking and currency laundering, and where the game is crime is seen as moral despite international laws. Here evil pays, and it is the law. That's the machine for crime. Guinea's Ahmed Toure, elder son of the late President Sekou Toure, who is leading a guerrilla campaign against the President Lansana Conte government, is a graduate of the Liberian rebel school.

60. Musées Afrique indigenous Knowledge in South Arts et ethnographie duBénin méridional yoruba Aquarelles de Joy Adamson peoples of Kenya . http://www.unil.ch/gybn/Arts_Peuples/Ex_Africa/ex_Af_musaf.html

MUSEES Afrique Afrique du Sud Angola Botswana Burkina Faso ... Zimbabwe ou plusieurs oeuvres majeures. Afrique du Sud Cape Town South African National Gallery Government Avenue ma-di 10-17 Arts de la perle / Expositions temporaires Cape Town - Gardens South African Museum 25 Queen Victoria Street lu-di 10-17 terres cuites de Lydenburg San (peintures rupestres), Zimb abwe Tsonga , Khoikhoi, Sotho, Nguni, Shona, Lovedu... Exposition " Ulwazi Lwemvelo - Indigenous Knowledge in South Africa Cape Town - Rosebank University of Cape Town Irma Stern Museum Cecil Road ma-sa 10-17 Arts de Zanzibar et du Congo: Lega, Luba Durban Art Gallery City Hall lu-sa 8.30-16; di 11-16 Durban Local History Museum Aliwal Street East London East London Museum lu-ve 9.30-17; sa 9.30-12 Grahamstown Albany Museum. Natural Sciences and History Museums Somerset Street lu-ve 9-13 / 14-17; sa-di 14-17 Johannesburg MuseuMAfricA Newtown Cultural Precinct Bree Street ma-di 9-17 Histoire culturelle de l'Afrique australe. Peintures rupestres (Museum of South African Rock Art)

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