21. REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA - COUNCIL OF MINISTERS movement and national hero; Lyuben Karavelov (18341879) - writer and journalist,leader and ideologist of the movement; Hristo Botev (1848-1876) - poet and http://www.government.bg/English/Bulgaria/History/

Tuesday, 1 April 2003 03:10 Back Print History and Culture The territory of Bulgaria has been inhabited since the earliest historical times: the Stone Age and the Chalcolithic Age. Archaeological discoveries from that time have been made near Karlovo, in the region of the towns of Nova Zagora, Veliko Turnovo, Vidin, Sofia, Teteven, Troyan and in the Rhodope Mountains. The oldest gold treasure in the world, discovered near Varna, is dated to that time. During the Bronze Age the present-day Bulgarian lands were inhabited by the Thracians, mentioned for the first time by Homer. They were engaged in agriculture and stockbreeding, and left evidence of a rich culture (the Vulchitrun gold treasure). The first Thracian state unions emerged in the 11th-6th centuries BC, which flourished in the 7th-6th centuries BC. In the 1st century BC their lands were conquered by Rome, and after the 5th century AD they were incorporated in the Byzantine Empire. The Thracians were later gradually assimilated by the Slavs who settled in the Balkan Peninsula in the 6th century AD. In the second half of the 7th century, the Proto-Bulgarians - an ethnic community of Turkic origin - settled on the territory of the present-day Northeastern Bulgaria. In alliance with the Slavs they formed the Bulgarian State, which was recognised by the Byzantine Empire in 681 AD. Khan Asparouh stood at the head of that state and Pliska was made its capital.

22. Archives It was also Hristo Botev Day. Botev lived during the mid to latter part of the1800's (1848-1876) and was a strong participant in the preparation for a http://reldavis.freeservers.com/newsjun02arch.htm

Free Web site hosting - Freeservers.com Archives Edith's Bulgarian Newsletter June 2002 Archives June 3, 2002 News from Bulgaria How frustrating! I haven't been able to buy newsprint chart sheets today for my quilting class because the store hasn't been open when I've stopped to buy it. At 8:30 this morning (an hour earlier than she usually opens), I saw the salesclerk standing in front of the store. But since I was on my way to school, I didn't stop. Instead, about 11 am, when my classes were over, I went to the store - but she was closed. When Rel came home at 11:30, he brought some paper that he had just bought from the same store. Since most stores are closed over lunch, I waited until 3 pm to try again - she was closed again! I asked Peter next door where she might be and he said, "Coffee?" At 5 pm, Rel brought home the paper I wanted - he bought it at the same store on his way home! There seems to be no "rhyme or reason" - it's just the way it is. I had my first official quilting class tonight. Eleven people had signed up and ten came. Many were fellow teachers, another was a retired teacher, and then several younger women. I had worked my tail off all weekend to prepare chart sheets. I illustrated each step of the process with pictures. For those who know, the pattern I'm teaching is the "Dresden Plate," called the "Friendship Quilt." I thought it was quite fitting for a first project, just for the name itself. We are making a 14" block. We got as far as cutting and sewing the pieces together. Next week, I'll teach them to sew the appliqué onto the block itself. And I'll do it again through pictures on a chart sheet. It's exhausting but a really fun challenge. (A photo of Lenin sits on a shelf and observes all that we do!!)

23. Project Gutenberg: Authors List Botev, Hristo, 18481876 AKA Botev, KHristo, 1848-1876. Botev, KHristo,1848-1876 AKA Botev, Hristo, 1848-1876. Bourget, Paul, 1852-1935. http://www.gwd50.k12.sc.us/PG-Authors.htm

This is Project Gutenberg. This list has been downloaded from: "The Official and Original Project Gutenberg Web Site and Home Page" http://promo.net/pg/ PROJECT GUTENBERG ETEXTS AUTHORS IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER Last Updated: Monday 03 September 2001 by Pietro Di Miceli (webmaster@promo.net) The following etext have been released by Project Gutenberg. This list serves as reference only. For downloading books, please use our catalogs or search at: http://promo.net/pg/ Or check our FTP archive at: ftp://ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/ and etext subdirectories. For problems with the FTP archives (ONLY) email gbnewby@ils.unc.edu, be sure to include a description of what happened AND which mirror site you were using. THANKS for visiting Project Gutenberg. * (No Author Attributed) Abbott, David Phelps, 1863-1934 Abbott, Edwin Abbott, 1838-1926 AKA: Square, A Abbott, John S. C. (John Stevens Cabot), 1805-1877 Adams, Andy, 1859-1935 Adams, Henry, 1838-1918 Adams, John Quincy, 1767-1848 Adams, Samuel, 1722-1803 Adams, William Taylor, 1822-1897 AKA: Optic, Oliver, 1822-1897

24. Cultura De Bulgaria Translate this page La poesía popular de Hristo Botev (1848-1876) presenta a rebeldes que lucharonpor la independencia, oa proscritos nobles que robaban a los ricos para http://www.puente-e.com/Cul/pais/cul-bulgaria.html

Cultura de Bulgaria ACONTECIMIENTOS CULTURALES Trifon Zarezan El 1 de marzo Lazarouvane se celebra el 8 de diciembre. El Koledouvane En el En Pernik, durante el Festival Nacional de Koukeri y Sourvakari Se celebran El Festival de las Rosas se celebra con canciones y danzas populares en Kazanlak y Karlovo el primer domingo de junio. de Marzo se celebran anualmente en Ruse, seguidos por el Durante la primera semana de junio se celebra en Playa Soleada el Festival Internacional de Canciones Pop de Orfeo Dorado en Burgas. En julio se organiza el Festival de Verano de Varna, y el en Plovdiv. En octubre o noviembre, el Festival Laureado Katya Popova La Feria internacional de Muestras de Plovdiv Literatura Acuarela Escultura Pintura Cultura de Bulgaria

25. Le Romain Des Mots-croisés. *Écrivains* Translate this page Botev (Hristo) NÉ, A, KALOFER (1848-1876) DRUMEV (VASIL) NÉ,A, SUMEN (V,1838-1901)KARAVELOV (LJUBEN) NÉ, A, KORIVSTICA ENTRE (1834-1837-1879) SLAVEJKOV http://www.mots-croisiste.com/11.html

Index général aéroport affluents Centrale nucléaire et hydroélectriques Chefs-Lieux Collines de Rome Communes Compositeurs Constellations Cyclades Déesses Dieux Divinités Écrivains Fleuves Côtier FLeuves des enfers Fleuves Historiens Homme d'état Homme Politiques Lacs Massifs Mathématiciens Noms Peintres Poètes Ports et Ports Fluviaux Rivières Sculteurs Théologiens Torrents Villes ÉCRIVAINS ECRIVAINS ALGÉRIENS DID, (MOHAMMED) NÉ, A, TLEMCEN EN, 1920. YACINE (KATEB) NÉ, A, CONDE -SMENDOU EN 1929. ECRIVAINS ALLEMANDS ANDERSCH (ALFRED) NÉ, A, MUNICH EN,1914. ARNIM (LUDWIG JOACHIM) NÉ, A, BERLIN (1781-1831) BENN, (GOTTFRIED) NÉ, A, MANSFELD (1886-1956) BOOL,(HEINRICH) NÉ, A, COLOGNE EN,1917. BRENTANO (CLEMENS) NÉ, A, EHRENBREITSTEIN,(1778-1842) CHAMISSO DE BONCOURT, (LOUIS CHARLES ADELAIDE DIT ADELBERT VON) NÉ,AU CHATEAU DE BONCOURT (1781-1838) DOBLIN (ALFRED) NÉ, A, STETTIN (1878-1957) EICHENDORFF (JOSEPH BARON VON ) NÉ, AU CHATEAU DE LUBOWITZ (1788-1857) FALLADA (RUDOLF DIT HANS) NÉ, A, GREIFSWALD (1893-1947) FONTANE, (THÉODOR) NÉ, A, NEURUPPIN (1819-1898) GOETHE (JOHANN WOLFGANG VON) NÉ, A, FRANFORT-SUR-LE-MAIN (1749-1832)

26. Découvrez La Bulgarie Avec Www.fil-info-france.com Translate this page 1867) qui élabore un plan pour libérer la Bulgarie, suivi par Vasil Levski (1837-1873)et Ljuben Karavelov (1834-1879), Hristo Botev (1848-1876), poète et http://pro.wanadoo.fr/lequotidiendescartophiles/7bulgarie.htm

WEBMASTERS FIL INFO N° 1 GRATUIT ! PARIS,QUOTIDIEN,ACTUALITE,INFO,MONDE,PARIS,MAIRIE,IMMOBILIER,SMS,GRATUIT,ANNUAIRE,INVERSE,ECARD,JUSTICE,PS,AVOCAT ACCUEIL Bienvenue INDEX GENERAL INFO ... SOUMETTRE UN SITE ANNUAIRE BULGARIE COMMENT DEVENIR CORRESPONDANT (E) DE PRESSE BENEVOLE ! SOMMAIRE + [Pages Info] Administration Capitale Chronologie politique ... Membre de ClickFR, Reseau francophone Paie-Par-Click LA BULGARIE Nom officiel République de Bulgarie (en bulgare : Bàlgarija) Administration Le pays est divisé en communes, dirigées par des maires (kmet). Depuis 1987, 8 régions ont été créées Montana, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Burgas, Khaskovo, Lovech, Sofia et Varna), plus la commune urbaine de Sofia, qui remplacent les 28 départements créés en 1959. Capitale Sofia Chronologie politique (et historique) Premiers occupants : les Thraces (peuple indo-européen). Nombreuses tribus : les Odryses, Peuple de la Mésie, Besses...

27. Vladimir Trendafilov One of the most persistent phenomena in the daily press since the beginning of nationalhistory have been national heroes Hristo Botev (18481876) and Vassil http://www.vox-international.com/Vl.Tr.Intellectuals.html

Vladimir Trendafilov Intellectuals vs. Journalists Intellectuals vs. Journalists: The Battle for Media Territory in Post-Communist Bulgaria by Vladimir Trendafilov In fact, the academic attitude to the language of the press, even though the value scale of most texts contains degrees of aesthetic disapproval, is predominantly neutral, just registering. Journalese has been one of academy's main fieldwork topics in the 1990s. Indeed, there is plenty to write about, as the new political situation has prompted the press to dust off long-shelved verbal registers and create some new ones. As a result, journalism and academy have been drawn into a sort of resonance: journalism sets linguistic precedents, whereas academy discusses them in newspaper, journal and book form. Things thus seem to be just harmonious and not necessarily interesting for an observing third party. A certain attitude of out-and-out antagonism, however, figures in several texts by guild intellectuals 1 who have recently claimed the role of opinion leaders and partly succeeded in winning it within their professional community. Their attitude to the language of the daily press is dressed in the rhetoric of responsible cultural watchdogs; the denunciation is unequivocal and sometimes translates itself into nothing short of Doomsday scenarios. Alexander Kiossev (Kiossev 1995), for instance, criticizes the obscenity of this language, its aggressiveness, its semantic and moral cynicism. The print media, claims he, foster a discursive attitude that promotes anything ugly, foul, vulgar or criminal to the level of the normal, predictable and even recommendable. Brutalizing the environment, the media inevitably construct a new one that is none the better because:

28. HRISTO BOTEV - 1848 - 1876 Translate this page il giogo cinque volte secolare dell'impero Ottomano. Hristo Botev 1848- 1876. La figura di Hristo Botev, appare nel buio firmamento http://www.linearossage.it/hristobotev.htm

Pagina HRISTO BOTEV La classe dei ricchi proprietari, i corbadzi per Nato il 25 dicembre 1848 in vaga concomitanza con l'insurrezione della Bosnia Erzegovina, scoppia in Bulgaria nella Sredna-Gora un insurrezione popolare, Botev si illude che il tempo sia ormai giunto, che la situazione politica dei Balcani si accompagni favorevolmente ad una buona preparazione rivoluzionaria nell'interno del Paese, e messosi a capo di giovani, si impadronisce di un piroscafo della linea di navigazione danubiana austriaca, il "Radetzky ", e costringe il capitano a sbarcarli su un punto della costa bulgara. Come i trecento di Sapri, toccando il suolo patrio, i ribelli si inginocchiano c lo baciano. La banda, isolata su per i monti, bloccata dai Turchi, affronta il nemico con la forza della disperazione. Pochi scampano; e i Turchi infilano sulle picche le teste dei ribelli e le portano con grida di scherno e minacce attraverso i villaggi bulgari, per riaccendere la paura e per sgominare gli spiriti inquieti. messaggio, grido, confessione. La sua voce si ingigantisce ed echeggia come quella di un bardo e di un cavaliere del Graal, assumendo una potenza minacciosa e profetica. Egli sogna, ma soprattutto ammonisce, impreca, grida; epopea e lirica si identificano nel suo canto di tribuno infaticabile, e di uomo profondamente infelice e tradito dai tempi.

29. Bulgarian History. Hristo Botev's Home Hristo Botev's home. The native house of Hristo Botev. http://www.balcanica.org/content/doc_257.shtml

Hristo Botev's home The native house of Hristo Botev

30. Bulgaria - A Brief History Ouline - The Bulgarian National This is shown by the way in which the great Bulgarian poet and revolutionaryHristo Botev (18481876) called for 'a revolution of the people, immediate http://www.digsys.bg/books/history/bulga-national.html

BULGARIA - a brief history outline Dimiter Markovski THE BULGARIAN NATIONAL REVIVAL which spanned a period from the early 18th c. to 1878. The revival process was in full swing during the first half and especially during the third quarter of the 19th century, the time when the Bulgarian bourgeoisie, having gained in number, economic power and social status, was highly susceptible to West European political and cultural influence and was able to appreciate the significance of national enlightenment and science. All this came as a result of the intense trade with Europe. And, while we know of the existence of some 390 monasteries and settlements in which books were handcopied and most of which had small schools during the 17th and 18th century (in these schools, mostly set up at monasteries, instruction was given by the synthetical method, the church psalms and basic arithmetic, though on a smaller scale; teachers at such schools used to exercise the pupils on a wax-coated board), in the '70s of the 19th century there were some 2000 schools in the Bulgarian-populated lands - democratic in character and secular in the nature of education. Textbooks, too, began to be published as early as the first stage of the ensuing education work. After the 'Fish Primer' was issued in 1824 (the first textbook for elementary school), textbooks in grammar, arithmetic, history, geography, physics and other school subjects began to appear at various times. During the early 19th century a unified spoken and written new Bulgarian language started to establish itself through education, literature and journalism. This language became prevalent in all regions populated by Bulgarians who, towards the mid-19th century, numbered no fewer than 4 million in Moesia, Thrace and Macedonia, which equalled four times as much as the ruling nationality - the Turks (according to approximate estimates, based on a 1844 household census taken in the Balkan provinces vassal to the Porte).

31. BULGARIA Lyuben Stoychev Karavelov 1837 1879 187. - 1875 Hristo Botev 1848 - 1876 1875Panayot Khitov* (After this no new chairman was elected) Members 1875 - 187. http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Rotunda/2209/Bulgaria.html

BULGARIA See also CITY OF SOFIA BULGARIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH CATHOLIC HIERARCHY IN BULGARIA 1871 - 1945 OSMANLI BULGARIA 1871 - 1878 The medieval state of Bulgaria - founded in the 7th century - was conquered by the Osmanli in 1396 and unlike some other conquered states, which continued to exist as tributaries, it was simply annexed to their empire. The conquered territory was divided into several Sandjaks, at first all part of the Elayet Rumeli, but later regrouped into new Elayet or Vilayet and on the eve of the Russian intervention in 1877, the Bulgarian territory was divided between the three Vilayet of : - Edirne - Kosova - Tuna Following the crushing of the Bulgarian revolt of 1876 Russian troops invaded the Osmanli provinces in the Balkans and after a brief campaign terminated Osmanli rule in the Bulgarian parts. Bulgarian resistance against Osmanli rule had actually never ceased. But most revolts only had a local impact and it was only after the Crimean War that organizations aiming at the total liberation of the country appeared. Central Bulgarian Revolutionary Committee Founded in 1870 in Bucharest to coordinate all Bulgarian revolutionary activities Chairmen 1870 - 187. Lyuben Stoychev Karavelov 1837 - 1879 187. - 1875 Hristo Botev 1848 - 1876 1875 Panayot Khitov* (After this no new chairman was elected) Members 1875 - 187. -Dragoi Shopov -Ivan Drasov -Hristo Chobanov -Dimitur Tsenovich -Hristo Botev s.a.

32. Untitled Also, in the more strictly literary field, the arresting figure of the poetrevolutionaryHristo Botev (1848-1876), and the verse epic Gorskij Patnik by the http://cf.hum.uva.nl/natlearn/balkan/

[back to main page on "national learning"] Cultural nationalism in the Balkans during the nineteenth century: Scholarly and intellectual institutions and networks in a multi-ethnic region FOR THE LATEST NEWS CONCERNING THIS PROJECT, CLICK HERE (last update: 20 April 2001) a. problematics and aims b. underlying theoretical framework, methods, sources. c. added value of the project in its coherence d. The case projects: 1: the Greek revival 2: Romanian 3: Croat and Serb 4: The Bulgarian renaissance ... references a. problematics and aims The Balkans have a paradigmatic relevance for the large-scale comparative elucidation of European nationalisms. The national-linguistic identity categories which at present map out the Balkan cultural landscape, from Slovene to Bulgarian, from Albanian to Romanian, from Croat to Macedonian, have all developed out of a contentious process of self-definition and self-invention which has completely replaced the older, inchoate regional and ethnic terms (Kraina to Bessarabia, Illyrian to Wallachian, Morlack to Romeic). This process took place during the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the rise of the new human sciences in Europe, i.e. in the early-to-mid-nineteenth century. It was driven by a cultural and even scholarly agenda, involving activities such as

33. Deconstructing The Pyramid were Lyubomir Levchev, Stefan Tsanev, Konstantin Pavlov, and Hristo Fotev (the CHristoBotev (18481876) was a young poet and revolutionary, a typical romantic http://www.vox-international.com/Deconstructing.html

Vladimir Levchev Deconstructing the Pyramid DECONSTRUCTING THE PYRAMID: THE NEW BULGARIAN LITERATURE Todor Zhivkov's Communist regime was quite generous to those writers and artists who sang Communism and, after the mid-70's, even to some of those who were politically silent. Non-engaged authors, artists producing abstract works or poets writing only lyrical or philosophical poetry, appeared in the post-Stalinist period of Communism in Bulgaria. Of course, nobody could publish works against the regime, but writers and artists who did not openly disagree with Communism could live a life full of material benefits and have much free time for writing, or vacationing at the Black sea hotels of the Writer's Union. The members of the Union could also afford meeting, chatting and drinking in the Union's cafes in Sofia and in other big cities for long hours every day. Writers were being paid not only for servicing the regime but even for their silence. Back in the late 70's, while Minister of Culture, Todor Zhivkov's daughter Ludmila had angered the Russians by creating around herself a circle of privileged intelligentsia, mostly good writers and artists, who were not necessarily politically engaged with Communist ideology in their art, although they were of course engaged with the regime in their personal lives. Even after her death in 1981, when Zhivkov's regime became much less tolerant to the intelligentsia in general, the members of the Writer's Union retained their comparative artistic independence and good standard of living. Only some openly dissident writers, and especially those who protested against the attempt at assimilation by forcible changing the names of the Bulgarian Turks in the mid-80's, were fired from their jobs and persecuted by the regime.

34. 257 In a gold medallion on the enameller star is situated the face of HristoBotev, who was a poet and National Hero (18481876). Arround http://www.shopbulgaria.com/militaria/257.htm

Religion History Military Militaria s Communist (1947 - 1989) Post communist (1989 - now) Decorations with Documents Military equipment ... CDs under construction Bulgarian Communist ORDERS 257. "Order of People's Liberty 1941- 44", 3rd emission, 2nd class Price: 14.00$ This medal is available with certificate Instituted: by decree on 9th September 1945 Given to: Bulgarian and foreign citizens (only one). It was given after death also. Form: The first class is with five-angle star white enameller with gold on the edge. The diameter of the star is 52 mm who lies on a gold yellow five-angle star with rays and the diameter is 54 mm. In a gold medallion on the enameller star is situated the face of Hristo Botev, who was a poet and National Hero (1848-1876). Arround the face is written: "For People’s Liberty 1941-1944". The difference in the second class is the red enameller five-angle star. Classes: two classes Emissions: First emission is with a screw back. Second emission is on a ribbon with the face of Hristo Botev, with a right sideview. The third last emission is with a left side-view of his face. At first the order is carried on a screw later on a red ribbon with one or two blue lines on the edge, respectively for the first and second classes.

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