21. Cicero Marcus Tullius From FOLDOC of philosophy, biography (10643 BC) roma politician de Amicitia (Essay on Friendship)(44 BC). Recommended Reading Marcus Tullius Cicero, Selected Works, tr http://www.swif.uniba.it/lei/foldop/foldoc.cgi?Cicero Marcus Tullius

22. Ancestry.com - Marcus Tullius Cicero, 106-43 B.C. Daily Weekly. Was this article helpful? Yes No. Thought for Today 5/20/2002 Archive Marcus Tullius Cicero, 106-43 BC. Marcus Tullius Cicero, 106-43 BC. http://www.ancestry.com/library/view/news/thought/5770.asp

Learn The Library Daily News Desk Thought for Today Browse the Library Books/CD-ROMs Magazines Daily News Desk ... Ancestry Quick Tip Thought for Today Today's Featured Map Columnists Love to Learn? Subscribe to Ancestry Magazine! Get Free Family History Tips, News and Updates. Daily Weekly Was this article helpful? Yes No Thought for Today Archive Marcus Tullius Cicero, 106-43 B.C. To be ignorant of what occurred before you were born is to remain always a child. For what is the worth of human life, unless it is woven into the life of our ancestors by the records of history? var lpOperatorViewable="true"; var lpOperatorPageType= "CartViewer"; var eVar11 = "192.168.8.106"

23. The Late Republic: Marcus Tullius Cicero BROOKLYN COLLEGE CLASSICS 16 ROME CITY OF EMPIRE. The Late Republic.The Revolution. Cicero (10643 BC). Cicero's political career http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/classics/dunkle/courses/cicero.htm

BROOKLYN COLLEGE CLASSICS 16 ROME: CITY OF EMPIRE The Late Republic The Revolution Cicero (106-43 BC) Cicero's political career coincided with the turbulent years of revolution that led to the fall of the republic in the late first century BC. Cicero as consul in 63 BC had to deal with a conspiracy led by Lucius Sergius Catilina (generally called Catiline in English) (see paragraphs 10-22). Catiline, in the words of the Oxford Classical Dictionary , [championed] the cause of the poor and dispossessed: dissolute aristocrats, bankrupt Sullan veterans, and those they had driven from their lands." Through the untiring efforts of Cicero, the conspiracy was revealed and defeated. Many conspirators were put to death (Catiline died in battle). Twenty five years later, Roman was engulfed in a more serious struggle for power between Pomepy and Julius Caesar. Cicero took the side of Pompey, who was defeated by Caesar in the battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC. Caesar forgave Cicero (as he did with most of his political enemies), who became one of Caesar's flatterers. Cicero took no part in the assassination of Caesar, but sided with the assassins against Caesar's lieutenant, Marc Antony. Cicero tried to use Octavian, the grandnephew and adopted son of Julius (later to become Augustus), to destroy Antony, but Octavian joined with Antony in a triumvirate (with Lepidus). This triumvirate became the real government of Rome and moved against their enemies. Antony, angered by a set of speeches that Cicero had made denouncing him insisted that Cicero's name be included on a proscription list of enemies. Octavian reluctantly agreed and Cicero was put to death.

24. Marcus Tullius Cicero Quotes -ThinkExist Marcus Tullius Cicero. Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, writer andorator 10643 BC What is more agreeable than one's home? I prefer http://www.thinkexist.com/English/Author/x/Author_3582_2.htm

QUOTATIONS by Topic by Author by User TOP 10 Quotations Topics Authors OTHER Subscriptions Advertising About Us Contact Us Marcus Tullius Cicero Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, writer and orator 106-43 BC What is more agreeable than one's home? I prefer tongue-tied knowledge to ignorant loquacity. Natural ability without education has more often attained to glory and virtue than education without naturalability. Friendship improves happiness and abates misery, by the doubling of our joy and the dividing of our grief. Never injure a friend, even in jest. By doubting we come at truth. A friend is, as it were, a second self. Leisure with dignity. Let arms yield to the toga, the laurel crown to praise. Never less idle than when wholly idle, nor less alone than when wholly alone. Homepage Advertising Contact Us FAQ/ Help Marcus Tullius Cicero quotes Want to receive a daily FREE!! new Quotation? Subscribe NOW! more info Top Topics Love Friendship Success Wisdom ... Faith Top Authors Albert Camus Albert Einstein Lincoln Helen Keller ... Mark Twain

25. AIM25: University College London: Cicero Manuscript Personal names Cicero Marcus Tullius 10643 BC Roman statesman andrhetorician also known as Tully x Tully. Corporate names. Places. http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=3615&inst_id=13

26. Ciceronian Quotes it illumines reality, vitalizes memory, provides guidance in daily life, and bringsus tidings of antiquity. Marcus Tullius Cicero 10643 BC, Pro Publio http://www.latinisfun.com/classes/Caesar/quotes.html

Ciceronian Quotes Great quotes for those profound moments "History is the witness that testifies to the passing of time; it illumines reality, vitalizes memory, provides guidance in daily life, and brings us tidings of antiquity." Marcus Tullius Cicero 106-43 B.C., "Pro Publio Sestio", II, 36 "For just as some women are said to be handsome though without adornment, so this subtle manner of speech, though lacking in artificial graces, delights us." Marcus Tullius Cicero 106-43 B.C., "Orator", 4 "No Sane man will dance. " - Cicero 106-43 B.C "Not to know what has been transacted in former times is to be always a child. If no use is made of the labors of past ages, the world must remain always in the infancy of knowledge." - Cicero "A room without books is like a body without a soul." - Marcus Tullius Cicero "The national budget must be balanced. The public debt must be reduced; the arrogance of the authorities must be moderated and controlled. Payments to foreign governments must be reduced, if the nation doesn't want to go bankrupt. People must again learn to work, instead of living on public assistance." - Marcus Tullius Cicero "There is nothing more painful than the insult to human dignity, nothing more humiliating than servitude."

27. Cicero - Life And Work Marcus Tullius Cicero (10643 BC) a page containing more links to the Catilinarianinvectives and other orations, as well as links for purchasing books about http://www.latinisfun.com/classes/Caesar/cicero.html

This page is dedicated to the Roman orator and statesman Marcus Tullius Cicero. In this page you will find links that will allow you to examine the life of Cicero as well as review his surviving works. THE LIFE OF CICERO Marcus Tullius Cicero THE Cicero Homepage. If it isn't here, it probably doesn't exist! Marcus Tullius Cicero Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy; Biography Marcus Tullius Cicero Biography and "author's insights" The Internet Classics Archive written by Plutarch about Cicero's life, relationships and achievements. THE WORKS OF CICERO These are but a few of the many internet resources available for the study of Cicero's works. Among these links you will find original Latin transcriptions, as well as translations into English and other languages. Cicero For Marcus Caelius (Latin)- an "on-line" version of Pro Caelio. Cicero For Marcus Caelius (English) - the same source as above, in its translated form (Great for brushing up for the final!) Cicero - De Natura Deorum Select Letters A nice collection of letters written by Cicero and to Cicero. (University of Saskatchewan.)

28. CICERO C Cicero (106-43 BC). About.com Poll. Cicero. Plato. Seneca. Current Results.Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman orator and statesman from Arpinum, in Italy. http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_cicero.htm

zfp=-1 About History Ancient/Classical History Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting in partnership with Ancient/Classical History with N.S. Gill Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') This Week's Articles tod('tih'); Today in History Daily Quiz tod('pod'); Picture of the Day Special Subscription Offers Subscribe Now Choose One: Subscribe Customer Service Subjects A to Z COLOSSEUM Cleopatra Pictures WEAPONS WARFARE ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement C CICERO (106-43 B.C.) About.com Poll The following four Classical philosophers were the most important in the Renaissance. Pick your favorite: Aristotle Cicero Plato Seneca Current Results Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman orator and statesman from Arpinum, in Italy. He entered the Senate in 74 B.C. and became consul in 64, beating an aristocrat, Lucius Sergius Catilina, who was later implicated in a plot to overthrow the government. Cicero suppressed the conspiracy and had members of it executed. In the tumult over this, he went into exile. In 50 B.C. he returned to Rome and joined Caesar's rival, Pompey. When Caesar defeated Pompey in 48, Cicero accepted Caesar's friendship. After Caesar died, Cicero supported Octavian (Augustus), but was still proscribed and murdered on December 7, 43 B.C.

29. Temple Of Cicero New Era Art Partners Site Map Temple of Cicero. Cicero (Marcus Tullius)(10643 BC), Roman writer, statesman, and orator. Although http://sangha.net/messengers/Cicero.htm

Temple of Cicero Cicero (Marcus Tullius) (106-43 BC), Roman writer, statesman, and orator. Although he had a distinguished political career, he is best known as Rome's greatest orator and as a man of letters. Born in Arpinum (now Arpino, Italy), he is also known in English as Tully. As a youth he studied law, oratory, literature, and philosophy in Rome. After brief military service and three years' experience as a lawyer defending private citizens, he traveled to Greece and Asia, where he continued his studies. He returned to Rome in 77 BC and began his political career, aligning himself with statesman and general Pompey the Great. In 74 BC he entered the Senate. Although Cicero's family did not belong to the Roman aristocracy, he was supported in the competition for the consulship in 64 BC by most rich and powerful Romans because of their distrust of his aristocratic but less respectable rival, Lucius Sergius Catilina, known as Catiline. Cicero was elected, but during his administration Catiline organized a plot to overthrow the government. Cicero suppressed the conspiracy and had several members of Catiline's group executed. Julius Caesar and other Roman senators argued that Cicero had acted too hastily, without giving the conspirators due process of law. Because Cicero refused to make peace with Caesar, Pompey's archrival, in 58 BC he was forced into exile. After a year in Macedonia he was recalled at the instigation of Pompey. Cicero occupied himself with reading and writing philosophy until 51 BC, when he accepted an assignment to govern the Roman province of Cilicia as proconsul. He returned to Rome in 50 BC and joined Pompey, who had by now become Caesar's bitter enemy. After Pompey was defeated by Caesar in 48 BC, Cicero, realizing that further resistance was hopeless, accepted Caesar's overtures of political friendship. While Caesar was virtual dictator of Rome, Cicero lived as a private citizen and wrote extensively. After Caesar's assassination in 44 BC, Cicero returned to politics. Hoping to see a restoration of the Republic, he supported Caesar's adopted son, Octavian, later the emperor Augustus, in a power struggle with the Roman consul Marc Antony. Octavian and Antony were reconciled, however, and Cicero was proscribed and murdered on December 7, 43 BC.

30. Creative Quotations From Ralph Waldo Emerson Click Here, Marcus Tullius Cicero. (10643 BC) Click Here for Creative Quotationsfrom Cicero. Click Here for a random set of quotes from Cicero http://www.creativequotations.com/scicero.shtml

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) Click Here for Creative Quotations from Cicero Click Here for a random set of quotes from Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero is best known as Rome's greatest orator and as a man of letters. Cicero, also known as Tully, was born in Arpinum (now Arpino, Italy). As a youth he studied law, oratory, literature, and philosophy in Rome. After brief military service and three years' experience as a lawyer defending private citizens, he traveled to Greece and Asia, where he continued his studies. He returned to Rome in 77 BC and began his political career. In 74 BC he was elected to the Senate. Although Cicero's family did not belong to the Roman aristocracy, he was supported in the competition for the consulship in 64 BC by most rich and powerful Romans because of their distrust of his aristocratic but less respectable rival, Lucius Sergius Catilina, known as Catiline. Cicero was elected, but during his administration Catiline organized a plot to overthrow the government. Cicero suppressed the conspiracy and had several members of Catiline's group executed. Julius Caesar and other Roman senators argued that Cicero had acted too hastily, without giving the conspirators due process of law. As a result, in 58 BC, Cicero was forced into exile. After a year in Macedonia he was recalled by the Roman general Pompey the Great. Cicero occupied himself with literature until 51 BC, when he accepted an assignment to govern the Roman province of Cilicia as proconsul. He returned to Rome in 50 BC and joined Pompey, who had become Caesar's bitter enemy. After Pompey was defeated by Caesar in 48 BC, Cicero, realizing that further resistance was hopeless, accepted Caesar's overtures of amity. While Caesar was virtual dictator of Rome, Cicero lived as a private citizen and wrote extensively. After Caesar's assassination in 44 BC, Cicero returned to politics. Hoping to see a restoration of the Republic, he supported Caesar's adopted son Octavian, who later became the emperor Augustus, in a power struggle with the Roman consul Mark Antony. Octavian and Antony were reconciled, however, and Cicero was executed as an enemy of the state on Dec. 7, 43 BC.

31. SearchUK - Finds It Fast! quotations in a short biography. Marcus Tullius Cicero, 10643 BC -Biography of the life of Cicero from a site about Julius Caesar. http://www.searchuk.com/Top/Arts/Classical_Studies/Roman/Cicero/

Home Top Arts Roman > Cicero ADULT SHOPPING FINANCE GAMBLING ... Find Cicero Albums on eBay - Find Cicero albums on eBay.co.uk. With over a million items listed daily, you're bound to find what you're looking for on the world's online marketplace. Cicero - To Laelius On Friendship [Ancient History Sourcebook] - English translation of De Amicitia by W. Melmoth. Maintained by the Ancient History Sourcebook at Fordham University. Cicero - Against Catiline [Perseus] - English translation by Yonge Cicero - For Marcus Tullius [Perseus] - English translation by Yonge Bartleby.com: Cicero - Short biography of the Roman orator, statesman, and philosopher (106 B.C.43 B.C.). Harvard Classics editions of the Treatises on Friendship and on Old Age, and the Letters, as well as selected quotations from Bartlett. Cicero - On the Consular Provinces [Perseus] - English translation by Yonge Cicero - The Dream of Scipio [Washington State University] - An excerpt from Cicero's larger work, De re publica. English translation of Somnium Scipionis by Richard Hooker. Cicero - On His House [Perseus] - English translation by Yonge of De Domo Sua Marcus Tullius Cicero - A site devoted to Cicero at the University of Texas at Austin, including images, texts, chronology, and bibliography.

32. Classical Studies/Roman/Cicero - Fractured Atlas Links Directory Marcus Tullius Cicero, 10643 BC Biography of the life of Cicerofrom a site about Julius Caesar. ADVERTISEMENT Help build the http://www.fracturedatlas.org/site/links/Classical_Studies/Roman/Cicero/

Member Login Become a Member Links to Arts-Related Websites Search the links directory: the entire directory only this category ( Back to Top Member Services Fractured Atlas is a non-profit arts service organization. Benefits of membership include: Health Insurance Artist health insurance Health insurance - NY Health insurance - CA Fiscal Sponsorship Non-profit umbrella services Grants Multiple arts grant programs Consulting Arts management consulting Legal Services Subsidized legal services ADVERTISEMENT: Home Classical Studies Roman : Cicero LINKS: AncientLanguages.org: Marcus Tullius Cicero A web version of a 1902 biography of Cicero, including links to texts in Latin and English translation. Marcus Tullius Cicero A site devoted to Cicero at the University of Texas at Austin, including images, texts, chronology, and bibliography. Bartleby.com: Cicero Short biography of the Roman orator, statesman, and philosopher (106 B.C.43 B.C.). Harvard Classics editions of the Treatises on Friendship and on Old Age, and the Letters, as well as selected quotations from Bartlett. Britannica.com - Cicero, Marcus Tullius

33. Classical Studies: Roman: Cicero: Marcus Tullius Cicero, 106-43 BC - Fractured A Home Classical Studies Roman Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero, 10643 BC. VisitClassical Studies Roman Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero, 106-43 BC. http://www.fracturedatlas.org/site/links/Detailed/353138.html

Member Login Become a Member Links to Arts-Related Websites Search the links directory: Member Services Fractured Atlas is a non-profit arts service organization. Benefits of membership include: Health Insurance Artist health insurance Health insurance - NY Health insurance - CA Fiscal Sponsorship Non-profit umbrella services Grants Multiple arts grant programs Consulting Arts management consulting Legal Services Subsidized legal services ADVERTISEMENT: Home Classical Studies Roman Cicero : Marcus Tullius Cicero, 106-43 BC Biography of the life of Cicero from a site about Julius Caesar. Visit Classical Studies: Roman: Cicero: Marcus Tullius Cicero, 106-43 BC Be the first to review this link! Bad link? Changed URL? Site owners, report here Previous ADVERTISEMENT: Help build the largest human-edited directory on the web. Submit a Site Open Directory Project Become an Editor = Members Only Join Fractured Atlas Support Forum Database Engine, Support Forum, and Links Directory powered by Gossamer Threads Fractured Atlas

34. Wofford College Sandor Teszler Library Cicero, Marcus Tullius (10643 BC) De Officiis Lib. III Cum CopiosissimisViri Longe Doctissimi Commentariis; and Cum Viti Amerbachy http://www.wofford.edu/sandorteszlerlibrary/rare_books/cicero.htm

For questions or suggestions for this site or comments about links, please e-mail sperkash@wofford.edu About the Library BEN Library Catalog Electronic Resources ... Interlibrary Loan Search the Wofford Web: Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 B.C.) De Officiis Lib. III Cum Copiosissimis Viri Longe Doctissimi Commentariis; and Cum Viti Amerbachy Commentariolis, Annotationibus Erasmi Roter, Phillippi Melanch. And Disquisitionibus Aliquot Caely Calcagnini Paris, Thomas Richards, 1550. Description: 176 pages, Quarto. Bound in maroon leather with gold tooling. All edges gilt. Dutch style marbled endpapers. Apparently re-bound since binding style is of a later date than the imprint date. Printer’s device printed on title page. Floriated initials, which vary in size from 2 x 2 cm. through 5 x 5 cm. are found on pages 81, 117, 163 and 170. There is a colophon on page 176 which reads “Parisiis, excudebat Thomas Richards, 1549.” Listed in Ebert as item No. 4566.

35. Wofford College Sandor Teszler Library Budeao, Gulielmo (1468 1540). Chaucer, Geoffrey (1340?-1400). Cicero,Marcus Tullius (106-43 BC). Demosthenes (385?-322 BC). The Dionysii. http://www.wofford.edu/sandorteszlerlibrary/rare_books/

For questions or suggestions for this site or comments about links, please e-mail sperkash@wofford.edu About the Library BEN Library Catalog Electronic Resources ... Interlibrary Loan Search the Wofford Web: Title page from Budeao, Gulielmo Commentarii Linguae Graecae During his tenure as Librarian of Wofford College, Frank J. Anderson created several checklists of the collections in the Littlejohn Rare Books Room. These checklists were published by the Library from 1970 - 1971. The following pages reproduce Mr. Anderson's texts with descriptive information for selected volumes from the collections. Budeao, Gulielmo (1468- 1540) Chaucer, Geoffrey (1340?-1400) Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 B.C.) Demosthenes ... Bible

36. Listings Of The World Arts Classical Studies Roman Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero, 10643 BC, was an outspoken defender of republican principlesamidst the civil wars that destroyed the existing order and gave rise to http://listingsworld.com/Arts/Classical_Studies/Roman/Cicero/

37. Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero. 10643 BC. _. Marble. 2001. 14 inch. Marcus TulliusCicero. 106-43 BC. _. Clay. 2001. 14 inch. Portrait Sculpture Commissions. http://www.williamsburgsculpture.com/cicero portrait commission.htm

Cicero Original Portrait Sculpture/Bust of Cicero A portrait sculpture of the Roman Orator and Republican Marcus Tullius Cicero 106-43 BC Marble 14 inch Marcus Tullius Cicero 106-43 BC Clay 14 inch Portrait Sculpture Commissions Military Memorials and Monuments Founding Fathers Portrait Busts Founding Fathers Group Gift Busts Historical Sculpture Reproductions Civil War Sculpture Classical and Hellenistic Sculpture Egyptian Sculpture Berkeley Medical Arts Anatomical Models Medical -Surgical Illustration Medical-Surgical Models Medical -Scientific Fine Art Introduction Page Home Page Alphabetical Listing of Sculpture Critical Review of Sculpture Williamsburg Sculpture the Company Williamsburg Sculpture the Artist Work in Progress Price Page Penn Medicine Article

38. Marcus Tullius Cicero, Famous Quotation/Quote endangered. By Marcus Tullius Cicero (click for more quotes by MarcusTullius Cicero or books by/about Marcus Tullius Cicero). (10643 BC). http://centre.telemanage.ca/quotes.nsf/quotes/3f2684a2785dac1385256c8400108a45

Quote from Marcus Tullius Cicero "Freedom suppressed and again regained bites with keener fangs than freedom never endangered." By: Marcus Tullius Cicero (click for more quotes by Marcus Tullius Cicero or books by/about Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B.C.) Roman orator, statesman Categories: Freedom Oppression Victory Liberty ... More quotes here

39. Timeline For Cicero With Etexts 10643 BC Cicero. 79-77 27yo Cicero studies rhetoric and philosophy in Athens,befriends the life and habits and character of Marcus Tullius, Fabius must http://www.robotwisdom.com/science/classical/cicero.html

[Up: classical timelines] [Robot Wisdom home page] Timeline for Cicero (with etexts) Jorn Barger May 2002 [pic source] Greece 45,000 BC to 440 BC : Heracles : Argonauts : Theban cycle : Trojan cycle : Homer : Hesiod : 'Homeric' hymns : Sappho : Aesop : [map] : Aeschylus : Pindar : Herodotus 440 BC to 322 BC : Sophocles : Euripides : Thucydides : Aristophanes : Xenophon 427 BC to 322 BC : Plato and Aristotle 322 BC to present : Plutarch Rome 200,000 BC to 44 BC : Plautus : Ennius : Cato : Terence : Varro : Julius Caesar 106 BC to 43 BC Cicero 44 BC to 17 AD : Nepos : Lucretius : Sallust : Catullus : Vitruvius : Virgil : Horace : Augustus : Livy : Priapea : Tibullus : Sulpicia : Seneca the Elder : Propertius : Ovid 19 BC to present : Velleius : Phaedrus : Valerius Maximus : Seneca the Younger : Petronius : Pliny the Elder : Silius Italicus : Frontinus : Persius : Lucan : Quintilian : Josephus : Martial : Valerius Flaccus : Statius : Rufus : Tacitus : Pliny the Younger : Suetonius : Juvenal : Marcus Aurelius : Apuleius : Gellius : Florus : Cassius Dio : Justin : Historia Augusta : Ammianus : Aurelius Victor : Eutropius : Augustine : Claudian 106-43 BC: Cicero "Well, I admit that I don't agree with the new pronunciation. I never did. A lot of nonsense, in my opinion. Making boys say 'Kickero' at school when for the rest of their lives they'll say 'Cicero' if they ever say it at all." 'Goodbye, Mr Chips'

40. Catullus 9252 BC) CLODIA (Metelli?) Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC, cos.63 BC) CAVEAT These translations are rough, preliminary work. http://www.cofc.edu/~fennoj/RomCiv/Catul.htm

Catullus The woman immortalized as "Lesbia" by the poet Gaius Valerius CATULLUS (ca. 84-54 BC) is usually identified as Clodia Metelli, sister of Publius Clodius Pulcher, and wife of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer. She seems to have become involved with Catullus while married to Metellus, before his untimely death. If this identification is correct, Catullus' Lesbia is the same woman as the Clodia who was so publicly abused by Marcus Tullius Cicero in Pro Caelio. Poems 79, 77, 69, 58, 100, 49 The pseudonym "Lesbia" is metrically equivalent to "Clodia". By choosing the name "Lesbia", Catullus not only ostensibly protects his married mistress' identity, but he also pays a tribute to the most famous Greek poetess, Sappho, from the island of Lesbos, and perhaps also suggests that his Roman mistress had literary talents as well. In the Pro Caelio, Cicero sarcastically treats Clodia as a poetess who invents sloppy plots. When Catullus' passionate affair with Lesbia came to an end, the poet, deeply hurt, wrote several poems against his former love, including one which charged her and her like-named brother with incest. Cicero, too, had played on this theme. In several abusive poems, Catullus refers to a certain Caelius and to a certain Rufus, and at least some of this abuse seems to be pointed at the same Marcus Caelius Rufus who was defended by Cicero and who also became a lover of Clodia, apparently displacing Catullus. Catullus' poems confirm Cicero's general picture of the "smart" crowd at Rome. In a poem addressed to Cicero, Catullus seems to mock the great orator's pretentions.

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