21. The Mediadrome - Words - Poems Of The Week: Valentine's Day Both French and English literatures of the fourteenth and fifteenth Centuries containallusions to the practice, and John Gower (13301408)'s 34th and 35th http://www.themediadrome.com/content/articles/words_articles/poems_valentines.ht

The Mediadrome Search WWW Poems of the Week: Valentines by John Stringer This week includes St. Valentines Day, so there is really no choice as to the subject for our poems. Valentine the historical figure is somewhat blurred. There appear to have been two (or three) early Christian martyrs with this name. Probably the best documented is one who, with St. Marius, assisted early Christians under persecution by Claudius II. He was arrested, and since he would not renounce his faith, he was condemned to be beaten with clubs, and then beheaded. This happened on February 14th, in about 270 A.D., which was also the last of the two years Claudius II was Caesar. Pope Julius I (333-356) is said to have built a church in his memory, at what is now the Porta del Popolo. There was also a Pope called Valentine, but he was only Pope for about 40 days; he died in 827. There was a Roman love festival on February 15th, called Lupercalia. In the manner of the early Church, Pope Gelasius, in 496 A.D. changed the date to the 14th, and called it Saint Valentine's Day; Valentine became the patron saint of lovers. It was believed that the martyr was also a physician, and he used to be invoked against blindness and epilepsy.

22. San Antonio College LitWeb Outline Of Medieval English Literature mid14th c.). The Pearl Poet ( Late 14th Cent. ). Langland, William ( 13301386 ).John Gower ( c. 1330-1408 ), Confessio Amantis ( The Lover's Confession ). http://www.accd.edu/sac/english/bailey/medeng.htm

A Brief Outline of Medieval English Literature By Roger Blackwell Bailey, Ph.D. Maintained by pmcquien@accd.edu The Venerable Bede ( 673 - 735 ) Click HERE for General References to Medieval English Literature Old English Literature Most of the individual works listed below, or at least selections from them, can be found in Modern English versions in one of the following collections: The Anglo-Saxon World . Edited by Kevin Crossley-Holland. Oxford, 1984. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle . Translated, edited and introduced by G. N. Garmonsway. Everyman, 1972. Alfred the Great .Translated with an introduction and notes by Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge. Penguin, 1983. Anglo-Saxon Prose . Translated by Michael Swanton. Everyman, 1993. Prose Bede ( 673-735 ), The Ecclesiastical History of the English People ( 731 ). Originally in Latin. Alfred the Great ( 848-901 ). Translations into Old English: St. Gregory's Pastoral Care . A handbook for clerics. Bede's Ecclesiastical History Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy . One of the most influential works in the Middle Ages. Orosius' Against the Pagans . An influential historical work which Alfred supplemented by two northern voyages, by Ohthere and Wulfstan. ( Orosius was translated into Modern English by Irving Woodworth Raymond, Columbia, 1936.)

23. Helena Barbas - Antologia De Textos Dedicados Ao Deus Pã Séc. VI. Macedonius. The Old Shepherd. 13301408. John Gower. Incipit Liber QuintusPart 1 - vv.1007. Confessio Amantis or Tales of the Seven Deadly Sins. 1550-1604. http://sapp.telepac.pt/helenabarbas/HinoPanAntHBarbas.htm

24. Project BookRead - FREE Online Book: Confessio Amantis: Tales Of The Seven Deadl CONFESSIO AMANTIS TALES OF THE SEVEN DEADLY SINS John Gower 13301408 AD PrologusTorpor, ebes sensus, scola parua labor minimusque Causant quo minimus ipse http://tanaya.net/Books/confess/

Confessio Amantis: Tales Of The Seven Deadly Sins John Gower CONFESSIO AMANTIS: TALES OF THE SEVEN DEADLY SINS John Gower 1330-1408 A.D. Prologus Torpor, ebes sensus, scola parua labor minimusque Causant quo minimus ipse minora canam: Qua tamen Engisti lingua canit Insula Bruti Anglica Carmente metra iuuante loquar. Ossibus ergo carens que conterit ossa loquelis Absit, et interpres stet procul oro malus. 1 Of hem that writen ous tofore 2 The bokes duelle, and we therfore 3 Ben tawht of that was write tho: 4 Forthi good is that we also 5 In oure tyme among ous hiere 6 Do wryte of newe som matiere, 7 Essampled of these olde wyse 8 So that it myhte in such a wyse, 9 Whan we ben dede and elleswhere, 10 Beleve to the worldes eere 11 In tyme comende after this. 12 Bot for men sein, and soth it is, 13 That who that al of wisdom writ 14 It dulleth ofte a mannes wit 15 To him that schal it aldai rede, 16 For thilke cause, if that ye rede, 17 I wolde go the middel weie 18 And wryte a bok betwen the tweie

25. Project BookRead - FREE Online Book: Confessio Amantis Or Tales Of The Seven Dea Confessio Amantis or Tales of the Seven Deadly Sins By John Gower 13301408 AD PrologusTorpor, ebes sensus, scola parua labor minimusque Causant quo minimus http://tanaya.net/Books/conam10/

Confessio Amantis Or Tales Of The Seven Deadly Sins By John Gower Confessio Amantis or Tales of the Seven Deadly Sins By John Gower 1330-1408 A.D. Prologus Torpor, ebes sensus, scola parua labor minimusque Causant quo minimus ipse minora canam: Qua tamen Engisti lingua canit Insula Bruti Anglica Carmente metra iuuante loquar. Ossibus ergo carens que conterit ossa loquelis Absit, et interpres stet procul oro malus. Of hem that writen ous tofore The bokes duelle, and we therfore Ben tawht of that was write tho: Forthi good is that we also In oure tyme among ous hiere Do wryte of newe som matiere, Essampled of these olde wyse So that it myhte in such a wyse, Whan we ben dede and elleswhere, Beleve to the worldes eere 10 In tyme comende after this. Bot for men sein, and soth it is, That who that al of wisdom writ It dulleth ofte a mannes wit To him that schal it aldai rede, For thilke cause, if that ye rede, I wolde go the middel weie And wryte a bok betwen the tweie, Somwhat of lust, somewhat of lore, That of the lasse or of the more 20 Som man mai lyke of that I wryte: And for that fewe men endite In oure englissh, I thenke make

26. Gower John Gower (c.13301408), born the son of a rich Yorkshire family,lived in Kent throughout the first half of his life. From 1377 http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/~holteir/companion/Navigation/Authors/Gow

John Gower (c.1330-1408), born the son of a rich Yorkshire family, lived in Kent throughout the first half of his life. From 1377 onwards he lived at the priory of St. Mary Overie's in Southwark. At the age of 70 he went blind. He was a benefactor to the priory and was buried in its church (today: St. Saviour's). He was known at court, he knew Richard II personally and was a friend of Chaucer, who dedicated his Troilus and Criseyde to him. 'Moral Gower', as Chaucer called him, is most famous for his masterly use of three languages (Latin, French and English). In each language he wrote one major work criticising the political and social conditions of his time. His best-known works are the Mirour de l'Omme Speculum Meditantis c.1376-8), an allegory of about 32,000 lines in French about fallen man, his virtues and vices; the Vox Clamantis (c.1379-81) of 10,265 lines in Latin dealing with politics and kingship, especially the early reign of Richard II and the Peasants' Revolt of 1381; and the English Confessio Amantis (c.1390), 33,000 lines of a lover's confession to Genius, the priest of Venus. Among his shorter poems are the Anglo-Norman

27. ME Lang&Lit Translate this page Geoffrey Chaucer (?1340-1400) John Gower (?1330-1408) William Langland(?1330-?1386) John Lydgate (?1370-1449) Sir Thomas Malory (gest. http://www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de/anglist1/html/me_lang_lit1.html

Optimized for I E 6.0 800 x 600 F11 to enlarge Contact Chair of Medieval English Literature and Historical Linguistics Home Materials Seven Virtues Ältere Anglistik 1. 1. 2 Mittelenglische Sprache und Literatur Historisch wird der Beginn der mittelenglischen Epoche im allgemeinen durch die Normannische Eroberung von 1066 angegeben. Als mögliche Enddaten konkurrieren 1476 (erste Druckerpresse in England), 1485 (Ende der Rosen- kriege) und 1492 (Entdeckung Amerikas). Die Rosenkriege waren ein Dynastienstreit zwischen dem House of Lancaster und dem House of York In der Literatur- und Sprachgeschichte datiert man die mittelenglische Perio- de traditionell mit 1100-1500. Der Name 'Mittelenglisch' verdeckt allerdings die Tatsache, daß uns diese 400 Jahre eine enorme Vielzahl divergierender sprachlicher Ausdrucksformen hinterlassen haben. Mittelenglisch: ca. 1100-ca. 1500 Französischer Einfluß und sprachliche Variation sind vielleicht die beiden einzigen Merkmale, die man uneingeschränkt für die gesamte Periode als gültig bezeichnen kann. Weder in der Sprache noch in der Literatur läßt sich ansonsten Uniformität feststellen. Hier zwei Beispiele: The Owl and the Nightingale (c. 1200, Vv. 1-8)

28. File Library At Channel 1: Etexts 269, conam10.zip, 414324, 0601-96, Confessio Amantis -or- Tales of the Seven DeadlySins By John Gower, 1330-1408 AD A Project Gutenberg Public Domain Etext. May,. http://www.filelibrary.com/Contents/Multi-Platform/26/7.html

First Shareware Hall of Fame Award Winner June 1997! New Files Top 20 File Search Message Board E texts: files Search for concept for filename Jump to files beginning with: A B C D ... Z Jump to page number NEW this page Filename (click to download) Size Date Description chita10.zip Chita: A Memory of Last Island Hearn, Lafcadi chnbg10.zip The Chinese Boy and Girl Headland, Isaac Taylor Gutenberg E-Text chnit10.zip The Children of the Night" Edwin Arlington Robinson, from Project Gutenberg chour10.zip The Certain Hour, by James Branch Cabell chph21.zip Chr-Phil V2.1 Electronic Book ASP - by Dr. John e. Russell. chrisms.zip The Night Before Christmas Moore, Clement Clarke Gutenberg E-Text chtem10.zip Charlotte Temple, by Susanna Rowson A Project Gutenberg Etext October, 1994 [Etext #171]. circs10.zip The Circular Staircase by Mary Roberts Rinehart. Project Gutenberg Public Domain civil10.zip Civil Disobedience, Henry David Thoreau cjane10.zip Life/Adventures/Calamity Jane Burk, Marthy Cannary Gutenberg E-Text clchi10.zip

29. Pericles Probable Main Sources Apollonius of Tyre in Confessio Amantis, by John Gower (13301408);The Patterne of Painefull Adventures (1576), by Lawrence Twine. http://sites.micro-link.net/zekscrab/Pericles.html

Shake Sphere Pericles, Prince of Tyre Home Contact This Site Sophocles Study Guide Beowulf Study Guide ... Classic Films Dramatis Personae Antiochus: King of Antioch. He is an evil man who beds his own daughter. Daughter of Antiochus: Beautiful young woman whom the king reserves for himself. Pericles: Prince of Tyre. Noble young man who must flee after he discovers a dark secret: that the king is committing incest. Helicanus: Lord of Tyre, loyal to Pericles. He operates the government of Tyre in the absence of Pericles. Escanes: Lord of Tyre. Simonides: King of Pentapolis. Thaisa: Princess, daughter of Simonides. Pericles wins her hand while sojourning in Pentapolis. Marina: Daughter of Pericles and Thaisa. Lychorida: Nurse of Marina. Cleon: Governor of Tarsus. Dionyza: Wife of Cleon. Lysimachus: Governor of Mytilene. Cerimon: A Lord of Ephesus. Thaliard: A lord of Antioch. Philemon: Servant of Cerimon. Leonine: Servant of Dionyza. Gower: Chorus. He comments on the drama at the beginning of each act. Marshal Pandar Boult: Pandar's servant.

30. Pericles Places The story of the play is set in approximately 200 BC, while its narrator,John Gower, lived circa 13301408. Gower, an English poet http://www.womanswill.org/Pericles Places.html

Places and People of the Play Although Pericles, Prince of Tyre is a fictional story, most of the locations and at least three of the characters are real, and Pericles' travels would have been possible. This region is among the most contested lands of modern times and remains a site of interest. The story of the play is set in approximately 200 BC, while its narrator, John Gower , lived circa 1330-1408. Gower, an English poet, was a great friend and colleague of Chaucer's. The eighth book of his Confessio Amantis (Confession of a Lover) tells a Pericles-like tale drawn from a Greek source, so he is a natural narrator for this play. Pericles -The historical Pericles led democratic Athens during its Golden Age from 460 to 429 BC but does not relate to the Pericles of the play, except perhaps symbolically. Antioch -A relatively new city at the time of the play, Antioch was the capitol of the Seleucid Empire and a major intellectual and cultural center. The reigns of Antiochus I and Antiochus II were marked by military occupation, chaos, and killing, but Antiochus III (the Great) , who considered himself a second Alexander, conquered neighboring regions and built the city to glory. Antioch was, however, famed for licentious behavior, and Antiochus the Great indeed died in defeat, at the hands of his people. His son, Antiochus IV, died a particularly gruesome death as well, which is described in the Bible and would have been known to Shakespeare's audiences. The city remains today as Antakya in southern Turkey.

31. Untitled in some form in late period England, Bardsley, sn Steward lists a John Stewardin As for the second citation, Gower, lived from 13301408 (from http http://www.aeheralds.org/Letters/AE64/ae64clarion.html

Elsbeth Anne Roth c/o Kathy Van Stone 1194 Firwood Drive Pittsburgh, PA 15243 elsbeth@pobox.com 17 January 2003 1. Adrian MacLachlan: Per pale sable and argent, an oriental dragon erect and a bordure dovetailed counter-changed Name: As he allows no changes we cannot make his name authentic. Also, I was not able to find Adrian in Scotland, and as Withycombe mentions that it was rare in England it is quite possible that it was not used in Scotland. Also MacLachlan is more associated with Gaelic names not Lowland names. If the submitter wants and authentic lowland Scots name, he should check the article “Early 16th Century Scottish Lowland Names” at http://www.medievalscotland.org/scotnames/lowland16/. In terms of dates, Withycombe, s.n. Adrian, dates Adrianus to 1189 and mentions in the text an Adrian Fortescue , a saint executed in 1539. Black, s.n. Maclachlan, mentions a Maclachlan of that Ilk in 1555. 2. Æthelmearc, Kingdom of: Order of the Silver Alce Order Name: What is missing is justification that the order name is valid. While I did not find Silver as an adjective in the small list of order names I have access to, the article “Project Ordensnamen” lists

32. Barfield Companion Biographies Worms Essays on Natural History. John Gower (13301408) English poet,a contemporary of Chaucer. Marjorie Grene (1910- ) American http://www.owenbarfield.com/Biographies/Biographies G.htm

Biographies G Galileo (1564-1642) Italian physicist and astronomer, a major figure in the scientific revolution. Paul Gauguin (1848-1903) French post-impressionist painter, who gave up his middle-class life in Paris to pursue his art in Tahiti and elsewhere. Jean Gebser (1905-1973) German thinker, best known for The Ever-Present Origin (1950) and other books on the development of human consciousness. Clifford Geertz (1926- ) American anthropologist, professor at Princeton and elsewhere, and author of such books as Interpretation of Cultures (1973) and Local Knowledge Edward Gibbon (1737-94) British historian, author of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. William Gladstone (1809-1898) Four time prime minister of Great Britain and leader of the Liberal Party. Kurt Gödel (1908-1970) Austrian-born, American logician who formulated "Gödel's proof," which demonstrated that any logical system is doomed to internatal inconsistency and self-refutation. E. H. Gombrich (1909- ) German-British art historian, much influenced by gestalt psychology ; author of Art and Illusion A Study in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation.

33. AIM25: Thesaurus Personal Names: G Granville 2nd Earl. Gower John c 13301408 poet. Gowers Sir William Richard 1845-1915 Knight physician. Gowing Sir http://www.aim25.ac.uk/search/thesaurus/persons/list6.htm

Personal names index: G A B C D ... Z Prince Regent Goslicius Goslicius De Graef Ugolino di Segli Grenville-Temple Von Greyertz Von Greyertz Goslicius Adam International Review A B C ... Z

34. Shakespeare's Sonnets. The Amazing Web Site. Commentary. Sonnet 106. mind in this reference, most notably John Stow's Annales it in Gower's speech inPericles, Gower being the type of archaic poet (c.13301408) That whoso http://www.shakespeares-sonnets.com/106comm.htm

The amazing web site of Shakespeare's Sonnets. Commentary. Sonnet 106. HAKESPEARE'S ONNETS This is the web site of Shakespeare's sonnets View of London in the time of 'fairest wights, ladies dead, and lovely knights'. This illustration is from the time of Henry VII, 1485-1509. From Ms. Roy. 16F.ii. (British Museum). The Poems of Charles d'Orleans, transcribed by a Flemish scribe in England under Henry VII. For a larger version of the picture, click here OMMENTARY SONNET CVI Map of the site Links to other sites Other texts of the period Next Sonnet ... Views of London as it was in 1616. London Bridge As it was in Shakespeare's day, circa 1600. To search for a line or phrase in the sonnets go to the Sonnets as plain text and use the browser text search engine. CVI 1. When in the chronicle of wasted time 2. I see descriptions of the fairest wights, 3. And beauty making beautiful old rhyme, 4. In praise of ladies dead and lovely knights, 5. Then, in the blazon of sweet beauty's best, 6. Of hand, of foot, of lip, of eye, of brow, 7. I see their antique pen would have expressed

35. Index Translate this page Maksim, 1868-1936 Gutenberg Gosse, Edmund, 1849-1928 Gutenberg Gould, George M.(George Milbrey), 1848-1922 Gutenberg Gower, John, 1330-1408 Gutenberg Grahame http://www.elbooks.sk/angautG.html

KEK Klub Elektronických Kníh VYH¼ADÁVAÈ E-KNIHY LINKY DOWNLOAD ... INDEX NOVINKY VYH¼ADÁVAÈ E-KNÍH - ANGLICKÉ TITULY - AUTOR - pís. G SLOVENSKÉ ÈESKÉ ANGLICKÉ ANGLICKÉ POD¼A AUTORA ... Z Gaboriau, Emile, 1832-1873 Gutenberg Galsworthy, John, 1867-1933 Gutenberg Galt, John, 1779-1839 Gutenberg Gamble, Eliza Burt Gutenberg Gardner, William, b. 1861 Gutenberg Garis, Howard Roger, 1873-1962 Gutenberg Garland, Hamlin, 1860-1940 Gutenberg Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn, 1810-1865 Gutenberg Gatlin, Dana Gutenberg Gautier, Theophile Gutenberg Gay, John, 1685-1732 Gutenberg Gibbon, Edward, 1737-1794 Gutenberg Gibbs, Philip, 1877-1962 Gutenberg Gift Book Committee of The Militia of Mercy, Editors AKA: Militia of Mercy Gutenberg Gilbert, W. S. (William Schwenck), Sir, 1836-1911 Gutenberg Gildas surnamed 'Sapiens', or The Wise AKA: Gildas, 516?-570? Gutenberg Gildas, 516?-570? AKA: Gildas surnamed 'Sapiens', or The Wise Gutenberg Giles, Herbert Allen, 1845-1935 Gutenberg Gillmore, Inez Haynes, 1873-1970 Gutenberg Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 1860-1935 Gutenberg Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 1860-1935, Editor Gutenberg Ginzberg, Louis, 1873-1953

36. Index 1895 Conference Of The Powers, A, by Kipling, Rudyard, 18651936 Confessio Amantis,or, Tales Of The Seven Deadly Sins, by Gower, John, 1330-1408 Confession Of http://www.elbooks.sk/angdieloC.html

KEK Klub Elektronických Kníh VYH¼ADÁVAÈ E-KNIHY LINKY DOWNLOAD ... INDEX NOVINKY VYH¼ADÁVAÈ E-KNÍH - ANGLICKÉ TITULY - Dielo - pís. C SLOVENSKÉ ÈESKÉ ANGLICKÉ ANGLICKÉ POD¼A AUTORA ... Cyropaedia: the education of Cyrus, by Xenophon, 431-355 BC PARTNERI PC REVUE

37. Www.franklin.com/download/ebookman_free.asp?key=conam10 Output=preview BEGIN PREVIEW - CONFESSIO AMANTISor TALES OF THE SEVEN DEADLY SINS By John Gower, 1330-1408 AD The following http://www.franklin.com/download/ebookman_free.asp?key=conam10&output=preview

38. Shakespeare's Sources For All Dramatic And Poetic Works. An Awardwinning Site. Gower, John (c. 13301408) Confessio Amantis. (1554 ed) which was fromthe medieval collection of Latin tales, Gesta Romanorum (c. 1340); http://www.shakespeare-w.com/english/shakespeare/source.html

The Bard of Avon: William Shakespeare HOME Shakespeare Theatre Guide ... JAPANESE ==Quick Jump== *Home* English Top Translation Service Send an e-mail to the Webmaster To listen to English National Anthem To listen to the Greetings from the Webmaster *Japanese Pages* *Message Boards* Normal View (After the Agreement) List of messages (After the Agreement) *The Chat Room* Go to the room (After the Agreement) *What's new* Log Jan 02 -Jun.02 *the vistor statistics of the Bard of Avon* *William Shakespeare* Shakespeare Quotation Database* Shakespeare Quiz* Shakespeare Quoted Daily Essential Knowledge and Literary Terms* Shakespeare's Sources* Shakespeare's Life and the Message Board Shakespeare's Family Tree Birthday Celebrations Birthday Celebration Video* (QuickTime 2 mins) Shakespeare Slide Show Texts of Poetic Works Venus and Adonis (1593) The Rape of Lucrece (1594) The Passionate Pilgrim (1599) The Phoenix And the Turtle The Sonnets (1609) A Lover's Complaint (1609) Texts of Dramatic Works (38 plays) Current and Forthcoming Productions Shakespeare Link Shakespeare WebRing My Shakespeare Crafts *Theatre* What's on at RSC

39. Authors G-I Leslie, 1887, Editor Gorky, Maksim, 1868-1936 Gosse, Edmund, 1849-1928 Gould,George M. (George Milbrey), 1848-1922 Gower, John, 1330-1408 Grahame, Kenneth http://www.worldwide-library.co.uk/Authors/g-i.htm

Home Author Title Topic ... Book Club The Worldwide Library making e-books available to everyone worldwide without charge now. WWL Author Index Start A B C ... Z G Gaboriau, Emile, 1832-1873 Galsworthy, John, 1867-1933 Galt, John, 1779-1839 Gamble, Eliza Burt Gardner, William, b. 1861 Garis, Howard Roger, 1873-1962 Garland, Hamlin, 1860-1940 Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn, 1810-1865 Gatlin, Dana Gautier, Theophile Gay, John, 1685-1732 Gibbon, Edward, 1737-1794 Gibbs, Philip, 1877-1962 Gilbert, W. S. (William Schwenck), Sir, 1836-1911 Gildas, 516?-570? AKA: Gildas surnamed 'Sapiens', or The Wise Giles, Herbert Allen, 1845-1935 Gillmore, Inez Haynes, 1873-1970 Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 1860-1935 Ginzberg, Louis, 1873-1953 Gissing, George, 1857-1903 Gladstone, W. E. (William Ewart), 1809-1898 Glasgow, Ellen Anderson Gholson, 1873-1945 Godwin, William, 1756-1836 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 1749-1832 Gogol, Nikolai Vasilevich, 1809-1852 Goldman, Emma, 1869-1940 Goldsmith, Oliver, 1728-1774

40. Le Français En Occident XIIIe-XVe Siecle John Gower (v. 1330-1408) qui rédigea http://www.e-moyenage.com/francais.htm

La recherche bibliographique Instruments de travail L'explication de texte Liste des documents ... Rechercher l Imprimer Vos remarques Introduction - Qu'entendons-nous par " Français " ? On peut lui donner une double acception, large et étroite. Dans son acception étroite, le Français désigne le parler local d'Ile-de-France et, plus précisément, de Paris, désigné généralement par le mot " francien ". Dans son acception large, il désigne l'ensemble des parlers de pays d'oïl dont Roger Bacon, dans son Opus Maius A) Une langue maternelle - Par opposition au latin, le français est considéré comme une langue maternelle, la " lingua materna ". L'attestation du qualificatif " maternel " pour préciser une langue apprise durant l'enfance se trouve pour la première fois chez Guibert de Nogent dans les Gesta Dei per Francos - Le français a été la langue maternelle de toute une partie de la classe dirigeante anglaise jusqu'à Henri IV (1399-1413), premier souverain de langue maternelle anglaise. Mais déjà, ses prédécesseurs connaissaient mal le français ou pratiquaient l'Anglais comme Edouard Ier. Le français d'Angleterre, désigné par l'expression " Français de Malborough " n'a cependant rien à voir avec le français de Paris. Malgré les témoignages de plusieurs contemporains, comme l'évêque de Lincoln, Robert Grosseteste, on estime que le Français a épargné les classes paysannes.

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