1. PAL: Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911) Guide. An Ongoing Online Project © Paul P. Reuben. Chapter 5 LateNineteenth Century Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911). Category Arts Literature Authors H Harper, Frances E. W. http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap5/harper.html

PAL: Perspectives in American Literature - A Research and Reference Guide Paul P. Reuben Chapter 5: Late Nineteenth Century - Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911) Primary Works Selected Bibliography MLA Style Citation of this Web Page Chap 5: Index ... Top Primary Works: Poems on Miscellaneous Subjects , 1854; "The Two Offers," (short story), 1859; Sketches of Southern Life , (poems), 1872; Iola Leroy or Shadows Uplifted , (novel), 1892; The Martyr of Alabama and Other Poems Complete Poems of FEWH . NY: Oxford UP, 1988. PS1799 .H7 A17 Iola Leroy, or Shadows Uplifted . NY: Oxford UP, 1988. PS1799 .H7 I6 Top Selected Bibliography Ammons, Elizabeth. Conflicting Stories: American Women Writers at the Turn Into the Twentieth Century Bande, Usha "Iola Leroy - A Centennial Reappraisal" Panjab University Research Bulletin (Arts) Birnbaum, Michele A. "Dark Intimacies: The Racial Politics of Womanhood in the 1890's" Diss. Ann Arbor, MI 1992. - - -. "Racial Hysteria: Female Pathology and Race Politics in Frances Harper's Iola Leroy and W.D. Howells's

2. Poet Index For Representative Poetry On-line Biography and three poems. http://www.library.utoronto.ca/utel/rp/authors/harper.html

Poet Index Poem Index Random Search ... Concordance document.writeln(divStyle) Poet Index ANONYMOUS A Sarah Fuller Adams Joseph Addison Mark Akenside Amelia Alderson ( see Amelia Opie Cecil Frances Alexander Ellen Alleyne ( see Christina Rossetti William Allingham Anodos ( see Mary Elizabeth Coleridge Matthew Arnold Anne Askew John Askham B Mary Barber Richard Harris Barham Sabine Baring-Gould William Barnes ... Richard Barnfield Elizabeth Barrett ( see Elizabeth Barrett Browning David Bates Katharine Lee Bates Thomas Bateson (ca. 1570-1630) James Beattie Francis Beaumont Thomas Lovell Beddoes The Venerable Bede ... Aphra Behn Acton Bell ( Currer Bell ( Ellis Bell ( Arthur Christopher Benson Mary Berwick ( see Adelaide Procter Ambrose Bierce Robert Blair William Blake Phyllis Bloom ( see Phyllis Gotlieb Louise Bogan Francis William Bourdillon William Lisle Bowles Anne Bradstreet (ca. 1612-1672) Tabitha Bramble ( see Mary Robinson Nicholas Breton Gilbert E. Brooke Rupert Brooke Shirley Brooks ... Thomas Edward Brown Felicia Dorothea Browne ( see Felicia Dorothea Hemans William Browne Elizabeth Barrett Browning Robert Browning Alice Mary Buckton ... A. H. Reginald Buller

3. Voices From The Gaps: Frances Harper Voices From the Gaps is a World Wide Web project that focuses on the lives and works of women writers of color in North America. Frances Ellen Watkins Harper. (18251911). PROJECT INFO http://voices.cla.umn.edu/authors/francesharper.html

This page has moved to a new location. You will be automatically redirected to the new VOICES FROM THE GAPS in 10 seconds. Don't forget to update your bookmarks! If your browser doesn't move to the new site in 10 seconds, you can click this link: Frances Harper

4. Valencia West LRC - Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins (18251911) The following reference books can be used to get both biographical and critical information about authors. http://valencia.cc.fl.us/lrcwest/harper.html

Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins (1825-1911) Pathfinder February 1997 The following reference books can be used to get both biographical and critical information about authors. These sources should be used as a starting pointDO NOT base all of your research on material obtained from reference books. Use these sources to become better acquainted with your author; this will allow you to utilize more effectively the sources listed under COMPREHENSIVE LITERARY RESEARCH. These sources are located at the West Campus LRC; they may also be located at other local libraries. BIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES Consult the following reference sources to get an overview of your author's life. Contemporary Authors REF Z 1224 .C6 The various versions of this classic biographical source are all accessed via the Contemporary Authors Cumulative Index (REF Z 1224 .C58) Dictionary of Literary Biography REF PS 221 .D5 This multivolume biographical source is best accessed via the Contemporary Authors Cumulative Index (REF Z 1224 .C58) CRITICAL SOURCES Consult the following reference sources to obtain critical analyses of your author and his/her work. The first sources listed will provide a more general critical analyses of your author, while the second set of sources will provide critical analyses of a more specific nature.

5. Tanya Bickley Enterprises: Frances Ellen Watkins Harper Performance Page Speaker character, and fiery in spirit, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (18251911), poet, novelist, essayist, journalist, http://www.bickley.com/harper.html

Tanya Bickley Enterprises Marjorie Eliot Marjorie Eliot as... There is light beyond the darkness, Joy beyond the present pain; There is hope in God's great justice And the Negro's rising brain. Though the morning seems to linger O-er the hill-tops far away, Yet the shadows bear the promise Of a brighter coming day. -from Iola Leroy, 1892 Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (Visit Frances Ellen Watkins Harper in the TBE Bookstore) Chaste in language, moral in character, and fiery in spirit, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911), poet, novelist, essayist, journalist, abolitionist, feminist, Christian writer, and temperance and women's rights organizer, was truly a 19th century Rennaisance woman of letters. Born on September 24, 1825, to a free black woman and unknown father, Frances poignantly wrote 34 years later, "Oh, is it not a privilege, if you are sisterless and lonely, to be a sister to the human race, and to place your heart where it may throb close to downtrodden humanity." Filled with courage, compassion, danger, difficulty and intelligence, her life and work shine light on that period of American history after the Civil War which so cruelly combined progress and goodness, racist backsliding and fear. In an era where it was deemed unseemly, if not shocking, for an unmarried, young woman, black or white, to address mixed audiences of men and women, the Maine Antislavery Society helped launch a lifelong career, when, in 1854, they hired Frances Ellen Watkins, at age 29, to speak on their behalf. A radical antebellum abolitionist, Miss Watkins preached and practiced the politics of Free Produce, urging economic boycotts of slave-produced goods. Denied appointment as an agent because of obdurate sexism, Frances Watkins, nevertheless, collected donations for the Underground Railroad and counted among her friends Frederick Douglass, William Still, John Brown, Sojourner Truth, and Harriet Tubman. After the abolition of slavery, she was especially concerned with helping women understand they could and should use their time and talents to achieve "high and lofty goals."

6. Harper, Fances Ellen Watkins (1825-1911) Harper, Fances Ellen Watkins (18251911). Harper, Fances Ellen Watkins (1825-1911), African American writer and through F.E.W. Harper Leagues, Frances E. Harper Woman's Christian http://www.africanaonline.com/harper_the_author.htm

Harper, Fances Ellen Watkins (1825-1911) Harper was born into a free black family in Baltimore, Maryland. She was orphaned at the age of two, and then raised by her uncle, the Rev. William Watkins, director of Baltimore's prestigious Academy for Negro Youth. Harper attended the school, where she studied Greek, Latin, and the Bible. As a result, she was better educated than most other American women of her day, black or white. Harper began writing poetry as a teenager, publishing the poetry collection Forest Leaves before she was 20. Her second career, as an activist, began almost a decade later. During her lifetime, Harper was commemorated through F.E.W. Harper Leagues, Frances E. Harper Woman's Christian Temperance Unions, and chapters of other organizations that bore her name. Harper was also recognized by the Daughters of America and Patriots of the American Revolution. THE AUTHOR ETHIOPIA THE REVEL REPORT THE CONTRAST FREE LABOR LINES DELIVERANCE TRUTH THE CHANGE JESUS Viola Liuzzo killed by 3 Klansmen 1965 more Poetry by Northover Oh Africa, let freedom reign - Oh Africa, let freedom reign Rain down a storm On the white man's home, Let him see that God Is watching over all. Let the thunder clap its hands Together we will stand Hand in hand one and all Africa

7. Francis Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911) Francis Ellen Watkins Harper (18251911). to make up and write down A Brief Writer'sGuide for Young Writers by Frances Ellen Watkins Harper to discuss in http://college.hmco.com/english/heath/syllabuild/iguide/harperf.html

Francis Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911) Contributing Editor: Elizabeth Ammons Classroom Issues and Strategies Two primary issues in teaching Harper are: (1) the high-culture aesthetic in which students have been trained makes it hard for them to appreciate Harper and find ways to talk about her; (2) most students' ignorance of nineteenth-century African-American history deprives them of a strong and meaningful historical context in which to locate Harper's work. To address the first issue, I ask students to think about the questions and methods of analysis that they may bring to the study of literature in the classroom. What do we look for in "good" literature? Their answers are many but usually involve the following: It should be "interesting" and deal with "important" ideas, themes, topics. It should be intellectually challenging. The style should be sophisticatedby which they mean economical, restrained, and learned without being pretentious. It should need analysis i.e., have many hidden points and many "levels" of meaning that readers (students) do not see until they get to class. Then we talk about these criteria: "Interesting" and "important" by whose standards? Theirs? All of theirs? Whose, then?

8. Francis Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911) Highlights historical and literary issues for discussion of the nineteenth century African American author in a classroom atmosphere. Francis Ellen Watkins Harper (18251911). Contributing Editor Elizabeth Ammons down "A Brief Writer's Guide for Young Writers by Frances Ellen Watkins Harper" to discuss in class. http://www.hmco.com/college/english/heath/syllabuild/iguide/harperf.html

Francis Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911) Contributing Editor: Elizabeth Ammons Classroom Issues and Strategies Two primary issues in teaching Harper are: (1) the high-culture aesthetic in which students have been trained makes it hard for them to appreciate Harper and find ways to talk about her; (2) most students' ignorance of nineteenth-century African-American history deprives them of a strong and meaningful historical context in which to locate Harper's work. To address the first issue, I ask students to think about the questions and methods of analysis that they may bring to the study of literature in the classroom. What do we look for in "good" literature? Their answers are many but usually involve the following: It should be "interesting" and deal with "important" ideas, themes, topics. It should be intellectually challenging. The style should be sophisticatedby which they mean economical, restrained, and learned without being pretentious. It should need analysis i.e., have many hidden points and many "levels" of meaning that readers (students) do not see until they get to class. Then we talk about these criteria: "Interesting" and "important" by whose standards? Theirs? All of theirs? Whose, then?

9. Heath Anthology Of American Literature 4/e Frances Ellen Watkins Harper - Autho Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (18251911) Frances Ellen Watkins Harper's careerspanned the critical period in American history from abolition to women's http://college.hmco.com/english/lauter/heath/4e/students/author_pages/late_ninet

Site Orientation Heath Orientation Timeline Access Author Profile Pages by: Table of Contents Authors by Name Authors by Year Internet Research Guide Textbook Site for: The Heath Anthology of American Literature , Fourth Edition Paul Lauter, General Editor Frances Ellen Watkins Harper Frances Ellen Watkins Harper's career spanned the critical period in American history from abolition to women's suffrage, and she cared deeply about both. Harper frequently centered her writing on political issues and, conversely, incorporated her literary work into her speeches on political topics. She is one of the premier artist activists—or activist artists—in American literary history. An only child born to free parents in Baltimore, Maryland, Frances Ellen Watkins was orphaned at three and raised by her aunt and uncle, whose school she attended. She worked as a domestic in her teens; moved to Ohio in 1850, where she taught at Union Seminary near Columbus; moved again in the 1850s to York, Pennsylvania, where she became active in abolition work; and traveled throughout New England before the Civil War giving anti-slavery speeches and being hired by the Anti-Slavery Society of Maine as their official speaker. In 1860 she married a widowed farmer, Fenton Harper, in Ohio and had one daughter. When her husband died in 1864, she returned east and resumed her life of full-time speaking and writing. Frances Harper was extolled as a brilliant and moving public lecturer who used no notes and often talked for two hours at a time. Though proud of the effect she had on audiences—Harper declared in the early 1870s, "both white and colored come out to hear me, and I have very fine meetings"—Harper experienced bigotry. She knew that many of her white listeners found it virtually impossible to believe that a black woman could be articulate and rational. She wrote to a friend in 1871, "I don't know but that you would laugh if you were to hear some of the remarks that my lectures call forth: 'She is a man,' again 'She is not colored, she is painted.'"

10. Voices From The Gaps: Frances Harper Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (18251911). PROJECT INFO. Overview and purposeof the program. Awards. Credits acknowledgments. List of contributors. http://voices.cla.umn.edu/authors/HARPERfrances.html

PROJECT WRITERS CLASSROOM SUBMIT ... BY BIRTHPLACE OR RESIDENCE BY RACIAL OR ETHNIC BACKGROUND BY SIGNIFICANT DATES FRANCES ELLEN WATKINS HARPER PROJECT INFO Overview and purpose of the program Awards List of contributors Permissions list ... Contact us (please note that we have no contact with the writers and cannot provide contact information) The sale began-young girls were there, Defenseless in their wretchedness, Whose stifled sobs of deep despair Revealed their anguish and distress. "The Slave Auction" Click to go to: Biography - Criticism Selected Bibliography Related Links BIOGRAPHY - CRITICISM Frances Ellen Watkins (Harper) was born in 1825 in Baltimore, Maryland, which was a free state at that time. Harper's mother died before she was three years old, leaving her an orphan. Harper was raised by her uncle, William Watkins, a teacher at the Academy for Negro Youth and a radical political figure in civil rights. Watkins was a major influence on Harper's political, religious, and social views. Harper attended the Academy for Negro Youth and the rigorous education she received, along with the political activism of her uncle, affected and influenced her poetry. After she left school in 1839, Harper's first poems were published in abolitionist periodicals, such as "Frederick Douglass' Paper." In 1845, Harper's first book of poems

11. PROJECT GUTENBERG - Catalog By Author - Main Index - Hardy, Thomas, 18401928; Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins, 1825-1911;Harris, Robert A., 1950-; Hart, Michael S. Harte, Bret; Hawthorne http://www.informika.ru/text/books/gutenb/gutind/TEMP/ha.html

12. Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins. (18251911), lecturer, author, and reformer http://www.britannica.com/women/articles/Harper_Frances_Ellen_Watkins.html

Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins (1825-1911), lecturer, author, and reformer Born in Baltimore, Maryland, on September 24, 1825, Frances Watkins was the daughter of free black parents. She grew up in the home of an uncle whose school for black children she attended. At age 13 she went to work as a domestic in a Baltimore household but continued her education on her own. About 1845 she published a collection of verses and prose writings under the title Forest Leaves. During 1850-52 she taught sewing at Union Seminary, a work-study school operated by the African Methodist Episcopal Church near Columbus, Ohio. Later she taught in Little York, Pennsylvania. The rising heat of the abolitionist controversy and the consequent increasing stringency of slave laws in Southern and border states at length drew her into the public arena. In August 1854 in New Bedford, Massachusetts, she delivered a public address on "Education and the Elevation of the Colored Race." Her success there led to a two-year lecture tour in Maine for the state Anti-Slavery Society, and from 1856 to 1860 she spoke throughout the East and Midwest. In addition to her antislavery lecturing she read frequently from her second book, Poems on Miscellaneous Subjects (1854), which was quite successful and was several times enlarged and reissued. It addressed the subjects of motherhood, separation, and death and contained the antislavery poem "Bury Me in a Free Land." Generally written in conventional rhymed quatrains, her poetry was noted for its simple rhythm and biblical imagery. Its narrative voice reflected the storytelling style of the oral tradition. She also contributed to various periodicals; her story "The Two Offers" in the

13. Bomis: The Arts/Literature/Authors/H/Harper, Frances E. W. Ring Francis Ellen Watkins Harper (18251911) www.hmco.com. 6. Frances Ellen WatkinsHarper (1825-1911). Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911) www.csustan.edu. http://www.bomis.com/rings/Mh-harper_frances_e_w-arts/

Bomis: The Arts/Literature/Authors/H/Harper, Frances E. W. ring Build a ring Suggest URL! Email ringmaster! Ring Info! See also... ...Arts/Literature/Authors/H Home My Bomis Webmasters ... Ring Rankings Click to visit the Bomis Board for Frances E. W. Harper Ring sites The Underground Railroad Site - The Underground Railroad Site - education.ucdavis.edu Voices From the Gaps: Frances Ellen Watkins Harper Voices From the Gaps: Frances Ellen Watkins Harper english.cla.umn.edu Selected Poetry of Frances Ellen Watkins (1825-1911) Selected Poetry of Frances Ellen Watkins (1825-1911) www.library.utoronto.ca Frances Harper Frances Harper www.cas.ilstu.edu Francis Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911) Francis Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911) www.hmco.com Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911) Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911) www.csustan.edu African-American Literature Frances Ellen Watkins Harper African-American Literature Frances Ellen Watkins Harper www.lib.virginia.edu Poems by Frances E. W. Harper The complete online HTML text, extensively annotated, with references cross-linked to the Encyclopedia of the Self. www.selfknowledge.com

14. Harper, Frances E.W. Iola Leroy or, Shadows uplifted a machinereadable transcription. Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins, 1825-1911. ca. 443 kilobytes http://digilib.nypl.org/dynaweb/digs/wwm97248/@Generic__BookView

15. Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins. (18251911), lecturer, author, and reformerBorn in Baltimore, Maryland, on September 24, 1825, Frances http://search.eb.com/women/articles/Harper_Frances_Ellen_Watkins.html

Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins (1825-1911), lecturer, author, and reformer Born in Baltimore, Maryland, on September 24, 1825, Frances Watkins was the daughter of free black parents. She grew up in the home of an uncle whose school for black children she attended. At age 13 she went to work as a domestic in a Baltimore household but continued her education on her own. About 1845 she published a collection of verses and prose writings under the title Forest Leaves. During 1850-52 she taught sewing at Union Seminary, a work-study school operated by the African Methodist Episcopal Church near Columbus, Ohio. Later she taught in Little York, Pennsylvania. The rising heat of the abolitionist controversy and the consequent increasing stringency of slave laws in Southern and border states at length drew her into the public arena. In August 1854 in New Bedford, Massachusetts, she delivered a public address on "Education and the Elevation of the Colored Race." Her success there led to a two-year lecture tour in Maine for the state Anti-Slavery Society, and from 1856 to 1860 she spoke throughout the East and Midwest. In addition to her antislavery lecturing she read frequently from her second book, Poems on Miscellaneous Subjects (1854), which was quite successful and was several times enlarged and reissued. It addressed the subjects of motherhood, separation, and death and contained the antislavery poem "Bury Me in a Free Land." Generally written in conventional rhymed quatrains, her poetry was noted for its simple rhythm and biblical imagery. Its narrative voice reflected the storytelling style of the oral tradition. She also contributed to various periodicals; her story "The Two Offers" in the

16. Frances Ellen Watkins Harper 18251911 Antislavery Orator-Poet-Novelist. Frances Ellen Watkins Harper wasborn free in the slave city of Baltimore, Maryland on September 24,1825. http://www.dorothyprince.com/francesharper.asp

Antislavery Orator-Poet-Novelist "Could we trace the record of every human heart, the aspirations of every immortal soul, perhaps we would find no man so imbruted and degraded that we could not trace the word liberty either written in living characters upon the soul or hidden away in some nook or corner of the heart." Frances Ellen Watkins Harper was born free in the slave city of Baltimore, Maryland on September 24,1825. She never experienced the fetters of slavery and yet she would devote her entire life to the abolitionist movement, and what she called "a brighter coming day". Writing more than a dozen books, essays, innumerable poems and stories, Harper would become the nineteenth century's most prolific novelist and its leading African American poet. Determined to make a difference in the world in which she lived, she became one of the most recognized and noted antislavery lecturers, a founder of the American Woman Suffrage Association, a member of the national board of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, and executive officer of the Universal Peace Union, and one of the founding members of the National Association of Colored Women. Frances Ellen Watkins Harper is a new addition to the "African-American Women of Distinction performance programs. Harper has been selected to be included in Chautauqua 2003, in Tulsa, Oklahoma.

17. Frances E. W. Harper's Iola Leroy: Selected Bibliography 1991. Ammons, Elizabeth. Legacy Profile Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (18251911). Legacy A Journal of American Women Writers 2.2, (Fall 1985) 61-6. http://www.gonzaga.edu/faculty/campbell/enl413/harbib.htm

Literary Movements Timeline American Authors English 310/510 ... English 462/562 Selected Bibliography on Frances E. W. Harper and Iola Leroy Ammons, Elizabeth. Conflicting Stories: American Women Writers at the Turn Into the Twentieth Century Ammons, Elizabeth. "Legacy Profile: Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911)." Legacy: A Journal of American Women Writers 2.2, (Fall 1985): 61-6. Bacon, Margaret Hope. "'One Great Bundle of Humanity': Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911)." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 113.1 (1989 Jan.):21-49. Berlant, Lauren. "The Queen of American Goes to Washington City: Harriet Jacobs, Frances Harper, Anita Hill." American Literature 65.3 (Sept. 1993): 549-74. Birnbaum, Michele Amy. Dark Intimacies: The Racial Politics of Womanhood in the 1890s. 1992 .Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) vol. 53 no. 6, 1992 Dec. DAI No: DA9230333. Degree Granting Institution: U of Washington. 1911A Carby, Hazel V. (introd.) Iola Leroy. Boston: Beacon, 1987. Carby, Hazel V.

18. Frances Ellen Watkins Harper Frances Ellen Watkins Harper. 18251911. back button. http://www.uuwhs.org/Mar2000Exhibit/5-Exhibit/Exhibit/Born1820-1825/gallery/page

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper

19. UUWHS 2002 Calendar: Liberating Spirits Frances Wayland Wood (19031975) Alice M. Harrison (1906-1989) Mary Louise ButlerThompson (1911-2000) Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911) Frances Dana http://www.uuwhs.org/calendar2002.html

About Us Library Writings Birthdays ... Home Liberating Spirits 2002 Calendar Each month features a capsule biography and portrait plus inspirational quotes. The calendar also has birth and death dates of 200 Unitarian and Universalist women. Learn about liberal religious heritage and explore women's history throughout the year. Moon phases, solstice, equinox, cross-quarter days, and major holidays are noted. Print order form Women featured: Fanny Kemble (1809-1893) Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906) Frances E. Vosburgh (1897-1989) Margaret Ann Morgan Capron (1921-1999) Antoinette Brown Blackwell (1825-1921) Frances Wayland Wood (1903-1975) Alice M. Harrison (1906-1989) Mary Louise Butler Thompson (1911-2000) Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825-1911) Frances Dana Barker Gage (1808-1884) Janet McLoud McGaughey (1914-1999) Elise Brown Cade (1916-2000) UUWHS c/o Green Associates, 200 Lincoln St., #201, Boston, MA 02111 Phone: 617-482-3044 Fax: 617-482-3049 uuwhs@green-associates.com Contact UUWHS Webweaver

20. Frances Ellen Watkins Harper Author, Orator Activist Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (18251911)Frances Ellen Watkins had the good fortune to be born in the http://writetools.com/women/stories/harper_frances.html

The Week's Famous and Infamous Women Defenseless in their wretchedness, Whose stifled sobs of deep despair Revealed their anguish and distress Frances Ellen Watkins Harper from 'The Slave Auction' Frances Ellen Watkins had the good fortune to be born in the free state of Maryland, so she did not enter life as a slave. But her mother died when Frances was only three years old, and the orphaned child went to live with her uncle, William Watkins, who taught at the Academy for Negro Youth and was a politically active civil rights radical. Raised in an atmosphere of activism and rigorous academic expectations, Frances grew up to become first a teacher, and then a widely known public speaker, author, and women's and civil rights champion. Her first brush with fame was through her poetry published in abolitionist journals. She garnered some local notoriety in 1850 when she accepted a teaching position at the Union Seminary (now Wilberforce University Underground Railroad Iola Leroy, or Shadows Uplifted . That book, published in 1892, was the first published novel by a black woman in the United States, and Frances is also credited with introducing the tradition of African American protest poetry. Frances was born on September 24, 1825 and died in 1911.

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