21. Ancient Transylvanian History, Orastie Region Local history, from preliterate times and the kingdom of the Dacians up through Herodotus' observations. Includes mythology and linguistics. http://www.angelfire.com/md/Orastie/History.html

If interested in Ancient European History here are some interesting informations. Ancient Romanian history starting with early Indo-European tribes and later on developing in early European civilizations. Today's Romania is a direct descendent of those tribes "Getae" named by the Greeks and "Dacian" by Romans. THE CHRONOLOGICAL BEGINNING - Chronological description of events starting with The Big Bang CUCUTENI POTTERY The "Pre-Cucuteni" culture is considered by the American historian Marija Gimbutas for being the oldest European culture with the pre Indo-European population at its development apogee between 5,000 - 4,000 B.C. " It would have sustained cities. It did start to develop into an urban culture, especially in one area of the Cucuteni civilization which is presently Romania and the western part of the Ukraine. There we have cities of ten to fifteen thousand inhabitants in around 4,000 B.C. So urban development began, but it was truncated." DECEBAL - King of Dacia (Ancient Romania), his forts and castles mostly located in Orastie Region THE GETAE - Early Romanian civilization as described by Herodotus and other early historians HERODOT -Napoleon Bonaparte once said: "History is written by the winner" and he's right!

22. Herodotus Of Halicarnassus home ancient Greece index article by Jona Lendering ©. Herodotus of Halicarnassus, CopyrightJona Lendering. Herodotus as a topographer and ethnographer. http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodotus/herodotus06.html

home ancient Greece index Herodotus of Halicarnassus The Greek researcher and storyteller Herodotus of Halicarnassus (fifth century BCE) was the world's first historian. In The Histories , he describes the expansion of the Achaemenid empire under its kings Cyrus the Great Cambyses and Darius, culminating in king Xerxes' expedition in 480 BCE against the Greeks, which met with disaster in the naval engagement at Salamis and the battles at Plataea and Mycale. Herodotus' remarkable book also contains excellent ethnographic descriptions of the peoples that the Persians have conquered, fairy tales, gossip, legends, and a very humanitarian morale. (For a summary with some comments, click here This is the sixth part of an article in eight pieces. Prologue Herodotus' life Herodotus' originality Herodotus on causality ... The Histories Herodotus as a topographer and ethnographer Herodotus describes amazing customs and habits, and sometimes it is hard to believe him. The Agathyrsi have their women in common, so that they may all be brothers, and, as members of a single family, be able to live together without jealousy and hatred. The Argippaeans are bald. Sacred prostitution is a custom in Babylon (click here for a discussion). Lydian men don't like to be seen naked. The Neuri can change into werewolves.

23. Ancient History Sourcebook: Reports Of The Etruscans, C. 430 BCE - 10 CE Excerpts from Herodotus' The Histories and Livy's History of Rome . http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/etrucans2.html

Back to Ancient History Sourcebook Ancient History Sourcebook: Reports of the Etruscans, c. 430 BCE - 10 CE Herodotus: The Histories , c. 430 BCE, I.94 The Lydians have very nearly the same customs as the Hellenes, with the exception that these last do not bring up their girls the same way. So far as we have any knowledge, the Lydians were the first to introduce the use of gold and silver coin, and the first who sold good retail. They claim also the invention of all the games which are common to them with the Hellenes. These they declare that they invented about the time when they colonized Tyrrhenia [ i.e., Etruria], an event of which they give the following account. In the days of Atys the son of Manes, there was great scarcity through the whole land of Lydia. For some time the Lydians bore the affliction patiently, but finding that it did not pass away, they set to work to devise remedies for the evil. Various expedients were discovered by various persons: dice, knuckle-bones, and ball, and all such games were invented, except checkers, the invention of which they do not claim as theirs. The plan adopted against the famine was to engage in games one day so entirely as not to feel any craving for food, and the next day to eat and abstain from games. In this way they passed eighteen years. Still the affliction continued, and even became worse. So the king determined to divide the nation in half, and to make the two portions draw lots, the one to stay, the other to leave the land. He would continue to reign over those whose lot it should be to remain behind; the emigrants should have his son Tyrrhenus for their leader. The lot was cast, and they who had to emigrate went down to Smyrna, and built themselves ships, in which, after they had put on board all needful stores, they sailed away in search of new homes and better sustenance. After sailing past many countries, they came to Umbria, where they built cities for themselves, and fixed their residence. Their former name of Lydians they laid aside, and called themselves after the name of the king

24. Herodotus On The Pharaohs The stories of the pharaohs by Herodotus with annotationsCategory Arts Classical Studies Greek Herodotus...... Herodotus on the pharaohs. Herodotus was born about 490 BCE at Halicarnassos in Carienand died in the late 420's. , Herodotus Histories II, Project Gutenberg. http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/herodotus/

Ancient Egypt: Herodotus' description of some of the pharaohs Herodotus on the pharaohs Herodotus was born about 490 BCE at Halicarnassos in Carien and died in the late 420's. His travels took him to Asia and northern Africa. At Athens he became a friend of Pericles and Sophocles. In 444 BCE he went to Thurii in Italy where he died. The second volume of his Histories describes Egypt's geography and people. He also relates stories about a number of pharaohs. He has often been accused of not being very truthful or, at the very least, of being wrong, gullible or both. Diodorus Siculus explains his criteria for including material in his own Historical Library We will pass over the baseless news of Herodotus and other writers about Egyptian history, who instead of the truth wanted to present us rather with tales of wonder and entertaining inventions; in contrast we will report after attentive scrutiny what the Egyptian priests themselves wrote in their documents. Translation after Diodor's von Sicilien Historische Bibliothek First volume, chapter 69

25. Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE): On Libya, From The Hist Herodotus's writings on Libya, from from The Histories, c. 430 BCE. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herod-libya1.html

Back to Ancient History Sourcebook Ancient History Sourcebook: Herodotus (c.490-c.425 BCE) On Libya, from The Histories , c. 430 BCE In the accounts here, Herodotus describes thepeoples and geography of North Africa west of Egypt - much further west than the current boundaries of modern Libya. These texts aslo form part of a larger file on North Africa/Mauretania in ancient sources. Book IV.42-43 For my part I am astonished that men should ever have divided Libya, Asia, and Europe as they have, for they are exceedingly unequal. Europe extends the entire length of the other two, and for breadth will not even (as I think) bear to be compared to them. As for Libya, we know it to be washed on all sides by the sea, except where it is attached to Asia. This discovery was first made by Necos, the Egyptian king, who on desisting from the canal which he had begun between the Nile and the Arabian gulf [ i.e., the Red Sea], sent to sea a number of ships manned by Phoenicians, with orders to make for the Pillars of Hercules, and return to Egypt through them, and by the Mediterranean. The Phoenicians took their departure from Egypt by way of the Erythraean sea, and so sailed into the southern ocean. When autumn came, they went ashore, wherever they might happen to be, and having sown a tract of land with corn, waited until the grain was fit to cut. Having reaped it, they again set sail; and thus it came to pass that two whole years went by, and it was not till the third year that they doubled the Pillars of Hercules, and made good their voyage home. On their return, they declared - I for my part do not believe them, but perhaps others may - that in sailing round Libya they had the sun upon their right hand. In this way was the extent of Libya first discovered.

26. Herodotus On Min Herodotus on Menes. Herodotus follows this tradition, as does Manetho.The Turin list refers to him as King of Upper and Lower Egypt http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/herodotus/min.htm

Herodotus on Menes Herodotus on Menes The name of Menes (Min, Meni or the like) appears first in New Kingdom documents, at the top of the Abydos list, which dates to Seti I and in the Turin Papyrus, written during the reign of Ramses II . Herodotus follows this tradition, as does Manetho. The Turin list refers to him as King of [Upper and] Lower Egypt Manetho credits him with having reigned - or perhaps lived - for some 60 years. (The Turin Papyrus gives 2nd Dynasty kings similar spans: Anedjib -74 years, Semerkhet - 72, Hotepsekhemwi - 95 etc. From the 3rd Dynasty onwards their spans become much shorter). In view of the short life expectancy, which was less than 40 years, this seems to be improbable but not impossible. Still, one cannot be sure that Menes existed at all as an individual, either as Aha, as an inscription in the Neithhotep mastaba at Naqada seems to suggest, or as Narmer, who, on the basis of seal impressions in the tombs of Den and Qaa, is considered by many to have been the founder of the first dynasty. The name may have been an epithet, given to a number of kings. Of Min, who first became king of Egypt, the priests said that on the one hand he banked off the site of Memphis from the river: for the whole stream of the river used to flow along by the sandy mountain- range on the side of Libya, but Min formed by embankments that bend of the river which lies to the South about a hundred furlongs above Memphis, and thus he dried up the old stream and conducted the river so that it flowed in the middle between the mountains: and even now this bend of the Nile is by the Persians kept under very careful watch, that it may flow in the channel to which it is confined, and the bank is repaired every year; for if the river should break through and overflow in this direction, Memphis would be in danger of being overwhelmed by flood.

27. Ancient History Sourcebook: Accounts Of Ancient Mauretania, C. 430 BCE- 550 CE Historical accounts of Mauretania from c. 430 BCE 550 CE, taken from the writings of Herodotus, Strabo, and Procopius of Caesarea. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/anc-nafrica.html

Back to Ancient History Sourcebook Ancient History Sourcebook: Accounts of Ancient Mauretania, c. 430 BCE- 550 CE Herodotus: The Histories , c. 430 B.C., Book IV. Strabo: Geography , c. 22 A.D., XVII.iii.1-11. Procopius of Caesarea: History of the Wars , c. 550 A.D. Books III.xxv.3-9; IV.vi.10-14, vii.3, xi.16-20, xiii.26-29 Herodotus The Histories , c. 430 B.C., Book IV.42-43: For my part I am astonished that men should ever have divided Libya, Asia, and Europe as they have, for they are exceedingly unequal. Europe extends the entire length of the other two, and for breadth will not even (as I think) bear to be compared to them. As for Libya, we know it to be washed on all sides by the sea, except where it is attached to Asia. This discovery was first made by Necos, the Egyptian king, who on desisting from the canal which he had begun between the Nile and the Arabian gulf [ i.e., the Red Sea], sent to sea a number of ships manned by Phoenicians, with orders to make for the Pillars of Hercules, and return to Egypt through them, and by the Mediterranean. The Phoenicians took their departure from Egypt by way of the Erythraean sea, and so sailed into the southern ocean. When autumn came, they went ashore, wherever they might happen to be, and having sown a tract of land with corn, waited until the grain was fit to cut. Having reaped it, they again set sail; and thus it came to pass that two whole years went by, and it was not till the third year that they doubled the Pillars of Hercules, and made good their voyage home. On their return, they declared - I for my part do not believe them, but perhaps others may - that in sailing round Libya they had the sun upon their right hand. In this way was the extent of Libya first discovered.

28. Herodotus, U. Of Saskatchewan To Home Page To Course Notes Menu. Herodotus by John Porter, University ofSaskatchewan. This is the heart of the story that Herodotus has to tell. http://duke.usask.ca/~porterj/CourseNotes/HdtNotes.html

To Home Page To Course Notes Menu Herodotus by John Porter, University of Saskatchewan Notice: Introduction Historical Background Herodotus and Myth: I Herodotus' Relationship to Contemporary "Historians" ... Herodotus' Histories and Contemporary Politics Background Readings For the historical background, see The World of Athens, H.I. 12-28, 7.32-33, and P. 2-6. Maps can be found at the beginning of The World of Athens (Optional: C. G. Starr, A History of the Ancient World, pp. 275-297.) See, as well, s.v. "Herodotus" in the on-line Perseus Project's encyclopedia. For a general overview of readings from Herodotus, consult the Outline of Herodotus, The Histories, Books 1, 6.48ff., 7, and 8. For select readings from Herodotus' Histories, see the Selections from Herodotus by Lewis Stiles in the collection of translations of Classical authors. Introduction Herodotus' Histories Today Herodotus is referred to (somewhat inaccurately) as the Father of History; in antiquity, by contrast, he was often called the Father of Lies. This evaluation is based in part on Herodotus' pro-Athenian biases ( discussed below ), but to a great degree it represents a reaction to the curious "tall tales" in which his work abounds: stories, e.g., of gold-digging ants the size of foxes (3.102-05); of races of people bald from birth (4.23) or with the feet of goats (4.25) or with only one eye (4.26); [

29. Electronic Texts Epicurus HTML of Fragments, Last Will, Letter to Herodotus, Menoecius, and Pythocles, On the Nature of Things, Principle Doctrines, and Vatican Sayings. http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/TextName.asp?PhilCode=Epic&B1=Submit

30. Herodotus (selections), U. Of Sask. To Home Page To Translations Menu. Selections from Herodotus, The PersianWars Lewis Stiles, translator. PREFACE. Herodotus OF HALICARNASSOS. http://duke.usask.ca/~porterj/DeptTransls/Hdt.html

To Home Page To Translations Menu Selections from Herodotus, The Persian Wars Lewis Stiles, translator Notice: NOTE: This translation is intentionally literal; violence is occasionally done to English syntax in the interests of preserving some of the original order of thoughts. [] - enclose words added for sense For background material, see the Course Notes on Herodotus. Preface Introduction Kandaules and Gyges ... Epilogue PREFACE HERODOTUS OF HALICARNASSOS HIS RESEARCHES SET FORTH that the past not be forgotten by men over time that deeds, both great and wondrous some manifested by Hellenes and others by barbaroi especially the cause for which they warred against one another INTRODUCTION [1.1] Now Persian story-tellers declare that Phoenicians were the cause of the difference. For they say that the Phoenicians, having come from what is called the Red Sea into this sea and having inhabited that land which they even now inhabit, immediately set themselves to long voyages, and that, bringing as freight both Egyptian and Assyrian goods, they used to come upon various places, including Argos, which at that time surpassed in every way the poleis in the land now called Hellas.

31. Herodotus The Persian Wars English translation by George Rawlinson. http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/herodotus/

32. Herodotus Herodotus. (484 ? BC 425 BC). Herodotus lived during the fifth centuryBC, in the city of Halicarnassus (Region of Turkey). He http://emuseum.mnsu.edu/prehistory/aegean/culture/herodotus.html

Herodotus (484 ? BC - 425 BC) Herodotus lived during the fifth century BC, in the city of Halicarnassus (Region of Turkey). He is best known for his work entitled, The History , which is one of the first historical narratives to discuss the life, customs, history and politics of the Middle Eastern, and Aegean region. Though the highlights of his actual life remain vague, it is thought that in 457 BC he was exiled from Halicarnassus for conspiring against Persian rule. After he was exiled, he traveled to Samos, and to other parts of the Mediterranean, including Asia Minor, Egypt, Turkey, Babylonia and eventually to Athens, Greece. In Athens he won the esteem of many of the most notable men of Greek history, including Pericles. His journeys throughout the Aegean, eventually led to the southern pan Hellenic colony of Thurii, Italy. The remainder of his life was spent writing The History , which was full of first hand accounts of the lands, traditions, and cultures he encountered on his journeys. Herodotus has been regarded as the father of modern historiography. Historiography is in essence the history of historical writing and thought.

33. Spartan Women In Herodotos Discussion of the treatment of Spartan women in the works of the Greek historian, Herodotus. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/7849/herodotos.html

Spartan Women in Herodotos Spartan women make several appearances in The Histories of Herodotos. In the stories, the Spartan women act as mothers, daughters, wives and queens and they participate in the political and social arenas. Herodotos also quite often shows the women as the inadvertent cause of strife within Sparta and also as the root of the most well-known political institutions. Of course, the most famous Spartan women in Herodotos is Helen, but often she is found in the mythological stories and is not indicative of the treatment of women. It is interesting to compare these women to the other women illustrated in Herodotos and note which examples parallel the other stories and which are unique in Herodotos’ treatment of women (C. Dewald, ‘Women and Culture in Herodotus’ Histories’, Reflections on Women in Antiquity). Some Spartan women are found in unflattering situations in the work of Herodotos and they breach the rules of their city-state. In 4.146, Herodotos tells the story of the Minyae, the descendants of the Argonauts, who married Spartan women, and then demanded a share of the Spartiate privileges such as access to royal power. The Lakedaimonians proceeded to imprison them before executing them. However, before these men were executed, the Spartan women entered the prison: ‘These women were all natives of Sparta and daughters of leading Spartan citizens, so no one suspected treachery, and they succeeded in getting their request granted. Once inside the prison, however, they changed clothes with the men, who were enabled by this disguise to pass themselves off as women and get out.’ It is in this passage, the treachery of the women is surprising, but their grouping is also not rare in Herodotos.

34. Herodotus Herodotus. Dynasty XXVI 490c. 431 BCE. Herodotus War. In his later years,Herodotus traveled extensively throughout the Eastern Mediterranean. http://emuseum.mnsu.edu/prehistory/egypt/history/people/herodotus.html

Herodotus Dynasty XXVI 490-c. 431 B.C.E Herodotus was a Greek historian in the fifth century B.C.E. His birth was around B.C.E. References to certain events in his narratives suggest that he did not die until at least 431 B.C.E, which was the beginning of the Peloponesian War. In his later years, Herodotus traveled extensively throughout the Eastern Mediterranean. There, he visited the Black Sea, Babylon, Phoenicia, and Egypt. He is best known for his work entitled Histories . Because of this, Cicero claimed him to be the Father of History. Histories is the story of the rise of Persian power and the friction between Persia and Greece. The battles that are described are the ones fought at Marathon, Thermopylae and Salamis. His story is the historical record of events that happened in his own lifetime. The first Persian War took place just before he was born, while the second happened when he was a child. This gave him the opportunity to question his elders about the events in both wars to get the details he wanted for his story. Histories also contained information having to do with the country of Egypt. The history, geography and ethnography of Egypt are what Herodotus wrote about. The customs of Egyptians fascinated him because of their differences compared to Greek culture. He wrote about how the Egyptians did everything backwards in relation to the Greeks. Observations he made describe how the Egyptians wrote from right to left, instead of left to right. Activities like eating were done outside while doing their "easement" indoors. The reason he gave was that the Egyptians thought "unseemly but necessary things should be done in secret, and things not unseemly in the open."

35. Times Online From the Times, a lost city described by the Greek historian Herodotus has been identified by a British archaeologist in central Turkey. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-458678,00.html

NI_AD('Top'); Archive Classified Shopping Promotions ... My Times Site specials Sport Your Money Crossword Law Travel University Guide Times E-mail Golden Jubilee Rich List Foot-and-mouth Search this site BRITAIN Politics Congestion charging London The Euro ... Guide to Government TIMES ONLINE Home Breaking news Iraq Britain ... Sunday Times NEWSPAPER Sunday Monday Today Wednesday ... Saturday QUICK CLICKS Appointments Arts Books Contact Us ... Weekend SPECIAL REPORTS Working Parents Investor's Centre Outsourcing Special NI_AD('BottomLeft'); British News October 26, 2002 Briton unearths Herodotus' lost city of the Medes By Simon de Bruxelles An archaeologist's model brings history to life A LOST city described by the Greek historian Herodotus has been identified by a British archaeologist in central Turkey. Geoffrey Summers has identified the vast mountain site as Pteria, the western capital of the Medes. The discovery may finally end the debate among scholars about the veracity of Herodotus’ account. Dr Summers’s work has provided the first concrete evidence of the long-forgotten Medean empire. Using the latest archaeological surveying techniques and computer graphics Dr Summers and his team have begun to reconstruct a “virtual reality” model of the ancient city which, according to Herodotus, was looted and burnt to the ground by the army of the Lydian King Croesus. In 1975, Dr Summers, 52, became fascinated by the fortified iron age city on the side of a granite mountain called Kerkenes Dag. The 2.5 sq km site is still surrounded by a 7km defensive wall with seven gates that can be seen from space.

36. Persian Empire - Map Map and concordance of Persian topographical names. It is based on the Greek authors Arrian, Herodotus, Xenophon and Persian inscriptions. http://www.livius.org/pen-pg/persia_map/persia_map.html

home ancient Persia index : article by Jona Lendering Persian topographical names 1: Satrapies This site contains a concordance of Persian topographical names. It is based on the Greek authors Arrian (Arr.), Herodotus (Hdt.) and Xenophon (Xen.) and the Persian inscriptions known as DB and XPh (Darius' Behistun inscription and Xerxes' Daiva inscription ). Other texts will be added in the future. Abbreviations: Akk. Akkadian A. Aramaean Eg. Old Egyptian G. Old Greek H. Hebrew Ind. Old Indian P. Old Persian Satrapies Tribes Towns Other SATRAPIES AND OTHER DISTRICTS Aigyptos (G) Hdt.; Arr. satrapy; Egypt Aiolia (G) Hdt., Xen., Arr. district of satrapy Ionia and Karia Arabia (G) DB, XPh satrapy; Jordan Arabia (G) Hdt., Xen., Arr. satrapy; Jordan Arachosia (G) Haravautiš (P) Arr. satrapy; Areia (G) Haraiva (P) Hdt., Arr. satrapy; Armenia (G) Armina (P) Hdt., Xen., Arr. satrapy; Armenia Armina (P) Armenia (G) DB, XPh satrapy; Armenia Assyria (G) Xen. Syria ; Hdt. uses this word to describe Babylonia Assyria (G) DB, XPh Syria ; also known as 'across the river' Babylonia (G) DB, XPh

37. Herodotus On The Pharaohs The stories of the pharaohs by Herodotus with annotations http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/herodotus/index.html

Ancient Egypt: Herodotus' description of some of the pharaohs Herodotus on the pharaohs Herodotus was born about 490 BCE at Halicarnassos in Carien and died in the late 420's. His travels took him to Asia and northern Africa. At Athens he became a friend of Pericles and Sophocles. In 444 BCE he went to Thurii in Italy where he died. The second volume of his Histories describes Egypt's geography and people. He also relates stories about a number of pharaohs. He has often been accused of not being very truthful or, at the very least, of being wrong, gullible or both. Diodorus Siculus explains his criteria for including material in his own Historical Library We will pass over the baseless news of Herodotus and other writers about Egyptian history, who instead of the truth wanted to present us rather with tales of wonder and entertaining inventions; in contrast we will report after attentive scrutiny what the Egyptian priests themselves wrote in their documents. Translation after Diodor's von Sicilien Historische Bibliothek First volume, chapter 69

38. PROJECT GUTENBERG OFFICIAL HOME SITE -- Listing By AUTHOR Herodotus. http://promo.net/cgi-promo/pg/cat.cgi?&label=ID&ftpsite=ftp://ibiblio.or

39. Xerxes Detailed synopsis of Herodotus' accounts of the Persian ruler. http://www.herodotuswebsite.co.uk/xerxes.htm

40. Herodotus, The Histories (ed. A. D. Godley) The Histories printed on the Internet, available in Greek or English. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126&loc

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